13.2. O Seletor de Símbolos

The Symbol selector is the main dialog to design a symbol. You can create or edit Marker, Line or Fill Symbols.

Fig. 13.10 Designing a Line symbol

Two main components structure the symbol selector dialog:

• the symbol tree, showing symbol layers that are combined afterwards to shape a new global symbol

• and settings to configure the selected symbol layer in the tree.

13.2.1. The symbol layer tree

A symbol can consist of several Symbol layers. The symbol tree shows the overlay of these symbol layers that are combined afterwards to shape a new global symbol. Besides, a dynamic symbol representation is updated as soon as symbol properties change.

Depending on the level selected in the symbol tree items, various tools are made available to help you manage the tree:

• add new symbol layer: you can stack as many symbols as you want

• remove the selected symbol layer

• lock colors of symbol layer: a locked color stays unchanged when user changes the color at the global (or upper) symbol level

• duplicate a (group of) symbol layer(s)

• move up or down the symbol layer

13.2.2. Configurando um símbolo

In QGIS, configuring a symbol is done in two steps: the symbol and then the symbol layer.

13.2.2.1. O símbolo

At the top level of the tree, it depends on the layer geometry and can be of Marker, Line or Fill type. Each symbol can embed one or more symbols (including, of any other type) or symbol layers.

You can setup some parameters that apply to the global symbol:

• Unit: it can be Millimeters, Points, Pixels, Meters at Scale, Map units or Inches (see Seletor de Unidade for more details)

• Opacidade

• Color: when this parameter is changed by the user, its value is echoed to all unlocked sub-symbols color

• Size and Rotation for marker symbols

• Largura para símbolos de linha

  Dica

  Use the Size (for marker symbols) or the Width (for line symbols) properties at the symbol level to proportionally resize all of its embedded symbol layers dimensions.

  Nota

  The Data-defined override button next to the width, size or rotation parameters is inactive when setting the symbol from the Style manager dialog. When the symbol is connected to a map layer, this button helps you create proportional or multivariate analysis rendering.

• A preview of the symbols library: Symbols of the same type are shown and, through the editable drop-down list just above, can be filtered by free-form text or by categories. You can also update the list of symbols using the ^{Style Manager} button and open the eponym dialog. There, you can use any capabilities as exposed in Gerenciador de Estilo section.

  Os símbolos são exibidos:

  • in an icon list (with thumbnail, name and associated tags) using the ^{List View} button below the frame;

  • or as icon preview using the ^{Icon View} button.

• Press the Save Symbol button to add the symbol being edited to the symbols library.

• With the Advanced option, you can:

  • for line and fill symbols, Clip features to canvas extent.

  • for fill symbols, Force right-hand rule orientation: allows forcing rendered fill symbols to follow the standard “right hand rule” for ring orientation (i.e, polygons where the exterior ring is clockwise, and the interior rings are all counter-clockwise).

    The orientation fix is applied while rendering only, and the original feature geometry is unchanged. This allows for creation of fill symbols with consistent appearance, regardless of the dataset being rendered and the ring orientation of individual features.

  • Depending on the symbology of the layer a symbol is being applied to, additional settings are available in the Advanced menu:

    • Symbol levels… to define the order of symbols rendering

    • Data-defined Size Legend

    • Match to Saved Symbols… and Match to Symbols from File… to automatically assign symbols to classes

13.2.2.2. A camada de símbolo

At a lower level of the tree, you can customize the symbol layers. The available symbol layer types depend on the upper symbol type. You can apply on the symbol layer paint effects to enhance its rendering.

Because describing all the options of all the symbol layer types would not be possible, only particular and significant ones are mentioned below.

Parâmetros comuns

Some common options and widgets are available to build a symbol layer, regardless it’s of marker, line or fill sub-type:

• the color selector widget to ease color manipulation

• Units: it can be Millimeters, Points, Pixels, Meters at Scale, Map units or Inches (see Seletor de Unidade for more details)

• the ^{Data-defined override} widget near almost all options, extending capabilities of customizing each symbol (see Data defined override setup for more information)

• the Enable symbol layer option controls the symbol layer’s visibility. Disabled symbol layers are not drawn when rendering the symbol but are saved in the symbol. Being able to hide symbol layers is convenient when looking for the best design of your symbol as you don’t need to remove any for the testing. The data-defined override then makes it possible to hide or display different symbol layers based on expressions (using, for instance, feature attributes).

• the Draw effects button for effects rendering.

Nota

While the description below assumes that the symbol layer type is bound to the feature geometry, keep in mind that you can embed symbol layers in each others. In that case, the lower level symbol layer parameter (placement, offset…) might be bound to the upper-level symbol, and not to the feature geometry itself.

