11. Ferramentas Gerais
11.1. Conteúdo da ajuda
Sempre que precisar de ajuda sobre um tópico específico, você pode acessar a página correspondente no Manual do Usuário atual, através do botão Ajuda, disponível na maioria das caixas de diálogo — por favor, observe que plugins de terceiros podem apontar para páginas da web dedicadas.
11.2. Painéis
By default, QGIS provides many panels to work with. Some of these panels are described below while others may be found in different parts of the document. A complete list of default panels provided by QGIS is available via the menu and mentioned at Painéis.
11.2.1. Painel Camadas
The Layers panel (also called the map legend) lists all
the layers in the project and helps you
manage their visibility. You can show or hide it by pressing Ctrl+1.
A layer can be selected and dragged up or down in the
legend to change the Z-ordering. Z-ordering means that layers listed nearer the
top of the legend are drawn over layers listed lower down in the legend.
Also a layer or a group of layers can be dragged across several QGIS instances.
Nota
The Z-ordering behavior can be overridden by the Layer Order panel.
Na parte superior do painel Camadas, uma barra de ferramentas permite:
Open the layer styling dock (F7): toggle the layer styling
panel on and off.
Add new group: see Interagir com grupos e camadas
Manage Map Themes: control visibility of layers and
arrange them in different map themes.
filtra camadas na árvore da legenda:Filter Legend by Map Content: only the layers that are set visible and whose features intersect the current map canvas have their style rendered in the layers panel. Otherwise, a generic NULL symbol is applied to the layer. Based on the layer symbology, this is a convenient way to identify which kind of features from which layers cover your area of interest.
Show Private Layers: a convenient shortcut to display and interact with private layers in the Layers panel without modifying the project settings.
Filter Legend by Expression: apply an
expression to remove styles from the selected layer tree that have no feature
satisfying the condition. This can be used to highlight features
that are within a given area/feature of another layer.
From the drop-down list, you can edit and clear the expression currently applied.
Expand All or 
Collapse All
layers and groups in the layers panel.
Remove Layer/Group corrente selecionado.
Fig. 11.1 Barra de Ferramentas de Camadas no Painel de Camadas
Nota
Tools to manage the layers panel are also available for map and legend items in print layouts
11.2.1.1. Configurando temas de mapas
The Manage Map Themes drop-down button provides access to
convenient shortcuts to manipulate visibility of the layers in the Layers
panel:
Mostrar Todas as Camadas
Ocultar Todas as Camadas
Mostrar Camadas Selecionadas
Ocultar Camadas Selecionadas
Toggle Selected Layers: changes the visibility of
the first selected layer in the panel, and applies that state to the other selected
layers. Also accesible through Space shortcut.Toggle Selected Layers Independently: changes the visibility status of each selected layer
Ocultar Camadas Não Selecionadas
Beyond the simple control of layer visibility,
the Manage Map Themes menu allows you to configure
Map Themes in the legend and switch from one map theme to another.
A map theme is a snapshot of the current map legend that records:
the layers set as visible in the Layers panel
e para cada camada visível:
a referência ao estilo aplicado à camada
the visible classes of the style, ie the layer checked node items in the Layers panel. This applies to symbologies other than the single symbol rendering
the collapsed/expanded state of the layer node(s) and the group(s) it’s placed inside
Para criar um tema de mapa:
Marcar uma camada que você deseja mostrar
Configurar as propriedades da camada (simbologia, diagrama, etiquetas…) como de costume
Expand the menu at the bottom and click on Add… to store the settings as a new style embedded in the project
Nota
Um tema de mapa não lembra os detalhes atuais das propriedades: apenas uma referência ao nome do estilo é salva, portanto, sempre que você aplicar modificações na camada enquanto este estilo estiver ativado (por exemplo, alterar a renderização da simbologia), o tema do mapa será atualizado com nova informação.
Repetir as etapas anteriores conforme necessário para as outras camadas
If applicable, expand or collapse groups or visible layer nodes in the Layers panel
Click on the
Manage Map Themes button on top of the panel,
and Add Theme…Digite o nome do tema do mapa e clique em OK.
The new theme is listed in the lower part of the drop-down menu.
You can create as many map themes as you need: whenever the current combination in the map legend (visible layers, their active style, the map legend nodes) does not match any existing map theme contents as defined above, click on Add Theme… to create a new map theme, or use to update a map theme. You can rename the active map theme with Rename Current Theme… or use the Remove Current Theme button to delete it.
Map themes are helpful to switch quickly between different preconfigured combinations: select a map theme in the list to restore its combination. All configured themes are also accessible in the print layout, allowing you to create different map items based on specific themes and independent of the current main canvas rendering (see Map item layers).
11.2.1.2. Visão geral do menu de contexto do painel Camadas
At the bottom of the toolbar, the main component of the Layers panel is the frame listing vector or raster layers added to the project, optionally organized in groups. Depending on the item selected in the panel, a right-click shows a dedicated set of options presented below.
Opção |
Camada Vetorial |
Camada Raster |
Grupo |
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Show Feature Count |
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Copiar Camada/Grupo |
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Renomear Camada/Grupo |
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Stretch Using Current Extent |
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Move Out of Group |
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Move to Top |
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Move to Bottom |
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Check and all its Parents |
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Group Selected |
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Filtrar… |
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Change Data Source… |
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Repair Data Source… |
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Set Layer Scale Visibility… |
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Zoom para escala visível |
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Set Group WMS Data… |
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Check and all its children (Ctrl-click) |
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Uncheck and all its children (Ctrl-click) |
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Make Permanent |
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Add Layer Notes… |
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Edit Layer Notes… |
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Remove Layer Notes |
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Propriedades… |
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Table: Context menu from Layers Panel items
For GRASS vector layers, 
Toggle editing is not available.
See section Digitalizando e editando uma camada vetorial GRASS for information on editing GRASS vector
layers.
11.2.1.3. Interagir com grupos e camadas
Layers in the legend window can be organized into groups. There are two ways to do this:
Press the
icon to add a new group. Type in a name for
the group and press Enter. Now click on an existing layer and
drag it onto the group.Select some layers, right-click in the legend window and choose Group Selected. The selected layers will automatically be placed in a new group.
To move a layer out of a group, drag it out, or right-click on it and choose Move Out of Group: the layer is moved from the group and placed above it. Groups can also be nested inside other groups. If a layer is placed in a nested group, Move Out of Group will move the layer out of all nested groups.
To move a group or layer to the top of the layer panel, either drag it to the top, or choose Move to Top. If you use this option on a layer nested in a group, the layer is moved to the top in its current group. The Move to Bottom option follows the same logic to move layers and groups down.
The checkbox for a group will show or hide the checked layers in the group with one click. With Ctrl pressed, the checkbox will also turn on or off all the layers in the group and its sub-groups.
Ctrl-click on a checked / unchecked layer will uncheck / check the layer and all its parents.
Enabling the Mutually Exclusive Group option means you can make a group have only one layer visible at the same time. Whenever a layer within the group is set visible the others will be toggled not visible.
É possível selecionar mais de uma camada ou grupo ao mesmo tempo mantendo pressionada a tecla Ctrl enquanto clica em camadas adicionais. Você pode mover todas as camadas selecionadas para um novo grupo ao mesmo tempo.
You may also delete more than one layer or group at once by selecting several items with the Ctrl key and then pressing Ctrl+D: all selected layers or groups will be removed from the layers list.
Mais informações sobre camadas e grupos usando o ícone do indicador
In some circumstances, icons appears next to the layer or group in the Layers panel to give more information about the layer/group. These symbols are:
- to indicate that the layer is in edit mode and you can modify
the data
to indicate that the layer being edited has some unsaved changes
to indicate a filter applied
to the layer. Hover over the icon to see the filter expression and double-click
to update the query
to identify layers that are
required in the project, hence non removable
to identify an embedded group or layer and the path to their original project file
to identify a layer whose data source was not available
at the project file opening (see Manipulação de caminhos de arquivos quebrados).
Click the icon to update the source path or select Repair Data Source…
entry from the layer contextual menu.
to remind you that the layer is a temporary scratch
layer and its content will be discarded when you
close this project. To avoid data loss and make the layer permanent, click
the icon to store the layer in any of the OGR vector formats supported by QGIS.
to identify a layer used in offline editing mode.
to identify a layer that has no/unknown CRS
for layers with coordinates stored in a coordinate
reference system which is inherently low accuracy (requires the
corresponding setting to be enabled)
to identify a temporal layer controlled by canvas animation
to identify a layer that has notes associated
11.2.1.4. Editando o estilo da camada vetorial
From the Layers panel, you have shortcuts to change the layer rendering quickly and easily. Right-click on a vector layer and select in the list in order to:
see the styles currently applied to the layer. If you defined many styles for the layer, you can switch from one to another and your layer rendering will automatically be updated on the map canvas.
copy part or all of the current style, and when applicable, paste a copied style from another layer
Dica
Compartilhe rapidamente um estilo de camada
From the context menu, copy the style of a layer and paste it to a group or a selection of layers: the style is applied to all the layers that are of the same type (vector/raster) as the original layer and, for vector layers, have the same geometry type (point, line or polygon).
renomeie o estilo atual, adicione um novo estilo (que na verdade é uma cópia do atual) ou exclua o estilo atual (quando vários estilos estiverem disponíveis).
