重要

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17.1. Raster Properties Dialog

Raster data is made up of pixels (or cells), and each pixel has a value. It is commonly used to store various types of data, including:

• Imagery, such as satellite images, digital aerial photographs, scanned maps

• Elevation data, such as digital elevation models (DEMs), digital terrain models (DTMs)

• Other types of data, such as land cover, soil types, rainfall and many others.

Raster data can be stored in several supported formats, including GeoTIFF, ERDAS Imagine, ArcInfo ASCII GRID, PostGIS Raster and others. See more at 打开数据.

To view and set the properties for a raster layer, double click on the layer name in the map legend, or right click on the layer name and choose Properties from the context menu. This will open the Raster Layer Properties dialog.

There are several tabs in the dialog:

Information	Source	Symbology[1]
Transparency[1]	Histogram[1]	Rendering
Temporal	Pyramids	Elevation
Metadata	Legend	Display
QGIS Server	外部插件[2] 选项卡

^[1] 也可在 图层样式面板 中使用

^[2] 您安装的 扩展插件 可以选择性地向该对话框添加选项卡。本文未介绍这些内容，请参阅其他文档。

小技巧

Live update rendering

The 图层样式面板 provides you with some of the common features of the Layer properties dialog and is a good modeless widget that you can use to speed up the configuration of the layer styles and view your changes on the map canvas.

备注

Because properties (symbology, label, actions, default values, forms...) of embedded layers (see 从外部工程嵌入图层) are pulled from the original project file, and to avoid changes that may break this behavior, the layer properties dialog is made unavailable for these layers.

17.1.1. 信息属性

The Information tab is read-only and represents an interesting place to quickly grab summarized information and metadata for the current layer. Provided information are:

• 常规：例如工程中的名称、源路径、辅助文件列表、上次保存的时间和大小、所使用的提供程序

• based on the provider of the layer: extent, width and height, data type, GDAL driver, bands statistics

• 坐标参照系：名称、单位、方法、精度、参照 (即静态还是动态)

• read from layer properties: data type, extent, width/height, compression, pixel size, statistics on bands, number of columns, rows and no-data values of the raster...

• picked from the filled metadata: access, extents, links, contacts, history...

17.1.2. 源属性

The Source tab displays basic information about the selected raster, including:

• the Layer name to display in the Layers Panel;

• the Coordinate Reference System: Displays the layer's Coordinate Reference System (CRS). You can change the layer's CRS, by selecting a recently used one in the drop-down list or clicking on the ^{Select CRS} button (see Coordinate Reference System Selector). Use this process only if the layer CRS is a wrong or not specified. If you wish to reproject your data, use a reprojection algorithm from Processing or Save it as new dataset.

图 17.1 Raster Layer Properties - Source Dialog

17.1.3. Symbology Properties

The raster layer symbology tab is made of three different sections:

• The Band rendering where you can control the renderer type to use

• The Layer rendering to apply effects on rendered data

• The Resampling methods to optimize rendering on map

17.1.3.1. Band rendering

QGIS offers many different Render types. The choice of renderer depends on the data type and the information you'd like to highlight.

1. Multiband color - if the file comes with several bands (e.g. a satellite image with several bands).

2. Paletted/Unique values - for single band files that come with an indexed palette (e.g. a digital topographic map) or for general use of palettes for rendering raster layers.

3. Singleband gray - (one band of) the image will be rendered as gray. QGIS will choose this renderer if the file is neither multiband nor paletted (e.g. a shaded relief map).

4. Singleband pseudocolor - this renderer can be used for files with a continuous palette or color map (e.g. an elevation map).

5. Hillshade - Creates hillshade from a band.

6. Contours - Generates contours on the fly for a source raster band.

Multiband color

With the multiband color renderer, three selected bands from the image will be used as the red, green or blue component of the color image. QGIS automatically fetches Min and Max values for each band of the raster and scales the coloring accordingly. You can control the value ranges in the Min/Max Value Settings section.

