13.2. Lista funcțiilor

The functions, operators and variables available in QGIS are listed below, grouped by categories.

13.2.1. Funcții de Agregare

This group contains functions which aggregate values over layers and fields.

13.2.1.1. aggregate

Returns an aggregate value calculated using features from another layer.

Sintaxă	aggregate(layer, aggregate, expression, [filter], [concatenator=»»], [order_by]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - a string, representing either a layer name or layer ID aggregate - a string corresponding to the aggregate to calculate. Valid options are: count count_distinct count_missing min max sum mean median stdev stdevsample range minority majority q1: first quartile q3: third quartile iqr: inter quartile range min_length: minimum string length max_length: maximum string length concatenate: join strings with a concatenator concatenate_unique: join unique strings with a concatenator collect: create an aggregated multipart geometry array_agg: create an array of aggregated values expression - sub expression or field name to aggregate filter - optional filter expression to limit the features used for calculating the aggregate. Fields and geometry are from the features on the joined layer. The source feature can be accessed with the variable @parent. concatenator - optional string to use to join values for «concatenate» and «concatenate_unique» aggregates order_by - optional filter expression to order the features used for calculating the aggregate. Fields and geometry are from the features on the joined layer. By default, the features will be returned in an unspecified order.
Exemple	aggregate(layer:='rail_stations',aggregate:='sum',expression:="passengers") → sum of all values from the passengers field in the rail_stations layer aggregate('rail_stations','sum', "passengers"/7) → calculates a daily average of „passengers” by dividing the „passengers” field by 7 before summing the values aggregate(layer:='rail_stations',aggregate:='sum',expression:="passengers",filter:="class">3) → sums up all values from the „passengers” field from features where the „class” attribute is greater than 3 only aggregate(layer:='rail_stations',aggregate:='concatenate', expression:="name", concatenator:=',') → comma separated list of the name field for all features in the rail_stations layer aggregate(layer:='countries', aggregate:='max', expression:="code", filter:=intersects( $geometry, geometry(@parent) ) ) → The country code of an intersecting country on the layer «countries» aggregate(layer:='rail_stations',aggregate:='sum',expression:="passengers",filter:=contains( @atlas_geometry, $geometry ) ) → sum of all values from the passengers field in the rail_stations within the current atlas feature aggregate(layer:='rail_stations', aggregate:='collect', expression:=centroid($geometry), filter:="region_name" = attribute(@parent,'name') ) → aggregates centroid geometries of the rail_stations of the same region as current feature

13.2.1.2. array_agg

Returns an array of aggregated values from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	array_agg(expression, [group_by], [filter], [order_by]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate order_by - optional expression to use to order features used to calculate aggregate. By default, the features will be returned in an unspecified order.
Exemple	array_agg("name",group_by:="state") → list of name values, grouped by state field

13.2.1.3. collect

Returns the multipart geometry of aggregated geometries from an expression

Sintaxă	collect(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - geometry expression to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	collect( $geometry ) → multipart geometry of aggregated geometries collect( centroid($geometry), group_by:="region", filter:= "use" = 'civilian' ) → aggregated centroids of the civilian features based on their region value

13.2.1.4. concatenate

Returns all aggregated strings from a field or expression joined by a delimiter.

Sintaxă	concatenate(expression, [group_by], [filter], [concatenator], [order_by]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate concatenator - optional string to use to join values. Empty by default. order_by - optional expression to use to order features used to calculate aggregate. By default, the features will be returned in an unspecified order.
Exemple	concatenate("town_name",group_by:="state",concatenator:=',') → comma separated list of town_names, grouped by state field

13.2.1.5. concatenate_unique

Returns all unique strings from a field or expression joined by a delimiter.

Sintaxă	concatenate_unique(expression, [group_by], [filter], [concatenator], [order_by]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate concatenator - optional string to use to join values. Empty by default. order_by - optional expression to use to order features used to calculate aggregate. By default, the features will be returned in an unspecified order.
Exemple	concatenate_unique("town_name",group_by:="state",concatenator:=',') → comma separated list of unique town_names, grouped by state field

13.2.1.6. count

Returns the count of matching features.

Sintaxă	count(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	count("stations",group_by:="state") → count of stations, grouped by state field

13.2.1.7. count_distinct

Returns the count of distinct values.

Sintaxă	count_distinct(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	count_distinct("stations",group_by:="state") → count of distinct stations values, grouped by state field

13.2.1.8. count_missing

Returns the count of missing (NULL) values.

Sintaxă	count_missing(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	count_missing("stations",group_by:="state") → count of missing (NULL) station values, grouped by state field

13.2.1.9. iqr

Returns the calculated inter quartile range from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	iqr(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	iqr("population",group_by:="state") → inter quartile range of population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.10. majority

Returns the aggregate majority of values (most commonly occurring value) from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	majority(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	majority("class",group_by:="state") → most commonly occurring class value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.11. max_length

Returns the maximum length of strings from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	max_length(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	max_length("town_name",group_by:="state") → maximum length of town_name, grouped by state field

13.2.1.12. maximum

Returns the aggregate maximum value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	maximum(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	maximum("population",group_by:="state") → maximum population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.13. mean

Returns the aggregate mean value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	mean(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	mean("population",group_by:="state") → mean population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.14. median

Returns the aggregate median value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	median(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	median("population",group_by:="state") → median population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.15. min_length

Returns the minimum length of strings from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	min_length(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	min_length("town_name",group_by:="state") → minimum length of town_name, grouped by state field

13.2.1.16. minimum

Returns the aggregate minimum value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	minimum(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	minimum("population",group_by:="state") → minimum population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.17. minority

Returns the aggregate minority of values (least occurring value) from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	minority(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	minority("class",group_by:="state") → least occurring class value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.18. q1

Returns the calculated first quartile from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	q1(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	q1("population",group_by:="state") → first quartile of population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.19. q3

Returns the calculated third quartile from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	q3(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	q3("population",group_by:="state") → third quartile of population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.20. range

Returns the aggregate range of values (maximum - minimum) from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	range(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	range("population",group_by:="state") → range of population values, grouped by state field

13.2.1.21. relation_aggregate

Returns an aggregate value calculated using all matching child features from a layer relation.

Sintaxă	relation_aggregate(relation, aggregate, expression, [concatenator=»»], [order_by]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	relation - a string, representing a relation ID aggregate - a string corresponding to the aggregate to calculate. Valid options are: count count_distinct count_missing min max sum mean median stdev stdevsample range minority majority q1: first quartile q3: third quartile iqr: inter quartile range min_length: minimum string length max_length: maximum string length concatenate: join strings with a concatenator concatenate_unique: join unique strings with a concatenator collect: create an aggregated multipart geometry array_agg: create an array of aggregated values expression - sub expression or field name to aggregate concatenator - optional string to use to join values for «concatenate» aggregate order_by - optional expression to order the features used for calculating the aggregate. Fields and geometry are from the features on the joined layer. By default, the features will be returned in an unspecified order.
Exemple	relation_aggregate(relation:='my_relation',aggregate:='mean',expression:="passengers") → mean value of all matching child features using the «my_relation» relation relation_aggregate('my_relation','sum', "passengers"/7) → sum of the passengers field divided by 7 for all matching child features using the «my_relation» relation relation_aggregate('my_relation','concatenate', "towns", concatenator:=',') → comma separated list of the towns field for all matching child features using the «my_relation» relation relation_aggregate('my_relation','array_agg', "id") → array of the id field from all matching child features using the «my_relation» relation

Mai multe detalii: Creating one or many to many relations

13.2.1.22. stdev

Returns the aggregate standard deviation value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	stdev(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	stdev("population",group_by:="state") → standard deviation of population value, grouped by state field

13.2.1.23. sum

Returns the aggregate summed value from a field or expression.