Nota
As opções anteriores também estão disponíveis para camadas raster ou malha.
update the symbol color using a Color Wheel. For convenience, the recently used colors are also available at the bottom of the color wheel.
Edit Symbol…: open the Symbol Selector dialog and change feature symbol (symbol, size, color…).
When using a classification symbology type (based on categorized, graduated or
rule-based), the aforementioned symbol-level
options are available from the class entry context menu. Also provided are the
Toggle Items, Show All
Items and Hide All Items entries to switch the
visibility of all the classes of features. These avoid (un)checking items
one by one.
Dica
Clicar duas vezes em uma entrada de folha de classe também abre a caixa de diálogo Seletor de Símbolos.
11.2.2. Painel de Estilo de Camada
O painel Estilo de Camada (também ativado com Ctrl+3) é um atalho para algumas das funcionalidades da caixa de diálogo Pripriedades da Camada. Ele fornece uma maneira rápida e fácil de definir a renderização e o comportamento de uma camada e visualizar seus efeitos sem precisar abrir a caixa de diálogo de propriedades da camada.
Além de evitar a caixa de diálogo de propriedades de camada de bloqueio (ou “modal”), o painel de estilo de camada também evita sobrecarregar a tela com caixas de diálogo e contém a maioria das funções de estilo (seletor de cores, propriedades de efeitos, edição de regras, substituição de rótulos…): Por exemplo, clicar nos botões de cor dentro do painel de estilo de camada faz com que a caixa de diálogo do seletor de cores seja aberta dentro do próprio painel de estilo de camada, e não como uma caixa de diálogo separada.
Em uma lista suspensa de camadas atuais no painel de camadas, selecione um item e:
Dependendo do tipo de camada, defina:
- Symbology,
Transparency,
and 
Histogram properties for raster layer.
These options are the same as in the Caixa de Diálogo de Propriedades do Raster. - Symbology,
Labels, 
Mask and 
3D View properties for vector layer.
These options are the same as in the Janela de Propriedades de Vetor
and can be extended by custom properties introduced by third-party plugins. - Symbology and 3D View properties
for mesh layer.
These options are the same as in the Mesh Dataset Properties.
Manage the associated style(s) in the
Style Manager
(more details at Gerenciar Estilos Personalizados).See the
History of changes you applied to the
layer style in the current project: you can therefore cancel or restore to any
state by selecting it in the list and clicking Apply.
Another powerful feature of this panel is the 
Live update checkbox.
Tick it to render your changes immediately on the map canvas:
you no longer need to click the Apply button.
Fig. 11.2 Defining a layer’s symbology from the layer styling panel
11.2.3. O painel Ordem das Camadas
By default, layers shown on the QGIS map canvas are drawn following their order in the Layers panel: the higher a layer is in the panel, the higher (hence, more visible) it’ll be in the map view.
You can define a drawing order for the layers independent of the order in the
layers panel with the Layer Order panel enabled
in menu or with Ctrl+9.
Check Control rendering order underneath
the list of layers and reorganize the layers in the panel as you want. This
order becomes the one applied to the map canvas.
For example, in Fig. 11.3, you can see that the airports
features are displayed over the alaska polygon despite those layers’
respective placement in the Layers panel.
Unchecking Control rendering order will
revert to default behavior.
Fig. 11.3 Define a ordem das camadas independente da legenda
11.2.4. Painel geral
The Overview panel (Ctrl+8) displays a map with a full extent view of some of the layers. The Overview map is filled with layers using the Show in Overview option from the menu or in the layer contextual menu. Within the view, a red rectangle shows the current map canvas extent, helping you quickly to determine which area of the whole map you are currently viewing. If you click-and-drag the red rectangle in the overview frame, the main map view extent will update accordingly.
Observe que as rótulos não são renderizados para a visão geral do mapa, mesmo que as camadas usadas na visão geral do mapa tenham sido criadas para rotulagem.
11.2.5. O painel Registo de Mensagens
When loading or processing some operations, you can track and follow messages
that appear in different tabs using the 
Log Messages Panel.
It can be activated using the most right icon in the bottom status bar.
11.2.6. O painel Desfazer/Refazer
For each layer being edited, the Undo/Redo (Ctrl+5) panel shows the list of actions carried out, allowing you quickly to undo a set of actions by selecting the action listed above. More details at Undo and Redo edits.
11.2.7. O painel Estatísticas
The Statistics panel (Ctrl+6) provides summarized information on any vector layer. This panel allows you to select:
a camada vetorial para calcular as estatísticas sobre
a coluna a ser utilizada, ou uma
expressionthe statistics to return using the drop-down button at the bottom-right of the dialog. Depending on the field’s (or expression’s values) type, available statistics are:
Estatísticas |
String |
Número inteiro |
Float |
Data |
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Contagem |
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Contagem de Valor Distinto |
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Contagem de Valor Ausente |
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Soma |
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Média |
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Desvio Padrão |
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Desvio Padrão na Amostra |
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Valor mínimo |
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Valor máximo |
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Intervalo |
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Minoria |
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Maioria |
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Variedade |
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Primeiro Quartil |
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Terceiro Quartil |
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Inter Quartile Range |
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Comprimento Mínimo |
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Comprimento Médio |
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Tabela: Estatísticas disponíveis para cada tipo de campo
O resumo estatístico pode ser:
returned for the whole layer or
selected features onlyrecalculated using the
button when the underlying data source changes
(eg, new or removed features/fields, attribute modification)
copied to the clipboard and pasted as a table in another application
Fig. 11.4 Mostrar estatísticas em um campo
11.2.8. Debugging/Development Tools Panel
The Debugging/Development Tools panel (F12) provides a Network Logger and a Profiler.
11.2.8.1. Network Logger
The 
Network Logger provides a list of ongoing
and completed network requests, along with a whole load of useful detail
like request and reply status, header, errors, SSL configuration errors,
timeouts, cache status, etc.
Também lhe permite:
Record Log which will start or stop the logging.
Clear Log will clear the log history.
Save Log… will first show a big warning that
the log is sensitive and should be treated as confidential and than
allow you to save the log.
Settings will allow you to
Show Successful Requests and Show Timeouts.- Disable cache will disable the cache so that
every request has to be performed.
Filtrar requisições
Ao clicar com o botão direito do mouse em uma solicitação, você pode:
Open URL which will open the URL in your default browser.
Copiar URL
Copy As cURL to use it in the terminal.
Copy as JSON will copy the whole log from one request.
Fig. 11.5 Network Logger output for GET Request
11.2.8.2. Profiler
The Profiler allows to get load times for the Categories Startup and Project Load, to identify causes of slow load times.
Fig. 11.6 Profiler for QGIS Startup
11.3. Incorporando camadas de projetos externos
Sometimes, you’d like to keep some layers in different projects, but with the same style. You can either create a default style for these layers or embed them from another project to save time and effort.
A incorporação de camadas e grupos de um projeto existente tem algumas vantagens sobre o estilo:
Todos os tipos de camadas (vetor ou raster, local ou online…)
Fetching groups and layers, you can keep the same tree structure of the “background” layers in your different projects
While the embedded layers are editable, you can’t change their properties such as symbology, labels, forms, default values and actions, ensuring consistency across projects
Modifique os itens no projeto original e as alterações são propagadas para todos os outros projetos
If you want to embed content from other project files into your project, select :
Click the … button to look for a project: you can see the content of the project (see Fig. 11.7)
Hold down Ctrl ( or
Cmd) and click on the layers and
groups you wish to retrieveClique OK.
The selected layers and groups are embedded in the Layers
panel and displayed on the map canvas. An
icon is added next to their name for recognition and hovering over displays
a tooltip with the original project file path.
Fig. 11.7 Selecione camadas e grupos para incorporar
Like any other layer, an embedded layer can be removed from the project by
right-clicking on the layer and clicking Remove.
Dica
Alterar a renderização de uma camada incorporada
It’s not possible to change the rendering of an embedded layer, unless you make the changes in the original project file. However, right-clicking on a layer and selecting Duplicate creates a layer which is fully-featured and not dependent on the original project. You can then safely remove the linked layer.
11.4. Working with the map canvas
11.4.1. Renderização
By default, QGIS renders all visible layers whenever the map canvas is refreshed. The events that trigger a refresh of the map canvas include:
adicionando uma camada
panning or zooming
redimensionando a janela QGIS
alterando a visibilidade de uma camada ou camadas
QGIS permite controlar o processo de renderização de várias formas.