A Contrast enhancement method can be applied to the values: 'No enhancement', 'Stretch to MinMax', 'Stretch and clip to MinMax' and 'Clip to min max'.

备注

Contrast enhancement

When adding GRASS rasters, the option Contrast enhancement will always be set automatically to stretch to min max, even if this is set to another value in the QGIS general options.

图 17.2 Raster Symbology - Multiband color rendering

小技巧

Viewing a Single Band of a Multiband Raster

If you want to view a single band of a multiband image (for example, Red), you might think you would set the Green and Blue bands to Not Set. But the preferred way of doing this is to set the image type to Singleband gray, and then select Red as the Gray band to use.

Paletted/Unique values

This is the standard render option for singleband files that include a color table, where a certain color is assigned to each pixel value. In that case, the palette is rendered automatically.

It can be used for all kinds of raster bands, assigning a color to each unique raster value.

If you want to change a color, just double-click on the color and the Select color dialog appears.

It is also possible to assign labels to the colors. The label will then appear in the legend of the raster layer.

Right-clicking over selected rows in the color table shows a contextual menu to:

• Change Color... for the selection

• Change Opacity... for the selection

• Change Label... for the selection

图 17.3 Raster Symbology - Paletted unique value rendering

The pulldown menu, that opens when clicking the ... (^{Advanced options}) button below the color map to the right, offers color map loading (Load Color Map from File...) and exporting (Export Color Map to File...), and loading of classes (Load Classes from Layer).

Singleband gray

This renderer allows you to render a layer using only one band with a Color gradient: 'Black to white' or 'White to black'. You can change the range of values to color (Min and Max) in the Min/Max Value Settings.

A Contrast enhancement method can be applied to the values: 'No enhancement', 'Stretch to MinMax', 'Stretch and clip to MinMax' and 'Clip to min max'.

图 17.4 Raster Symbology - Singleband gray rendering

Pixels are assigned a color based on the selected color gradient and the layer's legend (in the Layers panel and the layout legend item) is displayed using a continuous color ramp. Press Legend settings... if you wish to tweak the settings. More details at Customize raster legend.

Singleband pseudocolor

This is a render option for single-band files that include a continuous palette. You can also create color maps for a band of a multiband raster.

图 17.5 Raster Symbology - Singleband pseudocolor rendering

Using a Band of the layer and a values range, you can now interpolate and assign representation color to pixels within classes. More at Color ramp shader classification.

Pixels are assigned a color based on the selected color ramp and the layer's legend (in the Layers panel and the layout legend item) is displayed using a continuous color ramp. Press Legend settings... if you wish to tweak the settings or instead use a legend with separated classes (and colors). More details at Customize raster legend.

山体阴影

Render a band of the raster layer using hillshading.

图 17.6 Raster Symbology - Hillshade rendering

Options:

• Band: The raster band to use.

• Altitude: The elevation angle of the light source (default is 45°).

• Azimuth: The azimuth of the light source (default is 315°).

• Z Factor: Scaling factor for the values of the raster band (default is 1).

• Multidirectional: Specify if multidirectional hillshading is to be used (default is off).

Contours

This renderer draws contour lines that are calculated on the fly from the source raster band.

图 17.7 Raster Symbology - Contours rendering

Options:

• Input band: the raster band to use.

• Contour interval: the distance between two consecutive contour lines

• Contour symbol: the symbol to apply to the common contour lines.

• Index contour interval: the distance between two consecutive index contours, that is the lines shown in a distinctive manner for ease of identification, being commonly printed more heavily than other contour lines and generally labeled with a value along its course.

• Index contour symbol: the symbol to apply to the index contour lines

• Input downscaling: Indicates by how much the renderer will scale down the request to the data provider (default is 4.0).