Sintaxă	sum(expression, [group_by], [filter]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - sub expression of field to aggregate group_by - optional expression to use to group aggregate calculations filter - optional expression to use to filter features used to calculate aggregate
Exemple	sum("population",group_by:="state") → summed population value, grouped by state field

13.2.2. Array Functions

This group contains functions to create and manipulate arrays (also known as list data structures). The order of values within the array matters, unlike the «map» data structure, where the order of key-value pairs is irrelevant and values are identified by their keys.

13.2.2.1. array

Returns an array containing all the values passed as parameter.

Sintaxă	array(value1, value2, …)
Argumente	value - o valoare
Exemple	array(2,10) → [ 2, 10 ] array(2,10)[0] → 2

13.2.2.2. array_all

Returns TRUE if an array contains all the values of a given array.

Sintaxă	array_all(array_a, array_b)
Argumente	array_a - an array array_b - the array of values to search
Exemple	array_all(array(1,2,3),array(2,3)) → TRUE array_all(array(1,2,3),array(1,2,4)) → FALSE

13.2.2.3. array_append

Returns an array with the given value added at the end.

Sintaxă	array_append(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - valoarea de adăugat
Exemple	array_append(array(1,2,3),4) → [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

13.2.2.4. array_cat

Returns an array containing all the given arrays concatenated.

Sintaxă	array_cat(array1, array2, …)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_cat(array(1,2),array(2,3)) → [ 1, 2, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.5. array_contains

Returns TRUE if an array contains the given value.

Sintaxă	array_contains(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - the value to search
Exemple	array_contains(array(1,2,3),2) → TRUE

13.2.2.6. array_count

Counts the number of occurrences of a given value in an array.

Sintaxă	array_count(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - the value to count
Exemple	array_count(array('a', 'b', 'c', 'b'), 'b') → 2

13.2.2.7. array_distinct

Returns an array containing distinct values of the given array.

Sintaxă	array_distinct(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_distinct(array(1,2,3,2,1)) → [ 1, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.8. array_filter

Returns an array with only the items for which the expression evaluates to true.

Sintaxă	array_filter(array, expression, [limit=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	array - an array expression - an expression to evaluate on each item. The variable @element will be replaced by the current value. limit - maximum number of elements to be returned. Use 0 to return all values.
Exemple	array_filter(array(1,2,3),@element < 3) → [ 1, 2 ] array_filter(array(1,2,3),@element < 3, 1) → [ 1 ]

13.2.2.9. array_find

Returns the lowest index (0 for the first one) of a value within an array. Returns -1 if the value is not found.

Sintaxă	array_find(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - the value to search
Exemple	array_find(array('a', 'b', 'c'), 'b') → 1 array_find(array('a', 'b', 'c', 'b'), 'b') → 1

13.2.2.10. array_first

Returns the first value of an array.

Sintaxă	array_first(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_first(array('a','b','c')) → «a»

13.2.2.11. array_foreach

Returns an array with the given expression evaluated on each item.

Sintaxă	array_foreach(array, expression)
Argumente	array - an array expression - an expression to evaluate on each item. The variable @element will be replaced by the current value.
Exemple	array_foreach(array('a','b','c'),upper(@element)) → [ «A», «B», «C» ] array_foreach(array(1,2,3),@element + 10) → [ 11, 12, 13 ]

13.2.2.12. array_get

Returns the Nth value (0 for the first one) or the last -Nth value (-1 for the last one) of an array.

Sintaxă	array_get(array, pos)
Argumente	array - an array pos - the index to get (0 based)
Exemple	array_get(array('a','b','c'),1) → «b» array_get(array('a','b','c'),-1) → «c»

Sugestie

You can also use the index operator ([]) to get a value from an array.

13.2.2.13. array_insert

Returns an array with the given value added at the given position.

Sintaxă	array_insert(array, pos, value)
Argumente	array - an array pos - the position where to add (0 based) value - valoarea de adăugat
Exemple	array_insert(array(1,2,3),1,100) → [ 1, 100, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.14. array_intersect

Returns TRUE if at least one element of array1 exists in array2.

Sintaxă	array_intersect(array1, array2)
Argumente	array1 - an array array2 - another array
Exemple	array_intersect(array(1,2,3,4),array(4,0,2,5)) → TRUE

13.2.2.15. array_last

Returns the last value of an array.

Sintaxă	array_last(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_last(array('a','b','c')) → «c»

13.2.2.16. array_length

Returns the number of elements of an array.

Sintaxă	array_length(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_length(array(1,2,3)) → 3

13.2.2.17. array_majority

Returns the most common values in an array.

Sintaxă	array_majority(array, [option=»all»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	array - an array option=»all» - a string specifying the return values handling. Valid options are: all: Default, all most common values are returned in an array. any: Returns one of the most common values. median: Returns the median of the most common values. Non arithmetic values are ignored. real_majority: Returns the value which occurs more than half the size of the array.
Exemple	array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43), 'all') → [ 42 ] array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43,1), 'all') → [ 42, 1 ] array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43,1), 'any') → 1 or 42 array_majority(array(0,1,1,2,2), 'median') → 1.5 array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43), 'real_majority') → NULL array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43,42), 'real_majority') → NULL array_majority(array(0,1,42,42,43,42,42), 'real_majority') → 42

13.2.2.18. array_max

Returns the maximum value of an array.

Sintaxă	array_max(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_max(array(0,42,4,2)) → 42

13.2.2.19. array_mean

Returns the mean of arithmetic values in an array. Non numeric values in the array are ignored.

Sintaxă	array_mean(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_mean(array(0,1,7,66.6,135.4)) → 42 array_mean(array(0,84,'a','b','c')) → 42

13.2.2.20. array_median

Returns the median of arithmetic values in an array. Non arithmetic values in the array are ignored.

Sintaxă	array_median(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_median(array(0,1,42,42,43)) → 42 array_median(array(0,1,2,42,'a','b')) → 1.5

13.2.2.21. array_min

Returns the minimum value of an array.

Sintaxă	array_min(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_min(array(43,42,54)) → 42

13.2.2.22. array_minority

Returns the less common values in an array.

Sintaxă	array_minority(array, [option=»all»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	array - an array option=»all» - a string specifying the return values handling. Valid options are: all: Default, all less common values are returned in an array. any: Returns one of the less common values. median: Returns the median of the less common values. Non arithmetic values are ignored. real_minority: Returns values which occur less than half the size of the array.
Exemple	array_minority(array(0,42,42), 'all') → [ 0 ] array_minority(array(0,1,42,42), 'all') → [ 0, 1 ] array_minority(array(0,1,42,42,43,1), 'any') → 0 or 43 array_minority(array(1,2,3,3), 'median') → 1.5 array_minority(array(0,1,42,42,43), 'real_minority') → [ 42, 43, 0, 1 ] array_minority(array(0,1,42,42,43,42), 'real_minority') → [ 42, 43, 0, 1 ] array_minority(array(0,1,42,42,43,42,42), 'real_minority') → [ 43, 0, 1 ]

13.2.2.23. array_prepend

Returns an array with the given value added at the beginning.