11.4.1.1. Escala dependente da renderização
Scale-dependent rendering allows you to specify the minimum and maximum scales
at which a layer (raster or vector) will be visible. To set scale-dependent rendering,
open the Properties dialog by double-clicking on the layer in the legend.
On the Rendering tab, tick Scale
dependent visibility and enter the Minimum (exclusive) and
Maximum (inclusive) scale values.
You can also activate scale dependent visibility on a layer from the Layers panel. Right-click on the layer and in the context menu, select Set Layer Scale Visibility.
The 
Set to current canvas scale button allow you to use
the current map canvas scale as boundary of the range visibility.
Nota
When a layer is not rendered in the map canvas because the map scale is out of its visibility scale range, the layer is greyed in the Layers panel and a new option Zoom to Visible Scale appears in the layer context menu. Select it and the map is zoomed to the layer’s nearest visibility scale.
11.4.1.2. Controlando a renderização do mapa
Map rendering can be controlled in various ways, as described below.
Suspensão de edição
To suspend rendering, click the Render checkbox in the
bottom-right corner of the status bar. When Render
is not checked, QGIS does not redraw the canvas in response to any of
the events described in the section Renderização. Examples of when you
might want to suspend rendering include:
adding many layers and symbolizing them prior to drawing
adding one or more large layers and setting scale dependency before drawing
adding one or more large layers and zooming to a specific view before drawing
qualquer combinação dos itens acima
Caixa de seleção :guilabel: caixa de seleção Renderizar permite renderização e causa uma atualização imediata na tela do mapa.
Opções de adicionar configurações da camada
Você pode definir uma opção para sempre carregar novas camadas sem desenhá-las. Isso significa que a camada será adicionada ao mapa, mas sua caixa de seleção de visibilidade na legenda estará desmarcada por padrão. Para definir esta opção, escolha a opção de menu e clique na guia Renderizar. Desmarque Por padrão, novas camadas adicionadas ao mapa devem ser exibidas. Qualquer camada adicionada posteriormente ao mapa ficará desativada (invisível) por padrão.
Parar rendirização
To stop the map drawing, press the Esc key. This will halt the refresh of the map canvas and leave the map partially drawn. It may take a bit of time between pressing Esc for the map drawing to halt.
Influência da qualidade da edição
QGIS has an option to influence the rendering quality of the map. Choose menu
option , click on the Rendering
tab and select or deselect Make lines appear less jagged
at the expense of some drawing performance.
Acelerando a visualização
There are some settings that allow you to improve rendering speed. Open the QGIS options dialog using , go to the Rendering tab and select or deselect the following checkboxes:
- Use render caching where possible to speed up redraws.
- Render layers in parallel using many CPU cores and then
set the Max cores to use.
The map renders in the background onto a separate image and each
Map Update interval, the content from this
(off-screen) image will be taken to update the visible screen representation.
However, if rendering finishes faster than this duration, it will be shown
instantaneously.With
Enable Feature simplification by default for newly
added layers, you simplify features’ geometry (fewer nodes) and as a result,
they display more quickly.
Be aware that this can cause rendering inconsistencies.
11.4.2. Ampliar e Deslocar
There are multiple ways to zoom and pan to an area of interest. You can use the Map Navigation toolbar, the mouse and keyboard on the map canvas and also the menu actions from the menu and the layers’ contextual menu in the Layers panel.
Ícone |
Rótulo |
Utilização |
ver menu |
Map Navigation Toolbar |
Layer Contextual Menu |
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Pan Map |
When activated, left click anywhere on the map canvas to pan the map at the cursor position. You can also pan the map by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the map canvas. |
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Zoom In |
When activated, left click anywhere on the map canvas to zoom in one level. The mouse cursor position will be the center of the zoomed area of interest. You can also zoom in to an area by dragging a rectangle on the map canvas with the left mouse button. |
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Zoom Out |
When activated, left click anywhere on the map canvas to zoom out one level. The mouse cursor position will be the center of the zoomed area of interest. You can also zoom out from an area by dragging a rectangle on the map canvas with the left mouse button. |
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Pan Map to Selection |
Pan the map to the selected features of all the selected layers in the Layers panel. |
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Zoom To Selection |
Zoom to the selected features of all the selected layers in the Layers panel. |
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Aproximar para camada(s) |
Zoom to the extent of all the selected layers in the Layers panel. |
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Ampliar tudo |
Zoom to the extent of all the layers in the project or to the project full extent. |
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Zoom Last |
Zoom the map to the previous extent in history. |
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Zoom Next |
Zoom the map to the next extent in history. |
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Zoom to Native Resolution |
Zoom the map to a level where one pixel of the active raster layer covers one screen pixel. |
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A Zoom factor can be set under the
menu to define the scale behavior while zooming. There, you can also
set a list of Predefined Scales that will be available at the
bottom of the map canvas.
11.4.2.1. With the Mouse on the Map Canvas
In addition to using the 
Pan 
Zoom In and
Zoom Out tools described above, you can hold the mouse wheel
inside of the map canvas and drag the mouse cursor (on macOS, you may need to
hold down the cmd key). You can also roll the mouse wheel to zoom in and
out on the map. The mouse cursor position will be the center of the zoomed area
of interest. Holding down Ctrl while rolling the mouse wheel results in a
finer zoom.
11.4.2.2. With the Keyboard on the Map Canvas
Holding down spacebar on the keyboard and moving the mouse cursor will
pan the map the same way dragging the map canvas with Pan does.
Panning the map is possible with the arrow keys. Place the mouse cursor inside the map area, and press on the arrow keys to pan up, down, left and right.
The PgUp and PgDown keys on the keyboard will cause the map display to zoom in or out following the zoom factor set. Pressing Ctrl++ or Ctrl+- also performs an immediate zoom in/out on the map canvas.
When certain map tools are active (Identify, Measure…), you can perform a zoom by holding down Shift and dragging a rectangle on the map to zoom to that area. This is not enabled for selection tools (since they use Shift for adding to selection) or edit tools.
11.4.3. Favoritos Espaciais
Spatial Bookmarks allow you to “bookmark” a geographic location and return to it later. By default, bookmarks are saved in the user’s profile (as User Bookmarks), meaning that they are available from any project the user opens. They can also be saved for a single project (named Project Bookmarks) and stored within the project file, which can be helpful if the project is to be shared with other users.
11.4.3.1. Novo Favorito
Para criar um novo favorito:
Zoom and pan to the area of interest.
Select the menu option
,
press Ctrl+B or right-click the 
Spatial
Bookmarks entry in
the Browser panel and select New Spatial Bookmark.
The Bookmark Editor dialog opens.
Fig. 11.8 The Bookmark Editor Dialog
Enter a descriptive name for the bookmark
Enter or select a group name in which to store related bookmarks
Select the extent of the area you wish to save, using the extent selector widget
Indicate the CRS to use for the extent
Select whether the bookmark will be Saved in User Bookmarks or Project Bookmarks
Press Save to add the bookmark to the list
Note que você pode ter vários favoritos com o mesmo nome.
11.4.3.2. Trabalhando com favoritos
To use and manage bookmarks, you can either use the Spatial Bookmarks panel or Browser.
Select or press Ctrl+7
to open the Spatial Bookmarks Manager panel.
Select
or Ctrl+Shift+B to show
the Spatial Bookmarks entry in the
Browser panel.
Você pode executar as seguintes tarefas:
Tarefa |
Spatial Bookmark Manager |
Navegador |
|---|---|---|
Zoom to a Bookmark |
Double-click on it, or select the bookmark and press the
|
Double-click on it, drag and drop it to the map canvas, or right-click the bookmark and select Zoom to Bookmark. |
Delete a bookmark |
Select the bookmark and click the |
Right-click the bookmark and select Delete Spatial Bookmark. Confirm your choice. |
Export bookmarks to XML |
Click the |
Select one or more folders (user or project) or subfolders (groups),
then right-click and select |
Import bookmarks from XML |
Click the |
Right-click the Spatial Bookmarks entry or one of its folders (user or
project) or subfolders (groups) to determine where to import the
bookmarks, then select |
Edit bookmark |
You can change a bookmark by changing the values in the table. You can edit the name, the group, the extent and if it is stored in the project or not. |
Right-click the desired bookmark and select Edit Spatial Bookmark…. The Bookmark Editor will open, allowing you to redefine every aspect of the bookmark as if you were creating it for the first time. You can also drag and drop the bookmark between folders (user and project) and subfolders (groups). |
You can also zoom to bookmarks by typing the bookmark name in the locator.
11.4.4. Decorações
Decorations include Grid, Title Label, Copyright Label, Image, North Arrow, Scale Bar and Layout Extents. They are used to ‘decorate’ the map by adding cartographic elements.
11.4.4.1. Malha
Grid allows you to add a coordinate grid and coordinate
annotations to the map canvas.
Select menu option to open the dialog.