Marker Symbols

Appropriate for point geometry features, marker symbols have several Symbol layer types:

• Simple marker (default)

  

  Fig. 13.11 Designing a Simple Marker Symbol

  The simple marker symbol layer type has the following properties:

  • Tamanho em várias unidades suportadas

  • Fill color

  • Stroke color, Stroke style from a predefined list and Stroke size

  • Join style: it can be Bevel, Miter or Round

  • Cap style: it can be Square, Flat or Round

  • Rotação

  • Offset in X and Y directions from the feature

  • Anchor point: defining the quadrant point on the symbol to settle as placement origin. This is the point the Offset is applied on.

• Ellipse marker: a simple marker symbol layer, with customizable width and height

• Filled marker: similar to the simple marker symbol layer, except that it uses a fill sub symbol to render the marker. This allows use of all the existing QGIS fill (and stroke) styles for rendering markers, e.g. gradient or shapeburst fills.

• Font marker: similar to the simple marker symbol layer, except that it uses installed fonts to render the marker. Its additional properties are:

  • Font family

  • Estilo de fonte

  • Character(s), representing the text to display as symbol. They can be typed in or selected from the font characters collection widget and you can live Preview them with the selected settings.

• Geometry generator (see O Gerador de Geometria)

• Mask: its sub-symbol defines a mask shape whose color property will be ignored and only the opacity will be used. This is convenient when the marker symbol overlaps with labels or other symbols whose colors are close, making it hard to decipher. More details at Propriedades das Máscaras.

• Raster image marker: use an image (PNG, JPG, BMP …) as marker symbol. The image can be a file on the disk, a remote URL, embedded in the style database (more details) or it can be encoded as a base64 string. Width and height of the image can be set independently or using the ^{Lock aspect ratio}. The size can be set using any of the common units or as a percentage of the image’s original size (scaled by the width).

• Vector Field marker (see The Vector Field Marker)

• SVG marker: provides you with images from your SVG paths (set in Settings ► Options… ► System menu) to render as marker symbol. Width and height of the symbol can be set independently or using the ^{Lock aspect ratio}. Each SVG file colors and stroke can also be adapted. The image can be a file on the disk, a remote URL, embedded in the style database (more details) or it can be encoded as a base64 string.

  The symbol can also be set with Dynamic SVG parameters. See SVG parametrizável section to parametrize an SVG symbol.

  Nota

  SVG version requirements

  QGIS renders SVG files that follow the SVG Tiny 1.2 profile, intended for implementation on a range of devices, from cellphones and PDAs to laptop and desktop computers, and thus includes a subset of the features included in SVG 1.1 Full, along with new features to extend the capabilities of SVG.

  Some features not included in these specifications might not be rendered correctly in QGIS.

Símbolos de Linha

Appropriate for line geometry features, line symbols have the following symbol layer types:

• Linha simples (padrão)

  

  Fig. 13.12 Projetando um símbolo de linha simples

  The simple line symbol layer type has many of the same properties as the simple marker symbol, and in addition:

  • Use custom dash pattern: overrides the Stroke style setting with a custom dash.

  • Pattern offset: the positioning of the dashes/spaces in the line can be tweaked, so that they can be placed at nicer positions to account for corners in the line (also can be used potentially to “align” adjacent dash pattern borders)

  • Align dash pattern to line length: the dash pattern length will be adjusted so that the line will end with a complete dash element, instead of a gap.

  • Tweak dash pattern at sharp corners: dynamically adjusts the dash pattern placement so that sharp corners are represented by a full dash element coming into and out of the sharp corner. Dependent on Align dash pattern to line length.

  • Trim lines from Start and/or End: allows for the line rendering to trim off the first x mm and last y mm from the actual line string when drawing the line. It can be used e.g. when creating complex symbols where a line layer should not overlap marker symbol layers placed at the start and end of the line. The start/end trim distance supports a range of units, including percentage of the overall line length, and can be data defined for extra control.

• Arrow: draws lines as curved (or not) arrows with a single or a double head with configurable (and data-defined):

  • Head type

  • Arrow type

  • Arrow width

  • Arrow width at start

  • Head length

  • Head thickness

  • Offset

  It is possible to create Curved arrows (the line feature must have at least three vertices) and Repeat arrow on each segment. It also uses a fill symbol such as gradients or shapeburst to render the arrow body. Combined with the geometry generator, this type of layer symbol helps you representing flow maps.

• Geometry generator (see O Gerador de Geometria)

• Interpolated line: allows to render a line whose Stroke width and/or Color may be constant (given a Fixed width and Single color parameters) or vary along the geometry. When varying, necessary inputs are:

  • guilabel:valor inicial e valor final: Valores que serão utilizados para interpolação nas extremidades da geometria das características. Eles podem ser valores fixos, atributos da característica ou baseados em uma expressão.