Sintaxă	array_prepend(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - valoarea de adăugat
Exemple	array_prepend(array(1,2,3),0) → [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.24. array_prioritize

Returns an array sorted using the ordering specified in another array. Values which are present in the first array but are missing from the second array will be added to the end of the result.

Sintaxă	array_prioritize(array, array_prioritize)
Argumente	array - an array array_prioritize - an array with values ordered by priority
Exemple	array_prioritize(array(1, 8, 2, 5), array(5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 8)) → [ 5, 2, 1, 8 ] array_prioritize(array(5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 8), array(1, 8, 6, 5)) → [ 1, 8, 5, 4, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.25. array_remove_all

Returns an array with all the entries of the given value removed.

Sintaxă	array_remove_all(array, value)
Argumente	array - an array value - the values to remove
Exemple	array_remove_all(array('a','b','c','b'),'b') → [ «a», «c» ]

13.2.2.26. array_remove_at

Returns an array with the item at the given index removed. Supports positive (0 for the first element) and negative (the last -Nth value, -1 for the last element) index.

Sintaxă	array_remove_at(array, pos)
Argumente	array - an array pos - the position to remove (0 based)
Exemple	array_remove_at(array(1, 2, 3), 1) → [1, 3 ] array_remove_at(array(1, 2, 3), -1) → [1, 2 ]

13.2.2.27. array_replace

Returns an array with the supplied value, array, or map of values replaced.

Value & array variant

Returns an array with the supplied value or array of values replaced by another value or an array of values.

Sintaxă	array_replace(array, before, after)
Argumente	array - the input array before - the value or array of values to replace after - the value or array of values to use as a replacement
Exemple	array_replace(array('QGIS','SHOULD','ROCK'),'SHOULD','DOES') → [ «QGIS», «DOES», «ROCK» ] array_replace(array(3,2,1),array(1,2,3),array(7,8,9)) → [ 9, 8, 7 ] array_replace(array('Q','G','I','S'),array('Q','S'),'-') → [ «-», «G», «I», «-» ]

Map variant

Returns an array with the supplied map keys replaced by their paired values.

Sintaxă	array_replace(array, map)
Argumente	array - the input array map - the map containing keys and values
Exemple	array_replace(array('APP', 'SHOULD', 'ROCK'),map('APP','QGIS','SHOULD','DOES')) → [ «QGIS», «DOES», «ROCK» ]

13.2.2.28. array_reverse

Returns the given array with array values in reversed order.

Sintaxă	array_reverse(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_reverse(array(2,4,0,10)) → [ 10, 0, 4, 2 ]

13.2.2.29. array_slice

Returns a portion of the array. The slice is defined by the start_pos and end_pos arguments.

Sintaxă	array_slice(array, start_pos, end_pos)
Argumente	array - an array start_pos - the index of the start position of the slice (0 based). The start_pos index is included in the slice. If you use a negative start_pos, the index is counted from the end of the list (-1 based). end_pos - the index of the end position of the slice (0 based). The end_pos index is included in the slice. If you use a negative end_pos, the index is counted from the end of the list (-1 based).
Exemple	array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),0,3) → [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),0,-1) → [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),-5,-1) → [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),0,0) → [ 1 ] array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),-2,-1) → [ 4, 5 ] array_slice(array(1,2,3,4,5),-1,-1) → [ 5 ] array_slice(array('Dufour','Valmiera','Chugiak','Brighton'),1,2) → [ «Valmiera», «Chugiak» ] array_slice(array('Dufour','Valmiera','Chugiak','Brighton'),-2,-1) → [ «Chugiak», «Brighton» ]

13.2.2.30. array_sort

Returns the provided array with its elements sorted.

Sintaxă	array_sort(array, [ascending=true]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	array - an array ascending - set this parameter to false to sort the array in descending order
Exemple	array_sort(array(3,2,1)) → [ 1, 2, 3 ]

13.2.2.31. array_sum

Returns the sum of arithmetic values in an array. Non numeric values in the array are ignored.

Sintaxă	array_sum(array)
Argumente	array - an array
Exemple	array_sum(array(0,1,39.4,1.6,'a')) → 42.0

13.2.2.32. array_to_string

Concatenates array elements into a string separated by a delimiter and using optional string for empty values.

Sintaxă	array_to_string(array, [delimiter=»,»], [empty_value=»»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	array - the input array delimiter - the string delimiter used to separate concatenated array elements empty_value - the optional string to use as replacement for empty (zero length) matches
Exemple	array_to_string(array('1','2','3')) → «1,2,3» array_to_string(array(1,2,3),'-') → «1-2-3» array_to_string(array('1','','3'),',','0') → «1,0,3»

13.2.2.33. generate_series

Creează o matrice care conține o secvență de numere.

Sintaxă	generate_series(start, stop, [step=1]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	start - prima valoare a secvenței stop - valoare care încheie secvența o dată atinsă pas - valoare folosită ca increment între valori
Exemple	generate_series(1,5) → [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] generate_series(5,1,-1) → [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ]

13.2.2.34. geometries_to_array

Împarte o geometrie într-o matrice cu geometrii mai simple.

Sintaxă	geometries_to_array(geometry)
Argumente	geometrie - geometria de intrare
Exemple	geometries_to_array(geom_from_wkt('GeometryCollection (Poligon ((5 8, 4 1, 3 2, 5 8)),LineString (3 2, 4 2))')) → o matrice de geometrii poligonale și liniare geom_to_wkt(geometries_to_array(geom_from_wkt('GeometryCollection (Polygon ((5 8, 4 1, 3 2, 5 8)),LineString (3 2, 4 2))'))[0]) → «Polygon ((5 8, 4 1, 3 2, 5 8))» geometries_to_array(geom_from_wkt('MULTIPOLYGON(((5 5,0 0,0 10,5 5)),((5 5,10 10,10 0,5 5))')) → o matrice cu două geometrii poligonale

13.2.2.35. regexp_matches

Returnează o matrice având toate șirurile capturate de grupuri, în ordinea în care grupurile însele apar în expresia regulată furnizată față de un șir.

Sintaxă	regexp_matches(string, regex, [empty_value=»»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	șir - șirul din care expresia regulată va captura grupurile regex - expresia regulată folosită pentru a captura grupuri empty_value - the optional string to use as replacement for empty (zero length) matches
Exemple	regexp_matches('QGIS=>rocks','(.*)=>(.*)') → [ «QGIS», «rocks» ] regexp_matches('key=>','(.*)=>(.*)','empty value') → [ «key», «empty value» ]

13.2.2.36. string_to_array

Împarte șirul într-o matrice, folosind delimitatorul furnizat și șirul opțional pentru valorile goale.

Sintaxă	string_to_array(string, [delimiter=»,»], [empty_value=»»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - șirul de intrare delimitator - delimitatorul folosit pentru a diviza șirul de intrare empty_value - the optional string to use as replacement for empty (zero length) matches
Exemple	string_to_array('1,2,3',',') → [ «1», «2», «3» ] string_to_array('1,,3',',','0') → [ «1», «0», «3» ]

13.2.3. Funcțiile Culorilor

Acest grup conține funcții pentru manipularea culorilor.