Fig. 11.9 The Grid Dialog
Tick
Enable grid and set grid
definitions according to the layers loaded in the map canvas:The Grid type: it can be Line or Marker
The associated Line symbol or marker symbol used to represent the grid marks
The Interval X and Interval Y between the grid marks, in map units
An Offset X and Offset Y distance of the grid marks from the bottom left corner of the map canvas, in map units
The interval and offset parameters can be set based on the:
Canvas Extents: generates a grid with an interval that is approximatively 1/5 of the canvas width
Active Raster Layer resolution
Tick
Draw annotations to display the coordinates of
the grid marks and set:The Annotation direction, ie how the labels would be placed relative to their grid line. It can be:
Horizontal or Vertical for all the labels
Horizontal and Vertical, ie each label is parallel to the grid mark it refers to
Boundary direction, ie each label follows the canvas boundary, and is perpendicular to the grid mark it refers to
The Annotation font (text formatting, buffer, shadow…) using the font selector widget
The Distance to map frame, margin between annotations and map canvas limits. Convenient when exporting the map canvas eg to an image format or PDF, and avoid annotations to be on the “paper” limits.
The Coordinate precision
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.2. Title Label
Title Label allows you to decorate your map with a Title.
To add a Title Label decoration:
Select menu option to open the dialog.
Fig. 11.10 The Title Decoration Dialog
Make sure
Enable Title Label is checkedEnter the title text you want to place on the map. You can make it dynamic using the Insert or Edit an Expression… button.
Choose the Font for the label using the font selector widget with full access to QGIS text formatting options. Quickly set the font color and opacity by clicking the black arrow to the right of the font combo box.
Select the color to apply to the title’s Background bar color.
Choose the Placement of the label in the canvas: options are Top left, Top Center (default), Top Right, Bottom left, Bottom Center and Bottom Right.
Refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.3. Copyright Label
Copyright Label can be used to decorate your
map with a Copyright label.
Para adicionar esta decoração:
Select menu option to open the dialog.
Fig. 11.11 The Copyright Decoration Dialog
Make sure
Enable Copyright Label is checkedEnter the copyright text you want to place on the map. You can make it dynamic using the Insert or Edit an Expression… button.
Choose the Font for the label using the font selector widget with full access to QGIS text formatting options. Quickly set the font color and opacity by clicking the black arrow to the right of the font combo box.
Choose the Placement of the label in the canvas: options are Top left, Top Center, Top Right, Bottom left, Bottom Center, and Bottom Right (default for Copyright decoration)
Refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.4. Image Decoration
Image allows you to add an image (logo, legend, ..) on the map canvas.
Para adicionar uma imagem:
Select menu option to open the dialog.
Fig. 11.12 The Image Decoration Dialog
Make sure
Enable Image is checkedSelect a bitmap (e.g. png or jpg) or SVG image using the … Browse button
If you have chosen a parameter enabled SVG then you can also set a Fill or Stroke (outline) color. For bitmap images, the color settings are disabled.
Set a Size of the image in mm. The width of selected image is used to resize it to given Size.
Choose where you want to place the image on the map canvas with the Placement combo box. The default position is Top Left.
Set the Horizontal and Vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be set in Millimeters, Pixels or as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.5. Seta Norte
North Arrow allows you to add a north arrow on the map canvas.
Para adicionar uma seta norte:
Select menu option to open the dialog.
Fig. 11.13 The North Arrow Dialog
Make sure
Enable north arrow is checkedOptionally change the color and size, or choose a custom SVG
Opcionalmente, altere o ângulo ou escolha Automático para permitir que o QGIS determine a direção
Optionally choose the placement from the Placement combo box
Optionally refine the placement of the arrow by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.6. Barra de Escala
Scale Bar adds a simple scale bar to the map canvas.
You can control the style and placement, as well as the labelling of the bar.
QGIS only supports displaying the scale in the same units as your map frame. So, if the units of your project’s CRS are meters, you can’t create a scale bar in feet. Likewise, if you are using decimal degrees, you can’t create a scale bar to display distance in meters.
Para adicionar uma barra de escala:
Select menu option to open the dialog
Fig. 11.14 The Scale Bar Dialog
Make sure
Enable scale bar is checkedChoose a style from the Scale bar style
combo boxSelect the Color of bar
by choosing
a fill color (default: black) and an outline color (default: white). The scale
bar fill and outline can be made opaque by clicking on the down arrow to the right
of the color input.Selecione a fonte para a barra de escala na caixa Fonte da barra
Set the Size of bar
Optionally check
Automatically snap to round number
on resize to display easy-to-read valuesChoose the placement from the Placement
combo boxYou can refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.
11.4.4.7. Extensões de Layout
Layout Extents adds the extents of map item(s) in print
layout(s) to the canvas. When enabled, the extents of all map items within all print layouts are
shown using a lightly dotted border labeled with the name of the print layout and map item.
You can control the style and labeling of the displayed layout extents.
This decoration is useful when you are tweaking the positioning of map elements such as labels,
and need to know the actual visible region of print layouts.
Fig. 11.15 Example of layout extents displayed in a QGIS project with two print layouts. The print layout named ‘Sights’ contains two map items, while the other print layout contains one map item.
Para adicionar extensão(ões) de layout:
Select to open the dialog
Fig. 11.16 The Layout Extents Dialog
Make sure
Show layout extents is checked.Opcionalmente, altere o símbolo e a rotulagem das extensões.
Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.
Dica
Decorations Settings
When you save a QGIS project file, any changes you have made to Grid, North Arrow, Scale Bar, Copyright and Layout Extents will be saved in the project and restored the next time you load the project.
11.4.5. Ferramentas de anotação
Annotations are information added to the map canvas and shown within a balloon. This information can be of different types and annotations are added using the corresponding tools in the Annotations Toolbar:
Text Annotation for custom formatted text
HTML Annotation to place the content of an htmlfile
SVG Annotation to add an SVGsymbol
Form Annotation: useful to display attributes
of a vector layer in a customized uifile (see Fig. 11.17). This is similar to the custom attribute forms, but displayed in an annotation item. Also see this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pDBuSbQ02o&feature=youtu.be&t=2m25s from Tim Sutton for more information.
Fig. 11.17 Customized QT Designer annotation form
To add an annotation, select the corresponding tool and click on the map canvas. An empty balloon is added. Double-click on it and a dialog opens with various options. This dialog is almost the same for all the annotation types:
Na parte superior, um seletor de arquivo para preencher o caminho para um arquivo
html,svgouui, dependendo do tipo de anotação. Para anotação de texto, você pode inserir sua mensagem em uma caixa de texto e definir sua renderização com as ferramentas de fonte normais.- Fixed map position: when unchecked, the balloon placement
is based on a screen position (instead of the map), meaning that it’s always shown
regardless the map canvas extent.
Linked layer: associates the annotation with a map layer, making it visible only when that layer is visible.
Map marker: using QGIS symbols, sets the symbol to display at the balloon anchor position (shown only when Fixed map position is checked).
Frame style: sets the frame background color, transparency, stroke color or width of the balloon using QGIS symbols.
Contents margins: sets interior margins of the annotation frame.
Fig. 11.18 Annotation text dialog
Annotations can be selected when an annotation tool is enabled. They can then be
moved by map position (by dragging the map marker) or by moving only the balloon.
The 
Move Annotation tool also allows you to move the
balloon on the map canvas.
To delete an annotation, select it and either press the Del or Backspace button, or double-click it and press the Delete button in the properties dialog.
Nota
If you press Ctrl+T while an Annotation tool (move annotation, text annotation, form annotation) is active, the visibility states of the items are inverted.
Dica
Layout the map with annotations
You can print or export annotations with your map to various formats using:
map canvas export tools available in the menu
print layout, in which case you need to check Draw map canvas items in the corresponding map item properties
11.4.6. Medição
11.4.6.1. Informação Geral
O QGIS fornece quatro meios de medição de geometrias:
interactive measurement tools
measuring in the
Field Calculatorderived measurements in the Identificando Feições tool
the vector analysis tool:
Measuring works within projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM) and unprojected data. The first three measuring tools behave equally to global project settings:
Diferentemente da maioria dos outros GIS, a métrica de medição padrão é elipsoidal, usando o elipsóide definido em . Isso ocorre quando os sistemas de coordenadas geográficas e projetadas são definidos para o projeto.
If you want to calculate the projected/planimetric area or distance using cartesian maths, the measurement ellipsoid has to be set to “None/Planimetric” (). However, with a geographic (ie unprojected) CRS defined for the data and project, area and distance measurement will be ellipsoidal.
However, neither the identify tool nor the field calculator will transform your data to the project CRS before measuring. If you want to achieve this, you have to use the vector analysis tool: . Here, measurement is planimetric, unless you choose the ellipsoidal measurement.
11.4.6.2. Measure length, areas, bearings and angles interactively
Click the icon in the Attribute toolbar to begin measurements.
The down arrow near the icon switches between
length, 
area, 
bearing or 
angle.