  For example, if you generate contour lines on input raster block with the same size as the output raster block, the generated lines would contain too much detail. This detail can be reduced by the "downscale" factor, requesting lower resolution of the source raster. For a raster block 1000x500 with downscale 10, the renderer will request raster 100x50 from provider. Higher downscale makes contour lines more simplified (at the expense of losing some detail).

Setting the min and max values

By default, QGIS reports the Min and Max values of the band(s) of the raster. A few very low and/or high values can have a negative impact on the rendering of the raster. The Min/Max Value Settings frame helps you control the rendering.

图 17.8 Raster Symbology - Min and Max Value Settings

Available options are:

• User defined: The default Min and Max values of the band(s) can be overridden

• Cumulative count cut: Removes outliers. The standard range of values is 2% to 98%, but it can be adapted manually.

• Min / max: Uses the whole range of values in the image band.

• Mean +/- standard deviation x: Creates a color table that only considers values within the standard deviation or within multiple standard deviations. This is useful when you have one or two cells with abnormally high values in a raster layer that impact the rendering of the raster negatively.

Calculations of the min and max values of the bands are made based on the:

• Statistics extent: it can be Whole raster, Current canvas or Updated canvas. Updated canvas means that min/max values used for the rendering will change with the canvas extent (dynamic stretching).

• Accuracy, which can be either Estimate (faster) or Actual (slower).

备注

For some settings, you may need to press the Apply button of the layer properties dialog in order to display the actual min and max values in the widgets.

Color ramp shader classification

This method can be used to classify and represent scalar dataset (raster or mesh contour) based on their values. Given a color ramp and a number of classes, it generates intermediate color map entries for class limits. Each color is mapped with a value interpolated from a range of values and according to a classification mode. The scalar dataset elements are then assigned their color based on their class.

图 17.9 Classifying a dataset with a color ramp shader

1. A Min and Max values must be defined and used to interpolate classes bounds. By default QGIS detects them from the dataset but they can be modified.

2. The Interpolation entry defines how scalar elements are assigned their color :

   • Discrete (a <= symbol appears in the header of the Value column): The color is taken from the closest color map entry with equal or higher value

   • Linear: The color is linearly interpolated from the color map entries above and below the pixel value, meaning that to each dataset value corresponds a unique color

   • Exact (a = symbol appears in the header of the Value column): Only pixels with value equal to a color map entry are applied a color; others are not rendered.

3. The Color ramp widget helps you select the color ramp to assign to the dataset. As usual with this widget, you can create a new one and edit or save the currently selected one. The name of the color ramp will be saved in the configuration.

4. The Label unit suffix adds a label after the value in the legend, and the Label precision controls the number of decimals to display.

5. The classification Mode helps you define how values are distributed across the classes:

   • Equal interval: Provided the Number of classes, limits values are defined so that the classes all have the same magnitude.

   • Continuous: Classes number and color are fetched from the color ramp stops; limits values are set following stops distribution in the color ramp.

   • Quantile: Provided the Number of classes, limits values are defined so that the classes have the same number of elements. Not available with mesh layers.

6. You can then Classify or tweak the classes:

   • The button ^{Add values manually} adds a value to the table.

   • The button ^{Remove selected row} deletes selected values from the table.

   • Double clicking in the Value column lets you modify the class value.

   • Double clicking in the Color column opens the dialog Change color, where you can select a color to apply for that value.

   • Double clicking in the Label column to modify the label of the class, but this value won't be displayed when you use the identify feature tool.

   • Right-clicking over selected rows in the color table shows a contextual menu to Change Color... and Change Opacity... for the selection.

   You can use the buttons ^{Load color map from file} or ^{Export color map to file} to load an existing color table or to save the color table for later use.

7. With linear Interpolation, you can also configure:

   • Clip out of range values: By default, the linear method assigns the first class (respectively the last class) color to values in the dataset that are lower than the set Min (respectively greater than the set Max) value. Check this setting if you do not want to render those values.

