19. Working with OGC / ISO protocols

Cliente WMS/WMTS
WCS Cliente
WFS e WFS-T Cliente

O Consórcio Geoespacial Aberto (OGC), é uma organização internacional como mais de 300 organizações em todo mundo do tipo comerciais, sem fins lucrativos e de investigação. Os membros desenvolvem e implementam padrões para os conteúdos e serviços geoespaciais, processamento e troca de dados SIG.

Describing a basic data model for geographic features, an increasing number of specifications are developed by OGC to serve specific needs for interoperable location and geospatial technology, including GIS. Further information can be found at https://www.opengeospatial.org/.

Important OGC specifications supported by QGIS are:

WMS — Serviço de Mapas Web (Cliente WMS/WMTS)
WMTS — Serviço de Mosaicos de Mapa Web (Cliente WMS/WMTS)
WFS — Serviços de Elementos Web (WFS e WFS-T Cliente)
WFS-T — Serviços de Elementos Web - Transacionais (WFS e WFS-T Cliente)
WCS — Serviços de Cobertura Web (WCS Cliente)
WPS — Web Processing Service
CSW — Catalog Service for the Web
SFS — Elementos Simples para SQL (Camadas PostGIS)
GML — Linguagem de Marcadores Geográfico

OGC services are increasingly being used to exchange geospatial data between different GIS implementations and data stores. QGIS can deal with the above specifications as a client, being SFS (through support of the PostgreSQL / PostGIS data provider, see section Camadas PostGIS).

You can also share your maps and data through the WMS, WMTS, WFS, WFS-T and WCS protocols using a webserver with QGIS Server, UMN MapServer or GeoServer installed.

19.1. Cliente WMS/WMTS 

19.1.1. Visão Global do Suporte WMS 

QGIS currently can act as a WMS client that understands WMS 1.1, 1.1.1 and 1.3 servers. In particular, it has been tested against publicly accessible servers such as DEMIS.

A WMS server acts upon requests by the client (e.g., QGIS) for a raster map with a given extent, set of layers, symbolization style, and transparency. The WMS server then consults its local data sources, rasterizes the map, and sends it back to the client in a raster format. For QGIS, this format would typically be JPEG or PNG.

WMS is generically a REST (Representational State Transfer) service rather than a full-blown Web service. As such, you can actually take the URLs generated by QGIS and use them in a web browser to retrieve the same images that QGIS uses internally. This can be useful for troubleshooting, as there are several brands of WMS server on the market and they all have their own interpretation of the WMS standard.

As camadas WMS podem ser adicionadas facilmente, desde que conheça o acesso URL para o servidor WMS, tenha uma ligação de serviço a esse servidor, e o servidor compreenda HTTP como um mecanismos de transporte de dados.

Additionally, QGIS will cache your WMS responses (i.e. images) for 24h as long as the GetCapabilities request is not triggered. The GetCapabilities request is triggered everytime the Connect button in the Add Layer(s) from WMS(T) Server dialog is used to retrieve the WMS server capabilities. This is an automatic feature meant to optimize project loading time. If a project is saved with a WMS layer, the corresponding WMS tiles will be loaded from the cache the next time the project is opened as long as they are no older than 24H.

19.1.2. Visão Global do Suporte WMTS 

QGIS can also act as a WMTS client. WMTS is an OGC standard for distributing tile sets of geospatial data. This is a faster and more efficient way of distributing data than WMS because with WMTS, the tile sets are pre-generated, and the client only requests the transmission of the tiles, not their production. A WMS request typically involves both the generation and transmission of the data. A well-known example of a non-OGC standard for viewing tiled geospatial data is Google Maps.

De maneira a exibir os dados a várias escalas perto do que o utilizador queira ver, os conjuntos de mosaicos WMTS são produzidos em vários diferentes níveis de escala e são disponibilizados para o cliente SIG a seu pedido.

Este diagrama ilustra o conceito dos conjuntos de mosaicos

../../../_images/concept_wmts.png — Fig. 19.1 Conceito dos conjuntos de mosaicos do WMTS

The two types of WMTS interfaces that QGIS supports are via Key-Value-Pairs (KVP) and RESTful. These two interfaces are different, and you need to specify them to QGIS differently.