The default unit used in the dialog is the one set in menu.
For the Measure Line and the Measure Area the
measurements can be done in 
Cartesian or
Ellipsoidal measure.
Nota
Configurando a ferramenta de medição
While measuring length or area, clicking the Configuration button at the bottom of the widget opens the menu, where you can select the rubberband color, the precision of the measurements and the unit behavior. You can also choose your preferred measurement or angle units, but keep in mind that those values are overridden in the current project by the selection made in the menu, and by the selection made in the measurement widget.
All measuring modules use the snapping settings from the digitizing module (see section Setting the snapping tolerance and search radius). So, if you want to measure exactly along a line feature, or around a polygon feature, first set its layer snapping tolerance. Now, when using the measuring tools, each mouse click (within the tolerance setting) will snap to that layer.
The Measure Line measures distances between given points.
The tool then allows you to click points on the map. Each segment length,
as well as the total, shows up in the measure window.
To stop measuring, click the right mouse button. Now it is possible
to copy all your line measurements at once to the clipboard using the
Copy All button.
Note that you can use the drop-down list near the total to change the measurement units interactively while working with the measure tool (‘Meters’, ‘Kilometers’, ‘Feet’, ‘Yards’, ‘Miles’, ‘Nautical miles’, ‘Centimeters’, ‘Millimeters’, ‘Degrees’, ‘Map units’). This unit is retained for the widget until a new project is created or another project is opened.
The Info section in the dialog explains how calculations are made according to the CRS settings available.
Fig. 11.19 Medir distância
Measure Area: Areas can also be measured. In the
measure window, the accumulated area size appears. Right-click to stop drawing.
The Info section is also available as well as the ability to switch between
different area units (‘Square meters’, ‘Square kilometers’, ‘Square feet’, ‘Square yards’,
‘Square miles’, ‘Hectares’, ‘Acres’, ‘Square centimeters’,
‘Square millimeters’, ‘Square nautical miles’, ‘Square degrees’, ‘Map units’).
Fig. 11.20 Medir Área
Measure Bearing: You can also measure bearings. The
cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first point of the bearing,
then move the cursor to draw the second point. The measurement
is displayed in a pop-up dialog.
Fig. 11.21 Measure Bearing
Measure Angle: You can also measure angles. The
cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first segment of the angle you
wish to measure, then move the cursor to draw the desired angle. The measurement
is displayed in a pop-up dialog.
Fig. 11.22 Medir Ângulo
11.5. Interagindo com feições
11.5.1. Selecionando características
QGIS provides several tools to select features on the map canvas. Selection tools are available in the menu or in the Selection Toolbar.
Nota
As ferramentas de seleção trabalham com a camada atualmente ativa.
11.5.1.1. Seleção manual na tela do mapa
Para selecionar uma ou mais características com o mouse, você pode usar uma das seguintes ferramentas:
Selecione características por área ou clique único
Selecionar características por Polígono
Selecionar características à mão livre
Selecione características por raio
Nota
Other than Select Features by Polygon, these
manual selection tools allow you to select feature(s) on the map canvas with a
single click.
Nota
Use the Select Features by Polygon tool
to use an existing polygon feature (from any layer) to select overlapping features
in the active layer.
Right-click in the polygon and choose it from the context menu that shows a
list of all the polygons that contain the clicked point.
All the overlapping features from the active layer are selected.
Dica
Use the tool to redo your latest selection. Very useful when you have painstakingly made a selection, and then click somewhere else accidentally and clear your selection.
While using the Select Feature(s) tool,
holding Shift or Ctrl toggles whether a feature is selected
(ie either adds to the current selection or remove from it).
For the other tools, different behaviors can be performed by holding down:
Shift: adicionar características à seleção atual
Ctrl: subtrai feições da seleção atual
Ctrl+Shift: intersect with current selection, ie only keep overlapping features from the current selection
Alt: select features that are totally within the selection shape. Combined with Shift or Ctrl keys, you can add or substract features to/from the current selection.
11.5.1.2. Seleção automática
The other selection tools, most of them available from the Attribute table, perform a selection based on a feature’s attribute or its selection state (note that attribute table and map canvas show the same information, so if you select one feature in the attribute table, it will be selected on the map canvas too):
Select By Expression… select
features using expression dialog
Selecione características por valor… ou pressione F3
Deselect Features from All Layers or press
Ctrl+Alt+A to deselect all selected features in all layers
Deselect Features from the Current Active Layer
or press Ctrl+Shift+A
Select All Features or press Ctrl+A to select all
features in the current layer
Inverter seleção de características para inverter a seleção na camada atual
Select by Location to select the features
based on their spatial relationship with other features (in the same or
another layer - see Selecionar pela localização)
For example, if you want to find regions that are boroughs from
regions.shp of the QGIS sample data, you can:
Use the
Select features using an Expression iconExpandir o grupo Campos e Valores
Clique duas vezes no campo que você deseja consultar (“TIPO_2”)
Click All Unique in the panel that shows up on the right
From the list, double-click ‘Borough’. In the Expression editor field, write the following query:
"TYPE_2" = 'Borough'
Click Select Features
From the expression builder dialog, you can also use to make a selection that you have used before. The dialog remembers the last 20 expressions used. See Expressões for more information and examples.
Dica
Salve sua seleção em um novo arquivo
Users can save selected features into a New Temporary Scratch Layer or a New Vector Layer using and in the desired format.
11.5.1.3. Selecionar Feições Por Valor
This selection tool opens the layer’s feature form allowing the user to choose which value to look for for each field, whether the search should be case-sensitive, and the operation that should be used. The tool has also autocompletes, automatically filling the search box with existing values.
Fig. 11.23 Filter/Select features using form dialog
Alongside each field, there is a drop-down list with options to control the search behaviour:
Field search option |
String |
Numérico |
Data |
|---|---|---|---|
Exclude Field from the search |
|
|
|
Equal to (=) |
|
|
|
Not equal to (≠) |
|
|
|
Greater than (>) |
|
|
|
Less than (<) |
|
|
|
Greater than or equal to (≥) |
|
|
|
Less than or equal to (≤) |
|
|
|
Between (inclusive) |
|
|
|
Not between (inclusive) |
|
|
|
Contains |
|
||
Does not contain |
|
||
Is missing (null) |
|
|
|
Is not missing (not null) |
|
|
|
Starts with |
|
||
Ends with |
|
For string comparisons, it is also possible to use the
Case sensitive option.
After setting all search options, click Select features to select the matching features. The drop-down options are:
Selecionar feições
Add to current selection
Remove from current selection
Filtrar seleção atual
You can also clear all search options using the Reset form button.
Uma vez que as condições são definidas, você também pode:
Zoom to features on the map canvas without the need of a preselection
Flash features, highlighting the matching features. This is a handy way to identify a feature without selection or using the Identify tool. Note that the flash does not alter the map canvas extent and would be visible only if the feature is within the bounds of the current map canvas.
11.5.2. Identificando Feições
The Identify tool allows you to interact with the map canvas and get information on features in a pop-up window. To identify features, use:
Ctrl+Shift+I (or
Cmd+Shift+I),
Identify Features icon on the Attributes toolbar
11.5.2.1. Usando a ferramenta Identificar Feições
QGIS offers several ways to identify features with the
Identify Features tool:
left click identifies features according to the selection mode and the selection mask set in the Identify Results panel
right click with Identify Feature(s) as selection mode set in the Identify Results panel fetches all snapped features from all visible layers. This opens a context menu, allowing the user to choose more precisely the features to identify or the action to execute on them.
right click with Identify Features by Polygon as selection mode in the Identify Results panel identifies the features that overlap with the chosen existing polygon, according to the selection mask set in the Identify Results panel
Dica
Filter the layers to query with the Identify Features tool
Under Layer Capabilities in , uncheck the Identifiable column next to a
layer to avoid it
being queried when using the Identify Features tool in a mode
other than Current Layer. This is a handy way to return features from
only layers that are of interest for you.
If you click on feature(s), the Identify Results dialog will list information about the feature(s) clicked. The default view is a tree view in which the first item is the name of the layer and its children are its identified feature(s). Each feature is described by the name of a field along with its value. This field is the one set in . All the other information about the feature follows.
11.5.2.2. Informações da feição
The Identify Results dialog can be customized to display custom fields, but by default it will display the following information:
The feature display name;
Actions: Actions can be added to the identify feature windows. The action is run by clicking on the action label. By default, only one action is added, namely
View feature formfor editing. You can define more actions in the layer’s properties dialog (see Propriedades de Ações).Derived: This information is calculated or derived from other information. It includes:
informações gerais sobre a geometria da feição:
depending on the geometry type, the cartesian measurements of length, perimeter or area in the layer’s CRS units. For 3D line vectors the cartesian line length is available.
depending on the geometry type and if an ellipsoid is set in the project properties dialog for Measurements, the ellipsoidal values of length, perimeter or area using the specified units
the count of geometry parts in the feature and the number of the part clicked
a contagem de vértices na feição
coordinate information, using the project properties Coordinates display settings:
Valores das coordenadas
XeYdo ponto clicadoo número do vértice mais próximo do ponto clicado
Valores de coordenadas
XeYdo vértice mais próximo (eZ/Mse aplicável)se você clicar em um segmento curvo, o raio dessa seção também será mostrado.