  • guilabel:Valor mínimo e Valor máximo: Valores entre os quais a interpolação é feita. Pressione o botão |recarregar| ^Carregar para preenchê-los automaticamente com base nos valores mínimos e máximos de início/fim aplicados à camada.

  • Only available for the stroke option:

    • Min. width and Max. width: define the range of the varying width. Min. width is assigned to the Min. value and Max. width to the Max. value. A unit can be associated.

    • Use absolute value: only consider absolute value for interpolation (negative values are used as positive).

    • Ignore out of range: by default, when the [start value - end value] range of a feature is not included in the [min. value - max. value] range, the out-of-bounds parts of the feature’s geometry are rendered with the min or max width. Check this option to not render them at all.

  • For varying color, you can use any of the interpolation methods of color ramp classification

  

  Fig. 13.13 Exemplos de linhas interpoladas

• Marker line: repeats a marker symbol over the length of a line.

  • The Marker placement can be at a regular distance or based on the line geometry: first, last or each vertex, on the central point of the line or of each segment, or on every curve point.

  • Offset along the line: the markers placement can also be given an offset from the start, along the line

  • The Rotate marker to follow line direction option sets whether each marker symbol should be oriented relative to the line direction or not.

    Because a line is often a succession of segments of different directions, the rotation of the marker is calculated by averaging over a specified distance along the line. For example, setting the Average angle over property to 4mm means that the two points along the line that are 2mm before and after the symbol placement are used to calculate the line angle for that marker symbol. This has the effect of smoothing (or removing) any tiny local deviations from the overall line direction, resulting in much nicer visual orientations of the marker line symbols.

  • Line offset: the marker symbols can also be offset from the line feature.

• Hashed line: repeats a line segment (a hash) over the length of a line symbol, with a line sub-symbol used to render each individual segment. In other words, a hashed line is like a marker line in which marker symbols are replaced with segments. As such, the hashed lines have the same properties as marker line symbols, along with:

  • Hash length

  • Hash rotation

  

  Fig. 13.14 Examples of hashed lines

Símbolos de Preenchimento

Appropriate for polygon geometry features, fill symbols have also several symbol layer types:

• Simple fill (default): fills a polygon with a uniform color

  

  Fig. 13.15 Designing a Simple Fill Symbol

• Centroid fill: places a marker symbol at the centroid of the visible feature. The position of the marker may not be the real centroid of the feature, because calculation takes into account the polygon(s) clipped to area visible in map canvas for rendering and ignores holes. Use the geometry generator symbol if you want the exact centroid.

  Você pode:

  • guilabel: ‘Força o posicionamento de marcadores dentro de polígonos’.

  • Draw markers on every part of multi-part features or place the point only on its biggest part

  • display the marker symbol(s) in whole or in part, keeping parts overlapping the current feature geometry (Clip markers to polygon boundary) or the geometry part the symbol belongs to (Clip markers to current part boundary only)

• Geometry generator (see O Gerador de Geometria)

• Gradient fill: uses a radial, linear or conical gradient, based on either simple two color gradients or a predefined gradient color ramp to fill polygons. The gradient can be rotated and applied on a single feature basis or across the whole map extent. Also start and end points can be set via coordinates or using the centroid (of feature or map). A data-defined offset can be defined;

• ** Preenchimento padrão de linha**: preenche o polígono com um padrão de preenchimento camada de símbolo de linha. Você pode definir:

  • Rotação das linhas, no sentido anti-horário

  • Espaçamento: distância entre linhas consecutivas

  • Offset distance of the lines from the feature boundary

• Point pattern fill: fills the polygon with a grid pattern of marker symbol. You can set:

  • Distância: Horizontal e Vertical distâncias entre marcadores consecutivos

  • Displacement: a Horizontal (resp. Vertical) offset of alignment between consecutive markers in a column (resp. in a row)

  • Offset: Horizontal and Vertical distances from the feature boundary

• Random marker fill: fills the polygon with a marker symbol placed at random locations within the polygon boundary. You can set:

  • Count method: whether the number of marker symbols to render is considered as an absolute count or density-based

  • Point count: the number of marker symbols to render,

  • an optional random number seed, to give consistent placement

  • Área de densidade: no caso do método de contagem baseado em densidade, garante que a densidade de preenchimento dos marcadores permaneça a mesma em diferentes níveis de escala/zoom dos marcadores sempre que os mapas são atualizados (também permite a colocação aleatória para jogar bem com servidor QGIS e renderização baseada em mosaico)

  • Clip markers to polygon boundary: whether markers rendered near the edges of polygons should be clipped to the polygon boundary or not

• Raster image fill: fills the polygon with tiles from a raster image (PNG JPG, BMP …). The image can be a file on the disk, a remote URL or an embedded file encoded as a string (more details). Options include (data defined) opacity, image width, coordinate mode (object or viewport), rotation and offset. The image width can be set using any of the common units or as a percentage of the original size.