In order to access a WMTS KVP service, a QGIS user must open the WMS/WMTS interface and add the following string to the URL of the WMTS tile service:
```
"?SERVICE=WMTS&REQUEST=GetCapabilities"
```
Um exemplo deste tipo de endereço é
```
https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?\
  service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities
```
A camada topo2 funciona lindamente para testar neste WMTS. Adicionando esta linha e texto indica que é um serviço web WMTS que deverá ser usado em vez de o serviço WMS.
O serviço WMTS RESTful torna-se uma forma diferente, é um URL simples, a forma recomendada pela OGC é:
```
{WMTSBaseURL}/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml
```
This format helps you to recognize that it is a RESTful address. A RESTful WMTS is accessed in QGIS by simply adding its address in the WMS setup in the URL field of the form. An example of this type of address for the case of an Austrian basemap is https://maps.wien.gv.at/basemap/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml.

Nota

You can still find some old services called WMS-C. These services are quite similar to WMTS (i.e., same purpose but working a little bit differently). You can manage them the same as you do WMTS services. Just add ?tiled=true at the end of the url. See https://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service_Specification for more information about this specification.

Quando lê o WMTS pode muitas vezes pensar em WMS-C.

19.1.3. Selecionando os Servidores WMS/WMTS 

The first time you use the WMS feature in QGIS, there are no servers defined.

You then need to create connections to the server you are targeting:

Go to the WMS/WMTS tab of the Data Source Manager dialog, either by:
- clicking the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button (or pressing Ctrl+L) and enabling the tab
- clicking the ^{Add WMS layer} button on the Manage Layers toolbar
- or selecting Layer ► Add Layer ► Add WMS/WMTS Layer… menu
Press New from the Layers tab. The Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection… dialog appears.

Dica

Right-click the WMS/WMTS entry from within the Browser panel and select New Connection… also opens the Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection… dialog.
Then enter the parameters to connect to your desired WMS server, as listed below:

Fig. 19.2 Creating a connection to a WMS server
- Name: A name for the connection. This name will be used in the Server Connections drop-down box so that you can distinguish it from other WMS servers.
- URL: URL of the server providing the data. This must be a resolvable host name – the same format as you would use to open a telnet connection or ping a host, i.e. the base URL only. For example, you shouldn’t have fragments such as request=GetCapabilities or version=1.0.0 in your URL.
- Authentication (optional): using a stored configuration or a basic authentication with Username and Password.
  
  Aviso
  
  Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See Sistema de Autenticação for more details.
- HTTP Referer
- DPI-Mode: Available options are all, off, QGIS, UMN and GeoServer
- Ignore GetMap/GetTile URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.
- Ignore GetFeatureInfo URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.
- Ignore axis orientation (WMS 1.3/WMTS)
- Ignore reported layer extents: because the extent reported by raster layers may be smaller than the actual area which can be rendered (notably for WMS servers with symbology which takes more space than the data extent), check this option to avoid cropping raster layers to their reported extents, resulting in truncated symbols on the borders of these layers.
- Invert axis orientation
- Smooth pixmap transformation
Press OK

Once the new WMS server connection has been created, it will be preserved for future QGIS sessions.

If you need to set up a proxy server to be able to receive WMS services from the internet, you can add your proxy server in the options. Choose Settings ► Options and click on the Network tab. There, you can add your proxy settings and enable them by setting Use proxy for web access. Make sure that you select the correct proxy type from the Proxy type drop-down menu.

19.1.4. Carregando as camadas WMS/WMTS 

Once you have successfully filled in your parameters, you can use the Connect button to retrieve the capabilities of the selected server. This includes the image encoding, layers, layer styles and projections. Since this is a network operation, the speed of the response depends on the quality of your network connection to the WMS server. While downloading data from the WMS server, the download progress is visualized in the lower left corner of the main QGIS dialog.

Your screen should now look a bit like Fig. 19.3, which shows the response provided by a WMS server.

../../../_images/connection_wms.png — Fig. 19.3 Dialog for adding a WMS server, with filter on available layers

The upper part of the Layers tab of the dialog shows a tree structure that can include layer groups embedding layers with their associated image style(s) served by the server. Each item can be identified by:

an ID
a Name
a Title
and an Abstract.

The list can be filtered using the widget in the top right corner.

Codificação da Imagem

A seção Codificação de Imagem agora apresenta uma lista de formatos suportados pelo cliente e servidor. Escolha de acordo com as exigências de precisão da sua imagem.

Dica

Codificação da Imagem

Tipicamente irá encontrar servidores WMS que oferecem a escolha da codificação de imagem JPEG ou PNG. O JPEG é um formato de perda de compressão, enquanto que o PNG reprodução fielmente os dados raster brutos.