Data attributes: This is the list of attribute fields and values for the feature that has been clicked.
information about the related child feature if you defined a relation:
o nome da relação
the entry in reference field, e.g. the name of the related child feature
Actions: lists actions defined in the layer’s properties dialog (see Propriedades de Ações) and the default action is
View feature form.Data attributes: This is the list of attributes fields and values of the related child feature.
Nota
Links in the feature’s attributes are clickable from the Identify Results panel and will open in your default web browser.
Fig. 11.24 Identify Results dialog
11.5.2.3. The Identify Results dialog
At the top of the window, you have a handful of tools:
Open Form of the current feature- Expand tree
- Collapse tree
Expand New Results by Default to define whether the next
identified feature’s information should be collapsed or expanded- Clear Results
- Copy selected feature to clipboard
Print selected HTML response
selection mode to use to fetch features to identify:
Identify Features by area or single click
Identify Features by Polygon
Identify Features by Freehand
Identify Features by Radius
Nota
When using
Identify Features by Polygon, you can
right-click any existing polygon and use it to identify overlapping
features in another layer.
At the bottom of the window are the Mode and View combo boxes. Mode defines from which layers features should be identified:
Current layer: only features from the selected layers are identified. If a group is selected, features from its visible layers are identified. If there is no selection then only the current layer is identified.
Top down, stop at first: only features from the upper visible layer.
Top down: all features from the visible layers. The results are shown in the panel.
Layer selection: opens a context menu where the user selects the layer to identify features from, similar to a right-click. Only the chosen features will be shown in the result panel.
The View can be set as Tree, Table or Graph. ‘Table’ and ‘Graph’ views can only be set for raster layers.
The identify tool allows you to
Auto open form for single feature results, found under
Identify Settings.
If checked, each time a single feature is identified, a form opens
showing its attributes. This is a handy way to quickly edit a feature’s attributes.
Outras funções podem ser encontrados no menu de contexto do item identificado. Por exemplo, do menu de contexto, você pode:
Ver o formulário da feição
Zoom para feição
Copiar feição: Copiar todos os atributos e a geometria da feição
Toggle feature selection: Add identified feature to selection
Copiar o valor do atributo: Copiar apenas o valor do atributo que clicou.
Copiar atributos do elemento: Copia todos os atributos do elemento
Limpar resultados: apaga os resultados na janela
Limpar destaques: Remover feiçõesdestacadas no mapa
Destaque todos
Destaque a camada
Ativar camada: escolha uma camada a ser ativada
Propriedades da camada: Abre a janela de propriedades da camada
Estender tudo
Encolher tudo
11.6. Salvar e Compartilhar Propriedades da Camada
11.6.1. Gerenciar Estilos Personalizados
When a vector layer is added to the map canvas, QGIS by default uses a random symbol/color to render its features. However, you can set a default symbol in that will be applied to each newly added layer according to its geometry type.
Most of the time, though, you’d rather have a custom and more complex style that can be applied automatically or manually to the layers (with less effort). You can achieve this by using the menu at the bottom of the Layer Properties dialog. This menu provides you with functions to create, load and manage styles.
A style stores any information set in the layer properties dialog to render or interact with the layer (including symbology, labeling, fields and form definitions, actions, diagrams…) for vector layers, or the pixels (band or color rendering, transparency, pyramids, histogram …) for raster.
Fig. 11.25 Vector layer style combo box options
By default, the style applied to a loaded layer is named default. Once you
have got the ideal and appropriate rendering for your layer, you can save it by
clicking the combo box and choosing:
Rename Current: The active style is renamed and updated with the current options
Add: A new style is created using the current options. By default, it will be saved in the QGIS project file. See below to save the style in another file or a database
Remover: Exclua o estilo indesejado, caso tenha mais de um estilo definido para a camada.
At the bottom of the Style drop-down list, you can see the styles set for the layer with the active one checked.
Note that each time you validate the layer properties dialog, the active style is updated with the changes you’ve made.
You can create as many styles as you wish for a layer but only one can be active at a time. In combination with Map Themes, this offers a quick and powerful way to manage complex projects without the need to duplicate any layer in the map legend.
Nota
Given that whenever you apply modifications to the layer properties, changes are stored in the active style, always ensure you are editing the right style to avoid mistakenly altering a style used in a map theme.
Dica
Manage styles from layer context menu
Right-click on the layer in the Layers panel to copy, paste, add or rename layer styles.
11.6.2. Storing Styles in a File or a Database
While styles created from the Style combo box are by default saved inside the project and can be copied and pasted from layer to layer in the project, it’s also possible to save them outside the project so that they can be loaded in another project.
11.6.2.1. Salvar como arquivo de texto
Clicking the , you can
save the style as a:
QGIS layer style file (
.qml)Ficheiro SLD (
.sld), disponível somente para camadas vetoriais
Used on file-based format layers (.shp, .tab…), Save
as Default generates a .qml file for the layer (with the same name).
SLDs can be exported from any type of renderer – single symbol,
categorized, graduated or rule-based – but when importing an SLD, either a
single symbol or rule-based renderer is created.
This means that categorized or graduated styles are converted to rule-based.
If you want to preserve those renderers, you have to use the QML format.
On the other hand, it can be very handy sometimes to have this easy way of
converting styles to rule-based.
11.6.2.2. Salvar na base de dados
Vector layer styles can also be stored in a database if the layer datasource is a
database provider. Supported formats are PostGIS, GeoPackage, SpatiaLite, MSSQL
and Oracle. The layer style is saved inside a table (named layer_styles)
in the database. Click on
then fill in the dialog to define a style name, add a description, a .ui
file if applicable and to check if the style should be the default style.
You can save several styles for a single table in the database. However, each
table can have only one default style. Default styles can be saved in the layer
database or in qgis.db, a local SQLite database in the active
user profile directory.
Fig. 11.26 Salvar estilo na caixa Diálogo do banco de dados
Dica
Compartilhando arquivos de estilo entre bancos de dados
You can only save your style in a database if the layer comes from such a database. You can’t mix databases (layer in Oracle and style in MSSQL for instance). Use instead a plain text file if you want the style to be shared among databases.
Nota
You may encounter issues restoring the layer_styles table from a
PostgreSQL database backup. Follow QGIS layer_style table and database backup to fix that.
11.6.2.3. Carregar estilo
When loading a layer in QGIS, if a default style already exists for this layer, QGIS loads the layer with this style. Also looks for and loads that file, replacing the layer’s current style.
helps you apply any saved style to a
layer. While text-file styles (.sld or .qml) can be applied
to any layer whatever its format, loading styles stored in a database is only
possible if the layer is from the same database or the style is stored in the
QGIS local database.
The Database Styles Manager dialog displays a list of styles related to the layer found in the database and all the other styles saved in it, with name and description.
Dica
Compartilhe rapidamente um estilo de camada dentro do projeto
You can also share layer styles within a project without importing a file or database style: right-click on the layer in the Layers Panel and, from the Styles combo box , copy the style of a layer and paste it to a group or a selection of layers: the style is applied to all the layers that are of the same type (vector vs raster) as the original layer and, in the case of vector layers, have the same geometry type (point, line or polygon).
11.6.3. Arquivo de definição de camada
Layer definitions can be saved as a Layer Definition File
(.qlr) using
in the
active layers’ context menu.
A layer definition file (.qlr) includes references to the
data source of the layers and their styles.
.qlr files are shown in the Browser Panel and can be used to add
the layers (with the saved style) to the Layers Panel.
You can also drag and drop .qlr files from the system file manager into the map
canvas.
11.7. Documentando seus dados
Além de exibir e simbolizar os dados nas camadas, o QGIS permite preencher:
metadata: information to help people find and understand the dataset, how they can access and use it… these are properties of the datasource and can live out of the QGIS project.
notas: instruções e comentários sobre a camada no projeto atual
11.7.1. Metadados
In the layer properties dialog, the 
Metadata tab
provides you with options to create and edit a metadata report on your layer.
Information to fill concern:
the data Identification: basic attribution of the dataset (parent, identifier, title, abstract, language…);
the Categories the data belongs to. Alongside the ISO categories, you can add custom ones;
the Keywords to retrieve the data and associated concepts following a standard based vocabulary;
the Access to the dataset (licenses, rights, fees, and constraints);
the Extent of the dataset, either spatial one (CRS, map extent, altitudes) or temporal;
the Contact of the owner(s) of the dataset;
the Links to ancillary resources and related information;
the History of the dataset.