   • Legend settings, for display in the Layers panel and the layout legend item. More details at Customize raster legend.

Customize raster legend

When applying a color ramp to a raster or a mesh layer, you may want to display a legend showing the classification. By default, QGIS displays a continuous color ramp with min and max values in the Layers panel and the layout legend item. This can be customized using the Legend settings button in the classification widget.

图 17.10 Modifying a raster legend

In this dialog, you can set whether to Use continuous legend: if unchecked, the legend displays separated colors corresponding to the different classes applied. This option is not available for raster singleband gray symbology.

Checking the Use continuous legend allows you to configure both the labels and layout properties of the legend.

Labels

• Add a Prefix and a Suffix to the labels

• Modify the Minimum and a Maximum values to show in the legend

• Customize the Number format

• Customize the Text format to use in the print layout legend.

Layout

• Control the Orientation of the legend color ramp; it can be Vertical or Horizontal

• Control the Direction of the values depending on the orientation:

  • If vertical, you can display the Maximum on top or the Minimum on top

  • If horizontal, you can display the Maximum on right or the Minimum on right

17.1.3.2. Layer rendering

Over the symbology type applied to the layer band(s), you can achieve special rendering effects for the whole raster file(s):

• Use one of the blending modes (see Blending Modes)

• Set custom Brightness, Saturation, Gamma and Contrast to colors.

• With the Invert colors, the layer is rendered with opposite colors. Handy, for example, to switch out-of-the box OpenStreetMap tiles to dark mode.

• Turn the layer to Grayscale option either 'By lightness', 'By luminosity' or 'By average'.

• Colorize and adjust the Strength of Hue in the color table

Press Reset to remove any custom changes to the layer rendering.

图 17.11 Raster Symbology - Layer rendering and Resampling settings

17.1.3.3. Resampling

The Resampling option has effect when you zoom in and out of an image. Resampling modes can optimize the appearance of the map. They calculate a new gray value matrix through a geometric transformation.

When applying the 'Nearest neighbour' method, the map can get a pixelated structure when zooming in. This appearance can be improved by using the 'Bilinear (2x2 kernel)' or 'Cubic (4x4 kernel)' method, which cause sharp edges to be blurred. The effect is a smoother image. This method can be applied to for instance digital topographic raster maps.

Early resampling: allows to calculate the raster rendering at the provider level where the resolution of the source is known, and ensures a better zoom in rendering with QGIS custom styling. Really convenient for tile rasters loaded using an interpretation method.

17.1.4. Transparency Properties

QGIS provides capabilities to set the Transparency level of a raster layer.

Use the Global opacity slider to set to what extent the underlying layers (if any) should be visible through the current raster layer. This is very useful if you overlay raster layers (e.g., a shaded relief map overlayed by a classified raster map). This will make the look of the map more three dimensional. The opacity of the raster can be data-defined, and vary e.g. depending on the visibility of another layer, by temporal variables, on different pages of an atlas, ...

图 17.12 Raster Transparency

With No data value QGIS reports the original source no data value (if defined) which you can consider as is in the rendering. Additionally, you can enter a raster value that should be treated as an Additional no data value. The Display no data as color selector allows you to apply a custom color to no data pixels, instead of the default transparent rendering.

An even more flexible way to customize the transparency is available in the Custom transparency options section:

• Use Transparency band to apply transparency for an entire band.

• Provide a list of pixels to make transparent with corresponding levels of transparency:

  1. Click the ^{Add values manually} button. A new row will appear in the pixel list.

  2. Enter the Red, Green and Blue values of the pixel and adjust the Percent Transparent to apply.

  3. Alternatively, you can fetch the pixel values directly from the raster using the ^{Add values from display} button. Then enter the transparency value.

  4. Repeat the steps to adjust more values with custom transparency.

  5. Press the Apply button and have a look at the map.

  As you can see, it is quite easy to set custom transparency, but it can be quite a lot of work. Therefore, you can use the button ^{Export to file} to save your transparency list to a file. The button ^{Import from file} loads your transparency settings and applies them to the current raster layer.