Use JPEG se espera dados WMS para fotografia na natureza e/ou não se importa da perda de alguma qualidade na imagem. Este típico trade-off reduz em 5 vezes o requerimento de transferência comparado ao PNG.

Use o PNG se necessitar representações precisas dos dados originais, e não se importa dos requerimentos de transferência de dados.

Opções

The Options area of the dialog provides means to configure the WMS requests. You can define:

Tile size if you want to set tile sizes (e.g., 256x256) to split up the WMS request into multiple requests.
The Request step size
The Feature limit for GetFeatureInfo defines the maximum number of GetFeatureInfo results from the server.
If you select a WMS from the list, a field with the default projection provided by the web server appears. Press the Change… button to replace the default projection of the WMS with another CRS supported by the WMS server.
Finally you can activate Use contextual WMS Legend if the WMS Server supports this feature. Then only the relevant legend for your current map view extent will be shown and thus will not include legend items for items you can’t see in the current map.

At the bottom of the dialog, a Layer name text field displays the selected item’s Title. You can change the name at your will. This name will appear in the Layers panel after you pressed the Add button and loaded the layer(s) in QGIS.

You can select several layers at once, but only one image style per layer. When several layers are selected, they will be combined at the WMS server and transmitted to QGIS in one go, as a single layer. The default name is a slash (/) separated list of their original title.

Ordem das Camadas

The Layer Order tab lists the selected layers available from the current connected WMS server.

WMS layers rendered by a server are overlaid in the order listed in the Layers tab, from top to bottom of the list. If you want to change the overlay order, you can use the Up and Down buttons of the Layer Order tab.

Transparência

The Global transparency setting from the Layer Properties is hard coded to be always on, where available.

Dica

Transparência da Camada WMS

Disponibilidade da transparência da imagem do WMS depende da codificação da imagem usada: PNG e GIF suportam transparência enquanto que o JPEG deixa como não suportado.

Sistema de Referência de Coordenadas

A coordinate reference system (CRS) is the OGC terminology for a QGIS projection.

Cada Camada WMS pode ser apresentada em múltiplos SRC, depedendo da capacidade do servidor WMS.

To choose a CRS, select Change… and a dialog similar to the one shown in Fig. 10.3 will appear. The main difference with the WMS version of the dialog is that only those CRSs supported by the WMS server will be shown.

19.1.5. Mosaicos 

Ao usar Serviços WMTS (WMS em cache) como

https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?\
  service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities

you are able to browse through the Tilesets tab given by the server. Additional information like tile size, formats and supported CRS are listed in this table. In combination with this feature, you can use the tile scale slider by selecting View ► Panels ( or Settings ► Panels), then choosing Tile Scale Panel. This gives you the available scales from the tile server with a nice slider docked in.

19.1.6. Usando a Ferramenta Identificar 

Once you have added a WMS server, and if any layer from a WMS server is queryable, you can then use the ^Identify tool to select a pixel on the map canvas. A query is made to the WMS server for each selection made. The results of the query are returned in plain text. The formatting of this text is dependent on the particular WMS server used.

Seleção do formato

Se múltiplos formatos são suportados pelo servidor, uma caixa de combinação com os formatos suportados é automaticamente adicionado aos resultados da janela de identificação e o formato selecionado irá armazenar no projeto para a camada.

Suporte do formato GML

The ^Identify tool supports WMS server response (GetFeatureInfo) in GML format (it is called Feature in the QGIS GUI in this context). If “Feature” format is supported by the server and selected, results of the Identify tool are vector features, as from a regular vector layer. When a single feature is selected in the tree, it is highlighted in the map and it can be copied to the clipboard and pasted to another vector layer. See the example setup of the UMN Mapserver below to support GetFeatureInfo in GML format.

# in layer METADATA add which fields should be included and define geometry (example):

"gml_include_items"   "all"
"ows_geometries"      "mygeom"
"ows_mygeom_type"     "polygon"

# Then there are two possibilities/formats available, see a) and b):

# a) basic (output is generated by Mapserver and does not contain XSD)
# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "application/vnd.ogc.gml,text/html"

# b) using OGR (output is generated by OGR, it is send as multipart and contains XSD)
# in MAP define OUTPUTFORMAT (example):
OUTPUTFORMAT
    NAME "OGRGML"
    MIMETYPE "ogr/gml"
    DRIVER "OGR/GML"
    FORMATOPTION "FORM=multipart"
END

# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "OGRGML,text/html"

Propriedades de Visualização

Uma vez ter adicionado o servidor WMS, pode ver as suas propriedades clicando com o direito do mouse na legenda, e selecionando Propriedades.