13.2.3.1. color_cmyk

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a unei culori, în funcție de componentele ei cyan, magenta, galben și negru

Sintaxă	color_cmyk(cyan, magenta, yellow, black)
Argumente	cyan - componenta cyan a culorii, ca valoare procentuală întreagă, de la 0 la 100 magenta - componenta magenta a culorii, ca valoare procentuală întreagă, de la 0 la 100 galben - componenta galbenă a culorii, ca valoare întreagă procentuală, de la 0 la 100 negru - componenta neagră a culorii, ca valoare întreagă procentuală, de la 0 la 100
Exemple	color_cmyk(100,50,0,10) → «0,115,230»

13.2.3.2. color_cmyka

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a unei culori, în funcție de componentele ei cyan, magenta, galben, negru și alpha (transparență)

Sintaxă	color_cmyka(cyan, magenta, yellow, black, alpha)
Argumente	cyan - componenta cyan a culorii, ca valoare procentuală întreagă, de la 0 la 100 magenta - componenta magenta a culorii, ca valoare procentuală întreagă, de la 0 la 100 galben - componenta galbenă a culorii, ca valoare întreagă procentuală, de la 0 la 100 negru - componenta neagră a culorii, ca valoare întreagă procentuală, de la 0 la 100 alfa - componentă alfa, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 (transparență completă) la 255 (opacitate completă).
Exemple	color_cmyka(100,50,0,10,200) → «0,115,230,200»

13.2.3.3. color_grayscale_average

Aplică un filtru în tonuri de gri și returnează o reprezentare sub formă de șir dintr-o culoare furnizată.

Sintaxă	color_grayscale_average(color)
Argumente	culoare - culoarea sub formă de șir
Exemple	color_grayscale_average('255,100,50') → «135,135,135,255»

13.2.3.4. color_hsl

Returnează o reprezentare sub formă de șir a unei culori, pe baza atributelor sale de nuanță, saturație și luminozitate.

Sintaxă	color_hsl(hue, saturation, lightness)
Argumente	hue - nuanța culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 360 saturation - procentajul saturației culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100 lightness - procentul de luminozitate al culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100
Exemple	color_hsl(100,50,70) → «166,217,140»

13.2.3.5. color_hsla

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a culorii, pe baza atributelor nuanței, saturației, luminozității și alpha (transparență)

Sintaxă	color_hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha)
Argumente	hue - nuanța culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 360 saturation - procentajul saturației culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100 lightness - procentul de luminozitate al culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100 alfa - componentă alfa, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 (transparență completă) la 255 (opacitate completă).
Exemple	color_hsla(100,50,70,200) → «166,217,140,200»

13.2.3.6. color_hsv

Returnează o reprezentare sub formă de șir a unei culori, pe baza atributelor sale de nuanță, saturație și valoare.

Sintaxă	color_hsv(hue, saturation, value)
Argumente	hue - nuanța culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 360 saturation - procentajul saturației culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100 value - valoare procentuală a culorii, ca număr întreg, de la 0 la 100
Exemple	color_hsv(40,100,100) → «255,170,0»

13.2.3.7. color_hsva

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a unei culori, bazată pe atributele nuanța, saturația, valoarea și alfa (transparență).

Sintaxă	color_hsva(hue, saturation, value, alpha)
Argumente	hue - nuanța culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 360 saturation - procentajul saturației culorii, ca valoare întreagă, de la 0 la 100 value - valoare procentuală a culorii, ca număr întreg, de la 0 la 100 alpha - componenta alfa, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 (transparență completă) la 255 (opacitate completă).
Exemple	color_hsva(40,100,100,200) → «255,170,0,200»

13.2.3.8. color_mix_rgb

Returnează un șir reprezentând o culoare dată de amestecul valorilor roșu, verde, albastru și alfa furnizate pentru două culori și în baza unei rații date.

Sintaxă	color_mix_rgb(color1, color2, ratio)
Argumente	color1 - culoarea 1 sub formă de șir color2 - culoarea 2 sub formă de șir ratio - rezultatul raportului dintre două valori
Exemple	color_mix_rgb('0,0,0','255,255,255',0.5) → «127,127,127,255»

13.2.3.9. color_part

Returnează o anumită componentă din șirul unei culori; de ex.: componenta roșie sau componenta alfa.

Sintaxă	color_part(color, component)
Argumente	culoare - culoarea sub formă de șir component - un șir corespunzător componentei de culoare de returnat. Opțiunile valide sunt: red: codul RGB al componentei roșii (0-255) green: codul RGB al componentei verzi (0-255) blue: codul RGB al componentei albastre (0-255) alpha: valoarea alfa (transparența) (0-255) hue: codul HSV al nuanței (0-360) saturation: codul HSV al saturației (0-100) value: codul HSV al valorii (0-100) hsl_hue: codul HSL al nuanței (0-360) hsl_saturation: codul HSL al saturației (0-100) lightness: codul HSL al luminozității (0-100) cyan: codul CMYK al componentei cyan (0-100) magenta: codul CMYK al componentei magenta (0-100) yellow: codul CMYK al componentei galbene (0-100) black: codul CMYK al componentei negre (0-100)
Exemple	color_part('200,10,30','green') → 10

13.2.3.10. color_rgb

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a unei culori, în funcție de componentele sale roșie, verde și albastră.

Sintaxă	color_rgb(red, green, blue)
Argumente	red - componenta roșie, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255 green - componenta verde, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255 blue - componenta albastră, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255
Exemple	color_rgb(255,127,0) → «255,127,0»

13.2.3.11. color_rgba

Returnează o reprezentare de tip șir a unei culori, în funcție de componentele sale roșie, verde, albastră și alfa (transparență).

Sintaxă	color_rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
Argumente	red - componenta roșie, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255 green - componenta verde, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255 blue - componenta albastră, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 la 255 alfa - componentă alfa, ca valoare întreagă de la 0 (transparență completă) la 255 (opacitate completă).
Exemple	color_rgba(255,127,0,200) → «255,127,0,200»

13.2.3.12. create_ramp

Returnează o rampă gradientală pornind de la o hartă cu șiruri de culori și pași.

Sintaxă	create_ramp(map, [discrete=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	map - o hartă cu șiruri de culori și pași discrete - setați acest parametru la true pentru a crea o rampă de culori discretă
Exemple	ramp_color(create_ramp(map(0,'0,0,0',1,'255,0,0')),1) → «255,0,0,255»

13.2.3.13. darker

Returnează o culoare, de tip șir, mai închisă (sau mai deschisă)

Sintaxă	darker(color, factor)
Argumente	culoare - culoarea sub formă de șir factor - un număr întreg corespunzător factorului de întunecare: dacă factorul este mai mare de 100, această funcție returnează o culoare mai închisă (de ex.: setarea factorului la 200 returnează o culoare care are o jumătate din luminozitate); dacă factorul este mai mic de 100, culoarea returnată este mai deschisă; totuși, se recomandă utilizarea funcției lighter() în acest scop; dacă factorul este 0 sau negativ, valoarea returnată este nespecificată.
Exemple	darker('200,10,30', 200) → «100,5,15,255»

Mai multe detalii: lighter

13.2.3.14. lighter

Returnează o culoare, de tip șir, mai deschisă (sau mai închisă)

Sintaxă	lighter(color, factor)
Argumente	culoare - culoarea sub formă de șir factor - un număr întreg corespunzător factorului de iluminare: dacă factorul este mai mare de 100, această funcție returnează o culoare mai deschisă (de ex.: setarea factorului la 150 returnează o culoare cu 50% mai strălucitoare); dacă factorul este mai mic de 100, culoarea returnată este mai închisă; totuși, se recomandă utilizarea funcției darker() în acest scop; dacă factorul este 0 sau negativ, valoarea returnată este nespecificată.
Exemple	lighter('200,10,30', 200) → «255,158,168,255»

Mai multe detalii: darker

13.2.3.15. project_color

Returnează o culoare din schema de culori a proiectului.