A summary of the filled information is provided in the Validation tab and helps you identify potential issues related to the form. You can then either fix them or ignore them.
Metadata are currently saved in the project file. They can also be saved in a
.qmd file alongside file based layers or in a local .sqlite
database for remote layers (e.g. PostGIS).
11.7.2. Layer notes
Layer notes allow you to document the layer within the current project. They can be place to store important messages for users of the project like to do lists, instructions, warnings, …
From the layer’s contextual menu in Layers panel, select Add layer notes… and fill the open dialog with necessary texts.
Fig. 11.27 Adicionando notas a uma camada
The Add layer notes dialog provides a html-based multiline text box with a complete set of tools for:
manipulação de texto: cortar, copiar, colar, desfazer, refazer
characters formatting, applied to all or parts of the contents: font size and color, bold, italic, underline, strikethrough, background color, URL highlighting
paragraph structuring: bullet and numbered lists, indentation, predefined headings
file insertion, even with drag-and-drop
edição com codificação HTML
From the … drop-down at the far right of the toolbar, you can:
Remove all formatting
Remove character formatting
Clear all content
In the Layers panel, a layer with a note is assigned
the icon which, upon hover, displays the note.
Click the icon to edit the note. You can as well right-click the layer and
Edit layer note… or Remove layer note.
Nota
Notes are part of the layer style and
can be saved in the .qml or .qlr file. They can also be
transferred from one layer to another while copy-pasting the layer style.
11.8. Armazenando valores em Variáveis
In QGIS, you can use variables to store useful recurrent values (e.g. the
project’s title, or the user’s full name) that can be used in expressions.
Variables can be defined at the application’s global level, project level,
layer level, processing modeler level, layout level, and layout item’s level.
Just like CSS cascading rules, variables can be overwritten - e.g., a project level
variable will overwrite any application global level variables set with
the same name. You can use these variables to build text strings or other
custom expressions using the @ character before the variable name. For
example in print layout creating a label with this content:
This map was made using QGIS [% @qgis_version %]. The project file for this
map is: [% @project_path %]
Renderizará a etiqueta assim:
This map was made using QGIS 3.4.4-Madeira. The project file for this map is:
/gis/qgis-user-conference-2019.qgs
Besides the preset read-only variables, you can define your own custom variables for any of the levels mentioned above. You can manage:
global variables from the menu
project variables from the Project Properties dialog (see Propriedades do Projeto)
vector layer variables from the Layer Properties dialog (see Janela de Propriedades de Vetor);
modeler variables from the Graphical Modeler dialog (see O modelador gráfico);
layout variables from the Layout panel in the Print layout (see O Painel de Layout);
and layout item variables from the Item Properties panel in the Print layout (see Opções comuns de itens de esquema).
To differentiate from editable variables, read-only variable names and values are displayed in italic. On the other hand, higher level variables overwritten by lower level ones are strike through.
Fig. 11.28 Editor de variáveis no nível do projeto
Nota
You can read more about variables and find some examples in Nyall Dawson’s Exploring variables in QGIS 2.12, part 1, part 2 and part 3 blog posts.
11.9. Autenticação
QGIS has the facility to store/retrieve authentication credentials in a secure manner. Users can securely save credentials into authentication configurations, which are stored in a portable database, can be applied to server or database connections, and are safely referenced by their ID tokens in project or settings files. For more information see Sistema de Autenticação.
A master password needs to be set up when initializing the authentication system and its portable database.
11.10. Elementos comuns
In QGIS, there are some options you’ll often have to work with. For convenience, QGIS provides you with special widgets that are presented below.
11.10.1. Seletor de Cor
11.10.1.1. The color dialog
A caixa de diálogo Selecionar Cor aparecerá sempre que você clicar no ícone para escolher uma cor. Os recursos desta caixa de diálogo dependem do estado da caixa de seleção do parâmetro Usar caixas de diálogo do seletor de cores nativas em . Quando marcada, a caixa de diálogo colorida usada é a nativa do SO no qual o QGIS está sendo executado. Caso contrário, o seletor de cores personalizado QGIS é usado.
The custom color chooser dialog has four different tabs which allow you to
select colors by 
Color ramp, 
Color wheel,
Color swatches or 
Color picker.
With the first two tabs, you can browse to all possible color combinations and
apply your choice to the item.
Fig. 11.29 Color selector ramp tab
In the Color swatches tab, you can choose from a
list of color palettes (see Configurações de Cores for details).
All but the Recent colors palette can be modified with the
Add current color and 
Remove selected color
buttons at the bottom of the frame.
The … button next to the palette combo box also offers several options to:
copiar, colar, importar ou exportar cores
criar, importar ou remover paletas de cores
add the custom palette to the color selector widget with the Show in Color Buttons item (see Fig. 11.31)
Fig. 11.30 Color selector swatches tab
Another option is to use the Color picker which allows
you to sample a color from under your mouse cursor at any part of the QGIS UI or even
from another application: press the space bar while the tab is active, move the
mouse over the desired color and click on it or press the space bar again. You
can also click the Sample Color button to activate the picker.
Whatever method you use, the selected color is always described through color
sliders for HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) and RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
values. The color is also identifiable in HTML notation.
Modifying a color is as simple as clicking on the color wheel or ramp or on any of the color parameters sliders. You can adjust such parameters with the spinbox beside or by scrolling the mouse wheel over the corresponding slider. You can also type the color in HTML notation. Finally, there is an Opacity slider to set transparency level.
The dialog also provides a visual comparison between the
Old color (applied to object) and the Current one (being selected).
Using drag-and-drop or pressing the 
Add color to
swatch button, any of these colors can be saved in a slot for easy access.
Dica
Alteração rápida da cor
Drag-and-drop a color selector widget onto another one to apply its color.
11.10.1.2. The color drop-down shortcut
Click the drop-down arrow to the right of the color button
to display a widget for quick color selection. This shortcut provides access
to:
a color wheel to pick a color from
an alpha slider to change color opacity
the color palettes previously set to Show in Color Buttons
copiar a cor atual e colar em outro elemento
escolha uma cor em qualquer lugar na tela do computador
choose a color from the color selector dialog
drag-and-drop the color from one widget to another for quick modification
Nota
When the color widget is set to a project color through the data-defined override properties, the above functions for changing the color are unavailable. You’d first need to Unlink color or Clear the definition.
Fig. 11.31 Quick color selector menu
11.10.1.3. The color ramp drop-down shortcut
Color ramps are a practical way to apply a set of colors to one or many features.
Their creation is described in the Setting a Color Ramp section. As for the colors,
pressing the 
color ramp button opens the corresponding color
ramp type dialog allowing you to change its properties.
Fig. 11.32 Customizing a colorbrewer ramp
The drop-down menu to the right of the button gives quick access to a wider set of color ramps and options:
Inverter rampa de cor
Random Colors: available only in some contexts
(e.g., when a color ramp is being used for a layer symbology),
checking this entry creates and applies a color ramp with random colors.
It also enables a Shuffle random colors entry to regenerate
a new random color ramp if the current one is not satisfactory.a preview of the
gradientorcatalog: cpt-citycolor ramps flagged as Favorites in the Style Manager dialogAll Color Ramps to access the compatible color ramps database
guilabel:Criar nova rampa de cor… de qualquer tipo suportado que possa ser utilizado no elemtento atual (note que esta rampa de cor não estará disponível em outro lugar, a menos que você a salve na biblioteca)
Edit Color Ramp…, the same as clicking the whole color ramp button
Save Color Ramp…, to save the current color ramp with its customizations in the style library
Fig. 11.33 Quick color ramp selection widget
11.10.2. Symbol Widget
The Symbol selector widget is a convenient shortcut when you want to set symbol properties of a feature. Clicking the drop-down arrow shows the following symbol options, together with the features of the color drop-down widget:
Configure Symbol…: the same as pressing the symbol selector widget. It opens a dialog to set the symbol parameters.
Copiar Símbolo do item atual
Colar Símbolo para o item atual, configuração de velocidade
11.10.3. Seletor de arquivos remoto ou incorporado
Along with the file selector widget, the … button will sometimes show a drop-down arrow. This is usually available when using:
um arquivo SVG em um símbolo ou rótulo
uma imagem matricial para personalizar símbolos, etiquetas, texturas ou decorações
Pressionar a seta fornecerá um menu para:
load the file from the file system: the file is identified through the file path and QGIS needs to resolve the path in order to display the corresponding image
load the file from a remote URL: as above, the image will only be loaded on successful retrieval of the remote resource
embed the file into the item: the file is embedded inside the current project, style database, or print layout template. The file is then always rendered as part of the item. This is a convenient way to create self-contained projects with custom symbols which can be easily shared amongst different users and installations of QGIS.
extract the embedded file from the widget and save it on disk.