• SVG fill: fills the polygon using SVG markers of a given size (Texture width);

• Shapeburst fill: buffers a gradient fill, where a gradient is drawn from the boundary of a polygon towards the polygon’s centre. Configurable parameters include distance from the boundary to shade, use of color ramps or simple two color gradients, optional blurring of the fill and offsets;

• Outline: Arrow: uses a line arrow symbol layer to represent the polygon boundary. The settings for the outline arrow are the same as for arrow line symbols.

• Outline: Hashed line: uses a hash line symbol layer to represent the polygon boundary (Rings) which can be the interior rings only, the exterior ring only or all the rings). The other settings for the outline hashed line are the same as for hashed line symbols.

• Outline: Marker line: uses a marker line symbol layer to represent the polygon boundary (Rings) which can be the interior rings only, the exterior ring only or all the rings). The other settings for the outline marker line are same as for marker line symbols.

• Outline: simple line: uses a simple line symbol layer to represent the polygon boundary (Rings) which can be the interior rings only, the exterior ring only or all the rings). The Draw line only inside polygon option displays the polygon borders inside the polygon and can be useful to clearly represent adjacent polygon boundaries. The other settings for the outline simple line are the same as for simple line symbols.

Nota

When geometry type is polygon, you can choose to disable the automatic clipping of lines/polygons to the canvas extent. In some cases this clipping results in unfavourable symbology (e.g. centroid fills where the centroid must always be the actual feature’s centroid).

SVG parametrizável

You have the possibility to change the colors of a SVG marker. You have to add the placeholders param(fill) for fill color, param(outline) for stroke color and param(outline-width) for stroke width. These placeholders can optionally be followed by a default value, e.g.:

<svg width="100%" height="100%">
<rect fill="param(fill) #ff0000" stroke="param(outline) #00ff00" stroke-width="param(outline-width) 10" width="100" height="100">
</rect>
</svg>

More generally, SVG can be freely parametrized using param(param_name). This param can either be used as an attribute value or a node text:

<g stroke-width=".265" text-anchor="middle" alignment-baseline="param(align)">
  <text x="98" y="147.5" font-size="6px">param(text1)</text>
  <text x="98" y="156.3" font-size="4.5px">param(text2)</text>
</g>

The parameters can then be defined as expressions in the Dynamic SVG parameters table.

Fig. 13.16 Tabela de parâmetros dinâmicos SVG

O Gerador de Geometria

Available with all types of symbols, the geometry generator symbol layer allows to use expression syntax to generate a geometry on the fly during the rendering process. The resulting geometry does not have to match with the original Geometry type and you can add several differently modified symbol layers on top of each other.

A Units property can be set: when the geometry generator symbol is not applied to a layer (e.g., it is used on a layout item), this allows more control over the generated output.

Alguns exemplos:

-- render the centroid of a feature
centroid( $geometry )

-- visually overlap features within a 100 map units distance from a point
-- feature, i.e generate a 100m buffer around the point
buffer( $geometry, 100 )

-- Given polygon layer1( id1, layer2_id, ...) and layer2( id2, fieldn...)
-- render layer1 with a line joining centroids of both where layer2_id = id2
make_line( centroid( $geometry ),
           centroid( geometry( get_feature( 'layer2', 'id2', attribute(
               $currentfeature, 'layer2_id') ) )
         )

-- Create a nice radial effect of points surrounding the central feature
-- point when used as a MultiPoint geometry generator
collect_geometries(
  array_foreach(
    generate_series( 0, 330, 30 ),
      project( $geometry, .2, radians( @element ) )
  )
)

The Vector Field Marker

The vector field marker is used to display vector field data such as earth deformation, tidal flows, and the like. It displays the vectors as lines (preferably arrows) that are scaled and oriented according to selected attributes of data points. It can only be used to render point data; line and polygon layers are not drawn by this symbology.

O campo vetorial é definido por atributos nos dados, que podem representar o campo ou por:

• componentes cartesianos (componentes x e y do campo)

• ou coordenadas polares: neste caso, os atributos definem Comprimento e Ângulo. O ângulo pode ser medido no sentido horário a partir do norte ou no sentido anti-horário a partir do leste, e pode ser em graus ou radianos.

• or as height only data, which displays a vertical arrow scaled using an attribute of the data. This is appropriate for displaying the vertical component of deformation, for example.

A magnitude do campo pode ser aumentada ou diminuída para um tamanho apropriado para visualização do campo.