Sintaxă	project_color(name)
Argumente	nume - numele unei culori
Exemple	project_color('Logo color') → «20,140,50»

Mai multe detalii: setarea culorilor proiectului

13.2.3.16. ramp_color

Returnează un șir reprezentând o culoare dintr-o rampă de culoare.

Varianta salvată a rampei

Returnează un șir reprezentând o culoare dintr-o rampă salvată

Sintaxă	ramp_color(ramp_name, value)
Argumente	ramp_name - numele rampei de culoare, sub formă de șir, de ex.: „Spectral” value - poziția de pe rampă, de unde se va selecta culoarea, ca număr real între 0 și 1
Exemple	ramp_color('Spectral',0.3) → «253,190,115,255»

Notă

Rampele de culoare disponibile variază în diversele versiuni de QGIS. Este posibil ca această funcție să nu dea rezultatele așteptate, dacă deschideți proiectul în alte versiuni de QGIS.

Variantă de rampă creată folosind expresii

Returnează un șir care reprezintă o culoare dintr-o rampă creată printr-o expresie

Sintaxă	ramp_color(ramp, value)
Argumente	ramp - rampa de culoare value - poziția de pe rampă, de unde se va selecta culoarea, ca număr real între 0 și 1
Exemple	ramp_color(create_ramp(map(0,'0,0,0',1,'255,0,0')),1) → «255,0,0,255»

Mai multe detalii: Setting a Color Ramp, The color ramp drop-down shortcut

13.2.3.17. set_color_part

Setează o componentă de culoare specifică pentru șirul unei culori, de ex.: componenta roșie sau componenta alfa.

Sintaxă	set_color_part(color, component, value)
Argumente	culoare - culoarea sub formă de șir component - un șir corespunzător componentei culorii de setat. Opțiunile valide sunt: red: codul RGB al componentei roșii (0-255) green: codul RGB al componentei verzi (0-255) blue: codul RGB al componentei albastre (0-255) alpha: valoarea alfa (transparența) (0-255) hue: codul HSV al nuanței (0-360) saturation: codul HSV al saturației (0-100) value: codul HSV al valorii (0-100) hsl_hue: codul HSL al nuanței (0-360) hsl_saturation: codul HSL al saturației (0-100) lightness: codul HSL al luminozității (0-100) cyan: codul CMYK al componentei cyan (0-100) magenta: codul CMYK al componentei magenta (0-100) yellow: codul CMYK al componentei galbene (0-100) black: codul CMYK al componentei negre (0-100) value - noua valoare pentru componenta de culoare, respectând intervalele enumerate mai sus
Exemple	set_color_part('200,10,30','green',50) → «200,50,30,255»

13.2.4. Funcții Condiționale

Acest grup conține funcții care gestionează verificările condiționale din expresii.

13.2.4.1. CASE

CASE se folosește pentru a evalua o serie de condiții și pentru a returna un rezultat pentru prima condiție îndeplinită. Condițiile sunt evaluate secvențial, iar dacă o condiție este adevărată, evaluarea se oprește iar rezultatul corespunzător este returnat. Dacă niciuna dintre condiții nu este adevărată, se returnează valoarea din clauza ELSE. În plus, dacă nu este setată nicio clauză ELSE și nici una dintre condiții nu este îndeplinită, se returnează valoarea NULL.

CASE

WHEN condition THEN result

[ …n ]

[ ELSE result ]

END

[ ] marchează componentele opționale

Argumente	WHEN condition - Expresia condiției de evaluat THEN result - Dacă condiția este evaluată la True, atunci este evaluat și returnat rezultatul. ELSE result - Dacă niciuna dintre condițiile de mai sus nu este evaluată la True, atunci este evaluat și returnat rezultatul.
Exemple	CASE WHEN 'name' IS NULL THEN 'None' END → Returnează șirul «None» dacă câmpul „nume” este NULL CASE WHEN $area > 10000 THEN 'Big property' WHEN $area > 5000 THEN 'Medium property' ELSE 'Small property' END → Returnează șirul «Big property» dacă aria este mai mare de 10000, «Medium property» dacă aria este între 5000 și 10000 și «Small property» în rest

13.2.4.2. coalesce

Returnează prima valoare non-NULL din lista de expresii.

Această funcție poate prelua orice număr de argumente.

Sintaxă	coalesce(expression1, expression2, …)
Argumente	expresie - orice expresie sau valoare validă, indiferent de tip.
Exemple	coalesce(NULL, 2) → 2 coalesce(NULL, 2, 3) → 2 coalesce(7, NULL, 3*2) → 7 coalesce('fieldA', 'fallbackField', 'ERROR') → valoarea câmpului A dacă nu este NULL, în caz contrar valoarea lui «fallbackField» sau șirul «ERROR» dacă ambele sunt NULL

13.2.4.3. if

Testează o condiție și returnează un rezultat diferit, în funcție de verificarea condiționată.

Sintaxă	if(condition, result_when_true, result_when_false)
Argumente	condition - condiția care ar trebui verificată result_when_true - rezultatul care va fi returnat atunci când condiția este adevărată sau o altă valoare care nu se poate converti în fals. result_when_false - rezultatul care va fi returnat atunci când condiția este falsă sau o altă valoare care se transformă în fals, cum ar fi 0 sau «». NULL se va converti, de asemenea, în fals.
Exemple	if( 1+1=2, 'Yes', 'No' ) → «Yes» if( 1+1=3, 'Yes', 'No' ) → «No» if( 5 > 3, 1, 0) → 1 if( '', 'It is true (not empty)', 'It is false (empty)' ) → «It is false (empty)» if( ' ', 'It is true (not empty)', 'It is false (empty)' ) → «It is true (not empty)» if( 0, 'One', 'Zero' ) → «Zero» if( 10, 'One', 'Zero' ) → «One»

13.2.4.4. nullif

Returnează o valoare NULL dacă valoarea1 este egală cu valoarea2; în caz contrar, returnează valoarea1. Se poate folosi pentru a înlocui condiționat valorile cu NULL.

Sintaxă	nullif(value1, value2)
Argumente	value1 - Valoarea care ar trebui fie folosită, fie înlocuită cu NULL. value2 - Valoarea de control care va declanșa substituirea cu NULL.
Exemple	nullif('(none)', '(none)') → NULL nullif('text', '(none)') → «text» nullif("name", '') → NULL, dacă numele este un șir vid (sau deja NULL), iar numele în restul cazurilor.

13.2.4.5. regexp_match

Return the first matching position matching a regular expression within an unicode string, or 0 if the substring is not found.

Sintaxă	regexp_match(input_string, regex)
Argumente	input_string - the string to test against the regular expression regex - The regular expression to test against. Backslash characters must be double escaped (e.g., „\\s” to match a white space character or „\\b” to match a word boundary).
Exemple	regexp_match('QGIS ROCKS','\\sROCKS') → 5 regexp_match('Budač','udač\\b') → 2

13.2.4.6. try

Tries an expression and returns its value if error-free. If the expression returns an error, an alternative value will be returned when provided otherwise the function will return NULL.