11.10.4. Seletor de Extensão Espacial
The Extent selector widget is a convenient shortcut when you want to select a spatial extent to assign to a layer or to limit the actions to run on. Depending on the context, it offers selection between:
Current layer extent, e.g. when exporting a layer
Menuselection:Calcular a partir da camada –>: utiliza a extensão de uma camada carregada no projeto atual
Use current Map canvas extent
Draw on canvas a rectangle whose coordinates are then used
Insira as coordenadas como
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax
Fig. 11.34 Extent selector widget
11.10.5. Seletor de Fonte
The Font selector widget is a convenient shortcut when you want to set font properties for textual information (feature labels, decoration labels, map legend text, …). Clicking the drop-down arrow shows some or all of the following options:
Fig. 11.35 Font selector drop-down menu
Font Size in the associated unit
menu with the active font checked (at the top)
Configure Format…: same as pressing the font selector widget. It opens a dialog to set text format parameters. Depending on the context, it can be the OS default Text format dialog or the QGIS custom dialog with advanced formatting options (opacity, orientation, buffer, background, shadow, …) as described in section Formatando o texto do rótulo.
guilabel:Copiar Formato do texto
Paste Format to the text, speeding configuration
the color widget for quick color setting
11.10.6. Seletor de Unidade
Size properties of the items (labels, symbols, layout elements, …) in QGIS are not necessarily bound to either the project units or the units of a particular layer. For a large set of properties, the Unit selector drop-down menu allows you to tweak their values according to the rendering you want (based on screen resolution, paper size, or the terrain). Available units are:
Milímetros
Pontos
Pixels
Polegadas
Meters at Scale: This allows you to always set the size in meters, regardless of what the underlying map units are (e.g. they can be in inches, feet, geographic degrees, …). The size in meters is calculated based on the current project ellipsoid setting and a projection of the distances in meters at the center of the current map extent. For maps in a projected coordinate system this is calculated using projected units. For maps in a geographic (latitude/longitude) based system the size is approximated by calculating meter sizes using ellipsoidal calculations for the vertical scale of the map.
and Map Units: The size is scaled according to the map view scale. Because this can lead to too big or too small values, use the
button
next to the entry to constrain the size to a range of values based on:The Minimum scale and the Maximum scale: The value is scaled based on the map view scale until you reach any of these scale limits. Out of the range of scale, the value at the nearest scale limit is kept.
and/or The Minimum size and the Maximum size in
mm: The value is scaled based on the map view scale until it reaches any of these limits; Then the limit size is kept.
Fig. 11.36 Adjust scaling range dialog
11.10.7. Formatação de números
Numeric formatters allow formatting of numeric values for display, using a variety of different formatting techniques (for instance scientific notation, currency values, percentage values, etc). One use of this is to set text in a layout scale bar or fixed table.
Fig. 11.37 Formatando valor numérico
Diferentes categorias de formatos são suportadas. Para a maioria, você pode definir parte ou todas as seguintes opções numéricas:
- Mostrar o separador de milhares
- Show plus sign
- Show trailing zeros
Mas eles também podem ter seus ajustes personalizados. Desde que as categorias sejam:
General, the default category: has no setting and displays values as set in the parent widget properties or using the global settings.
Número
The value can be Round to a self defined number of Decimal places or their Significant figures
personalizar o Separador de milhas e Separador decimal.
Bearing for a text representation of a direction/bearing using:
Format: possible ranges of values are
0 to 180°, with E/W suffix,-180 to +180°and0 to 360°número de :guilabel:`Casas decimais’.
Currency for a text representation of a currency value.
Prefixo
Sufixo
número de :guilabel:`Casas decimais’.
Fraction for a vulgar fractional representation of a decimal value (e.g. 1/2 instead of 0.5)
- Use unicode super/subscript to show. For example 1/2
instead of 1/2
- Use dedicated Unicode characters
personalizar o Separador de milhares
guilabel:
Porcentagem` - anexa ``%aos valores, com configuração de:número de :guilabel:`Casas decimais’.
Scaling to indicate whether the actual values already represent percentages (then they will be kept as is) or fractions (then they are converted)
guilabel:Notação científica no formulário
2,56e+03. O número de Casas decimais pode ser definido.
A live preview of the settings is displayed under the Sample section.
11.10.8. Modos de Mistura
QGIS offers different options for special rendering effects with these tools that you may previously only know from graphics programs. Blending modes can be applied on layers and features, and also on print layout items:
** Normal **: Esse é o modo de mescla padrão, que usa o canal alfa do pixel superior para combinar com o pixel abaixo dele. As cores não são misturadas.
Lighten: This selects the maximum of each component from the foreground and background pixels. Be aware that the results tend to be jagged and harsh.
Screen: Light pixels from the source are painted over the destination, while dark pixels are not. This mode is most useful for mixing the texture of one item with another item (such as using a hillshade to texture another layer).
Dodge: Brighten and saturate underlying pixels based on the lightness of the top pixel. Brighter top pixels cause the saturation and brightness of the underlying pixels to increase. This works best if the top pixels aren’t too bright. Otherwise the effect is too extreme.
Addition: Adds pixel values of one item to the other. In case of values above the maximum value (in the case of RGB), white is displayed. This mode is suitable for highlighting features.
Darken: Retains the lowest values of each component of the foreground and background pixels. Like lighten, the results tend to be jagged and harsh.
Multiply: Pixel values of the top item are multiplied with the corresponding values for the bottom item. The results are darker.
Burn: Darker colors in the top item cause the underlying items to darken. Burn can be used to tweak and colorize underlying layers.
Overlay: Combines multiply and screen blending modes. Light parts become lighter and dark parts become darker.
Soft light: Very similar to overlay, but instead of using multiply/screen it uses color burn/dodge. This is supposed to emulate shining a soft light onto an image.
Hard light: Hard light is also very similar to the overlay mode. It’s supposed to emulate projecting a very intense light onto an image.
Difference: Subtracts the top pixel from the bottom pixel, or the other way around, in order always to get a positive value. Blending with black produces no change, as the difference with all colors is zero.
Subtract: Subtracts pixel values of one item from the other. In the case of negative values, black is displayed.
11.10.9. Data defined override setup
Next to many options in the vector layer properties dialog or settings in the print
layout, you will find a 
Data defined override icon.
Using expressions based on layer attributes or item
settings, prebuilt or custom functions and variables,
this tool allows you to set dynamic values for parameters. When enabled,
the value returned by this widget is applied to the parameter regardless of its normal
value (checkbox, textbox, slider…).
11.10.9.1. The data defined override widget
Clicking the Data defined override icon shows the following entries:
Description… that indicates if the option is enabled, which input is expected, the valid input type and the current definition. Hovering over the widget also pops up this information.
Store data in the project: a button allowing the property to be stored using to the Propriedades de armazenamento auxiliar mechanism.
Field type: an entry to select from the layer’s fields that match the valid input type.
Color: when the widget is linked to a color property, this menu gives access to the colors defined as part of the current project’s colors scheme.
Variable: a menu to access the available user-defined variables
Edit… button to create or edit the expression to apply, using the Expression String Builder dialog. To help you correctly fill in the expression, a reminder of the expected output’s format is provided in the dialog.
botões Colar e Copiar.
guilabel:Limpar botão para remover a configuração.
For numeric and color properties, Assistant… to rescale how the feature data is applied to the property (more details below)
Dica
Use right-click to (de)activate the data override
When the data-defined override option is set up correctly the
icon is yellow 
or 
. If it is broken,
the icon is red 
or 
.
You can enable or disable a configured Data-defined
override button by simply clicking the widget with the right mouse button.
11.10.9.2. Using the data-defined assistant interface
When the Data-defined override button is associated with a
size, a rotation, an opacity or a color property, it has an Assistant…
option that helps you change how the data is applied to the parameter for each
feature. The assistant allows you to:
Define the Input data, ie:
Source: the attribute to represent, using a field or an
expressionthe range of values to represent: you can manually enter the values or use the
Fetch value range from layer button to fill
these fields automatically with the minimum and maximum values returned by
the Source expression applied to your data
- Apply transform curve: by default, output values (see
below for setting) are applied to input features following a linear scale.
You can override this logic: enable the transform option, click on the
graphic to add break point(s) and drag the point(s) to apply a custom
distribution.
Define the Output values: the options vary according to the parameter to define. You can globally set:
for a color setting, the color ramp to apply to values and the single color to use for NULL values
para os outros, os valores mínimo e máximo a serem aplicados à propriedade selecionada, bem como o valor de tamanho/ângulo/opacidade para feições de origem ignoradas ou NULO
for size properties, the Scale method of representation which can be Flannery, Exponential, Surface, Radius or Linear
the Exponent to use for data scaling when the Scale method is of exponential type or when tweaking the opacity
When compatible with the property, a live-update preview is displayed in the right-hand side of the dialog to help you control the value scaling.
Fig. 11.38 Scaling feature size based on passengers field’s value
The values presented in the varying size assistant above will set the size ‘Data-defined override’ with:
coalesce(scale_exp("passengers", 9, 2000, 1, 10, 0.57), 0)