17.1.5. Histogram Properties

The Histogram tab allows you to view the distribution of the values in your raster. The histogram is generated when you press the Compute Histogram button. All existing bands will be displayed together. You can save the histogram as an image with the button.

At the bottom of the histogram, you can select a raster band in the drop-down menu and Set min/max style for it. The Prefs/Actions drop-down menu gives you advanced options to customize the histogram:

• With the Visibility option, you can display histograms for individual bands. You will need to select the option Show selected band.

• The Min/max options allow you to 'Always show min/max markers', to 'Zoom to min/max' and to 'Update style to min/max'.

• The Actions option allows you to 'Reset' or 'Recompute histogram' after you have changed the min or max values of the band(s).

图 17.13 Raster Histogram

17.1.6. Rendering Properties

In the Rendering tab, it's possible to:

• set Scale dependent visibility for the layer: You can set the Maximum (inclusive) and Minimum (exclusive) scales, defining a range of scales in which the layer will be visible. It will be hidden outside this range. The ^{Set to current canvas scale} button helps you use the current map canvas scale as a boundary. See 可见比例选择器 for more information.

  备注

  You can also activate scale dependent visibility on a layer from within the Layers panel: right-click on the layer and in the contextual menu, select Set Layer Scale Visibility.

• Refresh layer at interval: controls whether and how regular a layer can be refreshed. Available Configuration options are:

  • Reload data: the layer will be completely refreshed. Any cached data will be discarded and refetched from the provider. This mode may result in slower map refreshes.

  • Redraw layer only: this mode is useful for animation or when the layer's style will be updated at regular intervals. Canvas updates are deferred in order to avoid refreshing multiple times if more than one layer has an auto update interval set.

  It is also possible to set the Interval (seconds) between consecutive refreshments.

图 17.14 Raster Rendering Properties

17.1.7. Temporal Properties

The Temporal tab provides options to control the rendering of the layer over time. Such dynamic rendering requires the temporal navigation to be enabled over the map canvas.

图 17.15 Raster Temporal Properties

Check the Dynamic Temporal Control option and set whether the layer redraw should be:

• Automatic: the rendering is controlled by the underlying data provider if it suppports temporal data handling. E.g. this can be used with WMS-T layers or PostGIS rasters.

• Fixed time range: only show the raster layer if the animation time is within a Start date and End date range

• Redraw layer only: the layer is redrawn at each new animation frame. It's useful when the layer uses time-based expression values for renderer settings (e.g. data-defined renderer opacity, to fade in/out a raster layer).

17.1.8. Pyramids Properties

High resolution raster layers can slow navigation in QGIS. By creating lower resolution copies of the data (pyramids), performance can be considerably improved, as QGIS selects the most suitable resolution to use depending on the zoom level.

You must have write access in the directory where the original data is stored to build pyramids.

From the Resolutions list, select resolutions at which you want to create pyramid levels by clicking on them.

If you choose Internal (if possible) from the Overview format drop-down menu, QGIS tries to build pyramids internally.

备注

Please note that building pyramids may alter the original data file, and once created they cannot be removed. If you wish to preserve a 'non-pyramided' version of your raster, make a backup copy prior to pyramid building.

If you choose External and External (Erdas Imagine) the pyramids will be created in a file next to the original raster with the same name and a .ovr extension.

Several Resampling methods can be used for pyramid calculation:

• 最邻近采样分析

• 平均

• Gauss

• 立方体

• Cubic Spline

• Laczos

• Mode

• None

Finally, click Build Pyramids to start the process.