Sintaxă	try(expression, [alternative]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	expression - the expression which should be run alternative - the result which will be returned if the expression returns an error.
Exemple	try( to_int( '1' ), 0 ) → 1 try( to_int( 'a' ), 0 ) → 0 try( to_date( 'invalid_date' ) ) → NULL

13.2.5. Conversions Functions

This group contains functions to convert one data type to another (e.g., string from/to integer, binary from/to string, string to date, …).

13.2.5.1. from_base64

Decodes a string in the Base64 encoding into a binary value.

Sintaxă	from_base64(string)
Argumente	string - the string to decode
Exemple	from_base64('UUdJUw==') → «QGIS»

13.2.5.2. hash

Creates a hash from a string with a given method. One byte (8 bits) is represented with two hex «»digits»», so «md4» (16 bytes) produces a 16 * 2 = 32 character long hex string and «keccak_512» (64 bytes) produces a 64 * 2 = 128 character long hex string.

Sintaxă	hash(string, method)
Argumente	string - the string to hash method - Metoda de codificare dintre «md4», «md5», «sha1», «sha224», «sha384», «sha512», «sha3_224», «sha3_256», «sha3_384», «sha3_512», «keccak_224», «keccak_256», «keccak_384», «keccak_512»
Exemple	hash('QGIS', 'md4') → «c0fc71c241cdebb6e888cbac0e2b68eb» hash('QGIS', 'md5') → «57470aaa9e22adaefac7f5f342f1c6da» hash('QGIS', 'sha1') → «f87cfb2b74cdd5867db913237024e7001e62b114» hash('QGIS', 'sha224') → «4093a619ada631c770f44bc643ead18fb393b93d6a6af1861fcfece0» hash('QGIS', 'sha256') → «eb045cba7a797aaa06ac58830846e40c8e8c780bc0676d3393605fae50c05309» hash('QGIS', 'sha384') → «91c1de038cc3d09fdd512e99f9dd9922efadc39ed21d3922e69a4305cc25506033aee388e554b78714c8734f9cd7e610» hash('QGIS', 'sha512') → «c2c092f2ab743bf8edbeb6d028a745f30fc720408465ed369421f0a4e20fa5e27f0c90ad72d3f1d836eaa5d25cd39897d4cf77e19984668ef58da6e3159f18ac» hash('QGIS', 'sha3_224') → «467f49a5039e7280d5d42fd433e80d203439e338eaabd701f0d6c17d» hash('QGIS', 'sha3_256') → «540f7354b6b8a6e735f2845250f15f4f3ba4f666c55574d9e9354575de0e980f» hash('QGIS', 'sha3_384') → «96052da1e77679e9a65f60d7ead961b287977823144786386eb43647b0901fd8516fa6f1b9d243fb3f28775e6dde6107» hash('QGIS', 'sha3_512') → «900d079dc69761da113980253aa8ac0414a8bd6d09879a916228f8743707c4758051c98445d6b8945ec854ff90655005e02aceb0a2ffc6a0ebf818745d665349» hash('QGIS', 'keccak_224') → «5b0ce6acef8b0a121d4ac4f3eaa8503c799ad4e26a3392d1fb201478» hash('QGIS', 'keccak_256') → «991c520aa6815392de24087f61b2ae0fd56abbfeee4a8ca019c1011d327c577e» hash('QGIS', 'keccak_384') → «c57a3aed9d856fa04e5eeee9b62b6e027cca81ba574116d3cc1f0d48a1ef9e5886ff463ea8d0fac772ee473bf92f810d»

13.2.5.3. md5

Creează o codificare md5 dintr-un șir.

Sintaxă	md5(string)
Argumente	string - the string to hash
Exemple	md5('QGIS') → «57470aaa9e22adaefac7f5f342f1c6da»

13.2.5.4. sha256

Creează o codificare sha256 dintr-un șir.

Sintaxă	sha256(string)
Argumente	string - the string to hash
Exemple	sha256('QGIS') → «eb045cba7a797aaa06ac58830846e40c8e8c780bc0676d3393605fae50c05309»

13.2.5.5. to_base64

Codifică o valoare binară într-un șir, folosind Base64.

Sintaxă	to_base64(value)
Argumente	value - valoarea binară de codificat
Exemple	to_base64('QGIS') → «UUdJUw==»

13.2.5.6. to_date

Converts a string into a date object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QDate::fromString or the documentation of the format_date function for additional documentation on the format. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.

Sintaxă	to_date(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a date value format - format used to convert the string into a date language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a date. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	to_date('2012-05-04') → 2012-05-04 to_date('June 29, 2019','MMMM d, yyyy') → 2019-06-29, if the current locale uses the name «June» for the sixth month, otherwise an error occurs to_date('29 juin, 2019','d MMMM, yyyy','fr') → 2019-06-29

13.2.5.7. to_datetime

Converts a string into a datetime object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QDate::fromString, QTime::fromString or the documentation of the format_date function for additional documentation on the format. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.

Sintaxă	to_datetime(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a datetime value format - format used to convert the string into a datetime language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a datetime. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	to_datetime('2012-05-04 12:50:00') → 2012-05-04T12:50:00 to_datetime('June 29, 2019 @ 12:34','MMMM d, yyyy @ HH:mm') → 2019-06-29T12:34, if the current locale uses the name «June» for the sixth month, otherwise an error occurs to_datetime('29 juin, 2019 @ 12:34','d MMMM, yyyy @ HH:mm','fr') → 2019-06-29T12:34

13.2.5.8. to_decimal

Converts a degree, minute, second coordinate to its decimal equivalent.

Sintaxă	to_decimal(value)
Argumente	value - A degree, minute, second string.
Exemple	to_decimal('6°21\'16.445') → 6.3545680555

13.2.5.9. to_dm

Converts a coordinate to degree, minute.

Sintaxă	to_dm(coordinate, axis, precision, [formatting=]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	coordinate - A latitude or longitude value. axis - The axis of the coordinate. Either «x» or «y». precision - Numărul de zecimale. formatting - Designates the formatting type. Acceptable values are NULL (default), «aligned» or «suffix».
Exemple	to_dm(6.1545681, 'x', 3) → 6°9.274′ to_dm(6.1545681, 'y', 4, 'aligned') → 6°09.2741′N to_dm(6.1545681, 'y', 4, 'suffix') → 6°9.2741′N

13.2.5.10. to_dms

Converts a coordinate to degree, minute, second.

Sintaxă	to_dms(coordinate, axis, precision, [formatting=]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	coordinate - A latitude or longitude value. axis - The axis of the coordinate. Either «x» or «y». precision - Numărul de zecimale. formatting - Designates the formatting type. Acceptable values are NULL (default), «aligned» or «suffix».
Exemple	to_dms(6.1545681, 'x', 3) → 6°9′16.445″ to_dms(6.1545681, 'y', 4, 'aligned') → 6°09′16.4452″N to_dms(6.1545681, 'y', 4, 'suffix') → 6°9′16.4452″N

13.2.5.11. to_int

Converts a string to integer number. Nothing is returned if a value cannot be converted to integer (e.g «123asd» is invalid).

Sintaxă	to_int(string)
Argumente	string - string to convert to integer number
Exemple	to_int('123') → 123

13.2.5.12. to_interval

Converts a string to an interval type. Can be used to take days, hours, month, etc of a date.