Separador de Metadados

O separador Metadados exibem a riqueza de informação sobre o servidor WMS, geralmente recolhidos a partir da declaração de de Capacidades devolvidos a partir desse servidor. Muitas das definições podem ser removidas através da leitura dos padrões WMS (veja OPEN-GEOSPATIAL-CONSORTIUM Referências Bibliográficas e Web), mas aqui estão algumas definições úteis:

Propriedades do Servidor
- Versão do WMS — Versão do WMS suportada pelo servidor.
- Image Formats — The list of MIME-types the server can respond with when drawing the map. QGIS supports whatever formats the underlying Qt libraries were built with, which is typically at least image/png and image/jpeg.
- Identity Formats — The list of MIME-types the server can respond with when you use the Identify tool. Currently, QGIS supports the text-plain type.
Propriedades da Camada
- Selecionado — Querendo ou não esta camada selecionado quando o seu servidor foi adicionado a este projeto.
- Visible — Whether or not this layer is selected as visible in the legend (not yet used in this version of QGIS).
- Pode Identificar — Camada que retorna ou não resultados através do uso da ferramenta Identificar.
- Can be Transparent — Whether or not this layer can be rendered with transparency. This version of QGIS will always use transparency if this is Yes and the image encoding supports transparency.
- Can Zoom In — Whether or not this layer can be zoomed in by the server. This version of QGIS assumes all WMS layers have this set to Yes. Deficient layers may be rendered strangely.
- Contagem em cascata — Os servidores WMS pode funcionar como proxy para outros servidores WMS para obter dados raster para uma camada. Esta entrada mostra quantas vezes o pedido para esta camada é avançada por peer nos servidores WMS para o resultado.
- Fixed Width, Fixed Height — Whether or not this layer has fixed source pixel dimensions. This version of QGIS assumes all WMS layers have this set to nothing. Deficient layers may be rendered strangely.
- WGS 84 Bounding Box — The bounding box of the layer, in WGS 84 coordinates. Some WMS servers do not set this correctly (e.g., UTM coordinates are used instead). If this is the case, then the initial view of this layer may be rendered with a very ‘zoomed-out’ appearance by QGIS. The WMS webmaster should be informed of this error, which they may know as the WMS XML elements LatLonBoundingBox, EX_GeographicBoundingBox or the CRS:84 BoundingBox.
- SRC disponíveis — As projeções desta camada podem ser renderizadas pelo servidor WMS. Os mesmos estão listados num formato nativo WMS.
- Disponível em estilo — Os estilos da imagem desta camada podem ser renderizadas pelo o servidor WMS.

19.1.7. Show WMS legend graphic in table of contents and layout 

The QGIS WMS data provider is able to display a legend graphic in the table of contents’ layer list and in the print layout. The WMS legend will be shown only if the WMS server has GetLegendGraphic capability and the layer has getCapability url specified, so you additionally have to select a styling for the layer.

Se uma legendGraphic está disponível, será mostrada abaixo da camada. É pequena, e você tem que clicar sobre ela para abrir na dimensão real (devido à limitação arquitetônica QgsLegendInterface). Clicando sobre a legenda da camada abrirá um quadro com a legenda em resolução máxima.

In the print layout, the legend will be integrated at it’s original (downloaded) dimension. Resolution of the legend graphic can be set in the item properties under Legend ► WMS LegendGraphic to match your printing requirements.

A legenda irá exibir informações contextuais com base em sua escala atual. A legenda WMS será exibida somente se o servidor WMS tiver capacidade GetLegendGraphic e a camada getCapability url for especificada, então você tem que selecionar um estilo.

19.1.8. Limitações do Cliente WMS 

Not all possible WMS client functionality had been included in this version of QGIS. Some of the more noteworthy exceptions follow.

Editando as Configurações da Camada WMS

Once you’ve completed the ^{Add WMS layer} procedure, there is no way to change the settings. A work-around is to delete the layer completely and start again.