图 17.16 Raster Pyramids

17.1.9. Elevation Properties

The Elevation tab provides options to control the layer elevation properties within a 3D map view and its appearance in the profile tool charts. Specifically, you can set:

图 17.17 Raster Elevation Properties

• Represents Elevation Surface: whether the raster layer represents a height surface (e.g DEM) and the pixel values should be interpreted as elevations. Check this option if you want to display a raster in an elevation profile view. You will also need to fill in the Band to pick values from and can apply a Scale factor and an Offset.

• Profile Chart Appearance: controls the rendering of the raster elevation data in the profile chart. The profile Style can be set as:

  • a Line with a specific Line style

  • an elevation surface rendered using a fill symbol either above (Fill above) or below (Fill below) the elevation curve line. The surface symbology is represented using:

    • a Fill style

    • and a Limit: the maximum (respectively minimum) altitude determining how high the fill surface will be

17.1.10. 元数据属性

The Metadata tab provides you with options to create and edit a metadata report on your layer. See 元数据 for more information.

图 17.18 Raster Metadata

17.1.11. Legend Properties

The Legend tab provides you with advanced settings for the Layers panel and/or the print layout legend. These options include:

• Depending on the symbology applied to the layer, you may end up with several entries in the legend, not necessarily readable/useful to display. The Legend placeholder image helps you select an image for replacement, displayed both in the Layers panel and the print layout legend.

• The Embedded widgets in Legend provides you with a list of widgets you can embed within the layer tree in the Layers panel. The idea is to have a way to quickly access some actions that are often used with the layer (setup transparency, filtering, selection, style or other stuff...).

  By default, QGIS provides a transparency widget but this can be extended by plugins that register their own widgets and assign custom actions to layers they manage.

图 17.19 Raster Legend

17.1.12. Display Properties

The Display tab helps you configure HTML map tips to use for pixels identification:

• Enable Map Tips controls whether to display map tips for the layer

• The HTML Map Tip provides a complex and full HTML text editor for map tips, mixing QGIS expressions and html styles and tags (multiline, fonts, images, hyperlink, tables, ...). You can check the result of your code sample in the Preview frame.

图 17.20 Map tips with raster layer

To display map tips:

1. Select the menu option View ► Show Map Tips or click on the ^{Show Map Tips} icon of the Attributes Toolbar.

2. Make sure that the layer you target is active and has the Enable Map Tips property checked.

3. Move over a pixel, and the corresponding information will be displayed over.

Map tip is a cross-layer feature meaning that once activated, it stays on and applies to any map tip enabled layer in the project until it is toggled off.

17.1.13. QGIS Server Properties

The QGIS Server tab helps you configure settings of the data when published by QGIS Server. The configuration concerns:

• Description: provides information to describe the data, such as Short name, Title, Summary, a List of Keywords, and a Data URL whose Type can be in text/html, text/plain or application/pdf.

• Attribution: a Title and URL to identify who provides the data

• Metadata URL: a list of URL for the metadata that can be of FGDC or TC211 Type, and in text/plain or text/xml Format

• Legend URL: a URL for the legend, in either image/png or image/jpeg Format

备注

When the raster layer you want to publish is already provided by a web service, further properties are available for setting.

图 17.21 QGIS Server in Raster Properties

17.1.14. Identify raster cells

The identify features tool allows you to get information about specific points in a raster layer.

To use the Identify features tool:

1. Select the raster layer in the Layers panel.

2. Click on the Identify features tool in the toolbar or press Ctrl+Shift+I.

3. Click on the point in the raster layer that you want to identify.

The Identify Results panel will open in its default Tree view and display information about the clicked point. Below the name of the raster layer, you have on the left the band(s) of the clicked pixel, and on the right their respective value. These values can also be rendered (from the View menu located at the bottom of the panel) in:

• a Table view - organizes the information about the identified features and their values in a table.

• a Graph view - organizes the information about the identified features and their values in a graph.

Under the pixel attributes, you will find the Derived information, such as:

• 单击点的 X 和 Y 坐标值

• Column and row of the point clicked (pixel)