Sintaxă	to_interval(string)
Argumente	string - a string representing an interval. Allowable formats include {n} days {n} hours {n} months.
Exemple	to_interval('1 day 2 hours') → interval: 1.08333 days to_interval( '0.5 hours' ) → interval: 30 minutes to_datetime('2012-05-05 12:00:00') - to_interval('1 day 2 hours') → 2012-05-04T10:00:00

13.2.5.13. to_real

Converts a string to a real number. Nothing is returned if a value cannot be converted to real (e.g «123.56asd» is invalid). Numbers are rounded after saving changes if the precision is smaller than the result of the conversion.

Sintaxă	to_real(string)
Argumente	string - string to convert to real number
Exemple	to_real('123.45') → 123.45

13.2.5.14. to_string

Convertește un număr într-un șir.

Sintaxă	to_string(number)
Argumente	number - Număr întreg sau valoare reală. Numărul de convertit în șir.
Exemple	to_string(123) → «123»

13.2.5.15. to_time

Converts a string into a time object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QTime::fromString for additional documentation on the format.

Sintaxă	to_time(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a time value format - format used to convert the string into a time language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a time
Exemple	to_time('12:30:01') → 12:30:01 to_time('12:34','HH:mm') → 12:34:00 to_time('12:34','HH:mm','fr') → 12:34:00

13.2.6. Funcții Personalizate

This group contains functions created by the user. See Editorul de Funcții for more details.

13.2.7. Funcții pentru Dată și Oră

This group contains functions for handling date and time data. This group shares several functions with the Conversions Functions (to_date, to_time, to_datetime, to_interval) and Funcții pentru Șiruri (format_date) groups.

Notă

Storing date, datetime and intervals on fields

The ability to store date, time and datetime values directly on fields depends on the data source’s provider (e.g., Shapefile accepts date format, but not datetime or time format). The following are some suggestions to overcome this limitation:

• date, datetime and time can be converted and stored in text type fields using the format_date() function.

• Intervals can be stored in integer or decimal type fields after using one of the date extraction functions (e.g., day() to get the interval expressed in days)

13.2.7.1. age

Returns the difference between two dates or datetimes.

The difference is returned as an Interval and needs to be used with one of the following functions in order to extract useful information:

• year

• month

• week

• day

• hour

• minute

• second

Sintaxă	age(datetime1, datetime2)
Argumente	datetime1 - un șir, dată sau datetime care reprezintă o dată ulterioară datetime2 - un șir, dată sau datetime care reprezintă data anterioară
Exemple	day(age('2012-05-12','2012-05-02')) → 10 hour(age('2012-05-12','2012-05-02')) → 240

13.2.7.2. datetime_from_epoch

Returns a datetime whose date and time are the number of milliseconds, msecs, that have passed since 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000, Coordinated Universal Time (Qt.UTC), and converted to Qt.LocalTime.

Sintaxă	datetime_from_epoch(int)
Argumente	int - număr (milisecunde)
Exemple	datetime_from_epoch(1483225200000) → 2017-01-01T00:00:00

13.2.7.3. day

Extrage ziua dintr-o dată sau numărul de zile dintr-un interval.

Date variant

Extracts the day from a date or datetime.

Sintaxă	day(date)
Argumente	date - a date or datetime value
Exemple	day('2012-05-12') → 12

Interval variant

Calculates the length in days of an interval.

Sintaxă	day(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of days from
Exemple	day(to_interval('3 days')) → 3 day(to_interval('3 weeks 2 days')) → 23 day(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 730

13.2.7.4. day_of_week

Returns the day of the week for a specified date or datetime. The returned value ranges from 0 to 6, where 0 corresponds to a Sunday and 6 to a Saturday.

Sintaxă	day_of_week(date)
Argumente	date - date or datetime value
Exemple	day_of_week(to_date('2015-09-21')) → 1

13.2.7.5. epoch

Returns the interval in milliseconds between the unix epoch and a given date value.

Sintaxă	epoch(date)
Argumente	date - a date or datetime value
Exemple	epoch(to_date('2017-01-01')) → 1483203600000

13.2.7.6. format_date

Formats a date type or string into a custom string format. Uses Qt date/time format strings. See QDateTime::toString.

Sintaxă	format_date(datetime, format, [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	datetime - date, time or datetime value format - String template used to format the string. Expresie Rezultat d ziua, un număr fără zero la început (de la 1 la 31) dd ziua, un număr cu zero la început (de la 01 la 31) ddd the abbreviated localized day name (e.g. «Mon» to «Sun») dddd the long localized day name (e.g. «Monday» to «Sunday») M the month as number without a leading zero (1-12) MM the month as number with a leading zero (01-12) MMM the abbreviated localized month name (e.g. «Jan» to «Dec») MMMM the long localized month name (e.g. «January» to «December») yy the year as two digit number (00-99) yyyy the year as four digit number These expressions may be used for the time part of the format string: Expresie Rezultat h the hour without a leading zero (0 to 23 or 1 to 12 if AM/PM display) hh the hour with a leading zero (00 to 23 or 01 to 12 if AM/PM display) H the hour without a leading zero (0 to 23, even with AM/PM display) HH the hour with a leading zero (00 to 23, even with AM/PM display) m minutul, fără zero la început (de la 0 la 59) mm minutul, cu zero la început (de la 00 la 59) s secunda, fără zero la început (de la 0 la 59) ss secunda, cu un zero la început (de la 00 la 59) z the milliseconds without trailing zeroes (0 to 999) zzz the milliseconds with trailing zeroes (000 to 999) AP or A interpret as an AM/PM time. AP must be either «AM» or «PM». ap or a Interpret as an AM/PM time. ap must be either «am» or «pm». language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to format the date into a custom string. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	format_date('2012-05-15','dd.MM.yyyy') → «15.05.2012» format_date('2012-05-15','d MMMM yyyy','fr') → «15 mai 2012» format_date('2012-05-15','dddd') → «Tuesday», if the current locale is an English variant format_date('2012-05-15 13:54:20','dd.MM.yy') → «15.05.12» format_date('13:54:20','hh:mm AP') → «01:54 PM»

13.2.7.7. hour

Extracts the hour part from a datetime or time, or the number of hours from an interval.

Time variant

Extracts the hour part from a time or datetime.

Sintaxă	hour(datetime)
Argumente	datetime - a time or datetime value
Exemple	hour( to_datetime('2012-07-22 13:24:57') ) → 13

Interval variant

Calculates the length in hours of an interval.

Sintaxă	hour(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of hours from
Exemple	hour(to_interval('3 hours')) → 3 hour(age('2012-07-22T13:00:00','2012-07-22T10:00:00')) → 3 hour(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 17520

13.2.7.8. make_date

Creates a date value from year, month and day numbers.

Sintaxă	make_date(year, month, day)
Argumente	year - Year number. Years 1 to 99 are interpreted as is. Year 0 is invalid. month - Month number, where 1=January day - Day number, beginning with 1 for the first day in the month
Exemple	make_date(2020,5,4) → date value 2020-05-04

13.2.7.9. make_datetime

Creates a datetime value from year, month, day, hour, minute and second numbers.

Sintaxă	make_datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
Argumente	year - Year number. Years 1 to 99 are interpreted as is. Year 0 is invalid. month - Month number, where 1=January day - Day number, beginning with 1 for the first day in the month hour - Ora minute - Minute second - Secunde (valorile facționale includ milisecunde)
Exemple	make_datetime(2020,5,4,13,45,30.5) → datetime value 2020-05-04 13:45:30.500

13.2.7.10. make_interval

Creează o valoare de tip interval din valorile an, lună, săptămâni, zile, ore, minute și secunde.