Servidores WMS que Requerem Autenticação

Atualmente o acesso público e serviços WMS protegidos são suportados. Os servidores WMS protegidos podem ser acedidos pela autenticação pública. Pode adicionar credenciais (opcionais) quando adiciona o servidor WMS. Veja a seção Selecionando os Servidores WMS/WMTS para detalhes.

Dica

Acedendo a camadas protegidas OGC

If you need to access secured layers with secured methods other than basic authentication, you can use InteProxy as a transparent proxy, which does support several authentication methods. More information can be found in the InteProxy manual at https://inteproxy.wald.intevation.org.

Dica

QGIS WMS Mapserver

Since Version 1.7.0, QGIS has its own implementation of a WMS 1.3.0 Mapserver. Read more about this in QGIS Server Guide/Manual.

19.2. WCS Cliente 

O Serviço Web de Cobertura (WCS) fornecem acesso aos dados matriciais de forma a serem úteis à renderização cliente, como entrada a modelos científicos, e para outros clientes. O WCS pode ser comprado ao WFS e ao WMS. Como as instâncias WMS e WFS, o WCS permite aos clientes escolher porções de informação salvadas de servidores baseados condicionantes espaciais e outros critérios de consulta.

QGIS has a native WCS provider and supports both version 1.0 and 1.1 (which are significantly different), but currently it prefers 1.0, because 1.1 has many issues (i.e., each server implements it in a different way with various particularities).

The native WCS provider handles all network requests and uses all standard QGIS network settings (especially proxy). It is also possible to select cache mode (‘always cache’, ‘prefer cache’, ‘prefer network’, ‘always network’), and the provider also supports selection of time position, if temporal domain is offered by the server.

Aviso

Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See Sistema de Autenticação for more details.

19.3. WFS e WFS-T Cliente 

In QGIS, a WFS layer behaves pretty much like any other vector layer. You can identify and select features, and view the attribute table. QGIS supports WFS 1.0.0, 1.1.0, 2.0 and WFS3 (OGC API - Features), including editing (through WFS-T).

In general, adding a WFS layer is very similar to the procedure used with WMS. There are no default servers defined, so you have to add your own. You can find WFS servers by using the MetaSearch plugin or your favourite web search engine. There are a number of lists with public URLs, some of them maintained and some not.

Carregando uma camada WFS

As an example, we use the Gateway Geomatics WFS server and display a layer. https://demo.gatewaygeomatics.com/cgi-bin/wfs_gateway?REQUEST=GetCapabilities&VERSION=1.0.0&SERVICE=WFS

To be able to load a WFS Layer, first create a connection to the WFS server:

Open the Data Source Manager dialog by pressing the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button
Enable the WFS/OGC API-Features tab
Click on New… to open the Create a New WFS Connection dialog
Enter Gateway Geomatics as name
Enter the URL (see above)

Fig. 19.4 Creating a connection to a WFS server

Nota

In case of an OGC API - Features (WFS3), the URL to provide should be the landing page, ie the main page from which it is possible to navigate to all the available service endpoints.
In the WFS settings dialog, you can:
- Indicate the WFS version of the server. If unknown, press the Detect button to automatically retrieve it.
- Define the maximum number of features retrieved in a single GetFetFeature request. If empty, no limit is set.
- Invert axis orientation.
- And depending on the WFS version:
  - Force to Ignore axis orientation (WFS 1.1/WFS 2.0)
  - Enable feature paging and specify the maximum number of features to retrieve with Page size. If no limit is defined, then the server default is applied.
Aviso

Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in an Authentication configuration instead (Configurations tab). See Sistema de Autenticação for more details.
Press OK to create the connection.

Repare que as configurações proxy que definiu nas suas preferências são também reconhecidas.

Now we are ready to load WFS layers from the above connection.

Choose ‘Gateway Geomatics’ from the Server Connections drop-down list.
Click Connect
Select the Parks layer in the list
You can also choose whether to:
- Use title for layer name, showing the layer’s title as defined on the server in the Layers panel instead of its Name
- Only request features overlapping the view extent
- Change the layer’s CRS
- or Build query to specify particular features to retrieve, by either using the corresponding button or double-clicking the target layer.
Click Add to add the layer to the map.

../../../_images/connection_wfs.png — Fig. 19.5 Adding a WFS layer

You’ll notice the download progress is visualized in the lower left of the QGIS main window. Once the layer is loaded, you can identify and select a couple of features and view the attribute table.

Nota

QGIS supports different versions of the WFS protocol, with background download and progressive rendering, on-disk caching of downloaded features and version autodetection.