Sintaxă	make_interval([years=0], [months=0], [weeks=0], [days=0], [hours=0], [minutes=0], [seconds=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	years - Numărul de ani (presupunând o lungime a anului de 365,25 zile). months - Number of months (assumes a 30 day month length) weeks - Numărul de săptămâni days - Numărul de zile hours - Numărul de ore minutes - Numărul de minute seconds - Numărul de secunde
Exemple	make_interval(hours:=3) → interval: 3 ore make_interval(days:=2, hours:=3) → interval: 2.125 zile make_interval(minutes:=0.5, seconds:=5) → interval: 35 secounde

13.2.7.11. make_time

Creates a time value from hour, minute and second numbers.

Sintaxă	make_time(hour, minute, second)
Argumente	hour - Ora minute - Minute second - Secunde (valorile facționale includ milisecunde)
Exemple	make_time(13,45,30.5) → time value 13:45:30.500

13.2.7.12. minute

Extracts the minutes part from a datetime or time, or the number of minutes from an interval.

Time variant

Extracts the minutes part from a time or datetime.

Sintaxă	minute(datetime)
Argumente	datetime - a time or datetime value
Exemple	minute( to_datetime('2012-07-22 13:24:57') ) → 24

Interval variant

Calculates the length in minutes of an interval.

Sintaxă	minute(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of minutes from
Exemple	minute(to_interval('3 minutes')) → 3 minute(age('2012-07-22T00:20:00','2012-07-22T00:00:00')) → 20 minute(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 1051200

13.2.7.13. month

Extracts the month part from a date, or the number of months from an interval.

Date variant

Extracts the month part from a date or datetime.

Sintaxă	month(date)
Argumente	date - a date or datetime value
Exemple	month('2012-05-12') → 05

Interval variant

Calculates the length in months of an interval.

Sintaxă	month(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of months from
Exemple	month(to_interval('3 months')) → 3 month(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 4.03333

13.2.7.14. now

Returns the current date and time. The function is static and will return consistent results while evaluating. The time returned is the time when the expression is prepared.

Sintaxă	now()
Exemple	now() → 2012-07-22T13:24:57

13.2.7.15. second

Extracts the seconds part from a datetime or time, or the number of seconds from an interval.

Time variant

Extracts the seconds part from a time or datetime.

Sintaxă	second(datetime)
Argumente	datetime - a time or datetime value
Exemple	second( to_datetime('2012-07-22 13:24:57') ) → 57

Interval variant

Calculates the length in seconds of an interval.

Sintaxă	second(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of seconds from
Exemple	second(to_interval('3 minutes')) → 180 second(age('2012-07-22T00:20:00','2012-07-22T00:00:00')) → 1200 second(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 63072000

13.2.7.16. to_date

Converts a string into a date object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QDate::fromString or the documentation of the format_date function for additional documentation on the format. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.

Sintaxă	to_date(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a date value format - format used to convert the string into a date language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a date. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	to_date('2012-05-04') → 2012-05-04 to_date('June 29, 2019','MMMM d, yyyy') → 2019-06-29, if the current locale uses the name «June» for the sixth month, otherwise an error occurs to_date('29 juin, 2019','d MMMM, yyyy','fr') → 2019-06-29

13.2.7.17. to_datetime

Converts a string into a datetime object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QDate::fromString, QTime::fromString or the documentation of the format_date function for additional documentation on the format. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.

Sintaxă	to_datetime(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a datetime value format - format used to convert the string into a datetime language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a datetime. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	to_datetime('2012-05-04 12:50:00') → 2012-05-04T12:50:00 to_datetime('June 29, 2019 @ 12:34','MMMM d, yyyy @ HH:mm') → 2019-06-29T12:34, if the current locale uses the name «June» for the sixth month, otherwise an error occurs to_datetime('29 juin, 2019 @ 12:34','d MMMM, yyyy @ HH:mm','fr') → 2019-06-29T12:34

13.2.7.18. to_interval

Converts a string to an interval type. Can be used to take days, hours, month, etc of a date.

Sintaxă	to_interval(string)
Argumente	string - a string representing an interval. Allowable formats include {n} days {n} hours {n} months.
Exemple	to_interval('1 day 2 hours') → interval: 1.08333 days to_interval( '0.5 hours' ) → interval: 30 minutes to_datetime('2012-05-05 12:00:00') - to_interval('1 day 2 hours') → 2012-05-04T10:00:00

13.2.7.19. to_time

Converts a string into a time object. An optional format string can be provided to parse the string; see QTime::fromString for additional documentation on the format.

Sintaxă	to_time(string, [format], [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - string representing a time value format - format used to convert the string into a time language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to convert the string into a time
Exemple	to_time('12:30:01') → 12:30:01 to_time('12:34','HH:mm') → 12:34:00 to_time('12:34','HH:mm','fr') → 12:34:00

13.2.7.20. week

Extracts the week number from a date, or the number of weeks from an interval.

Date variant

Extracts the week number from a date or datetime.

Sintaxă	week(date)
Argumente	date - a date or datetime value
Exemple	week('2012-05-12') → 19

Interval variant

Calculates the length in weeks of an interval.

Sintaxă	week(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of months from
Exemple	week(to_interval('3 weeks')) → 3 week(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 104.285

13.2.7.21. year

Extracts the year part from a date, or the number of years from an interval.

Date variant

Extracts the year part from a date or datetime.

Sintaxă	year(date)
Argumente	date - a date or datetime value
Exemple	year('2012-05-12') → 2012

Interval variant

Calculates the length in years of an interval.

Sintaxă	year(interval)
Argumente	interval - interval value to return number of years from
Exemple	year(to_interval('3 years')) → 3 year(age('2012-01-01','2010-01-01')) → 1.9986

Câteva exemple:

Besides these functions, subtracting dates, datetimes or times using the - (minus) operator will return an interval.

Adding or subtracting an interval to dates, datetimes or times, using the + (plus) and - (minus) operators, will return a datetime.

• Get the number of days until QGIS 3.0 release:

  to_date('2017-09-29') - to_date(now())
  -- Returns <interval: 203 days>
  

• The same with time:

  to_datetime('2017-09-29 12:00:00') - now()
  -- Returns <interval: 202.49 days>
  

• Get the datetime of 100 days from now:

  now() + to_interval('100 days')
  -- Returns <datetime: 2017-06-18 01:00:00>
  

13.2.8. Fields and Values

Contains a list of fields from the active layer, and special values. Fields list includes the ones stored in the dataset, virtual and auxiliary ones as well as from joins.

Double-click a field name to have it added to your expression. You can also type the field name (preferably inside double quotes) or its alias.

To retrieve fields values to use in an expression, select the appropriate field and, in the shown widget, choose between 10 Samples and All Unique. Requested values are then displayed and you can use the Search box at the top of the list to filter the result. Sample values can also be accessed via right-clicking on a field.

To add a value to the expression you are writing, double-click on it in the list. If the value is of a string type, it should be simple quoted, otherwise no quote is needed.

13.2.8.1. NULL

Echivalează cu o valoare NULL.

Sintaxă	NULL
Exemple	NULL → o valoare NULL

Notă

To test for NULL use an IS NULL or IS NOT NULL expression.

13.2.9. Files and Paths Functions

Acest grup conține funcții care manipulează numele fișierelor și căilor.

13.2.9.1. base_file_name

Returnează numele de bază al fișierului, fără directorul sau sufixul fișierului.

Sintaxă	base_file_name(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	base_file_name('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → «country_boundaries»

13.2.9.2. exif

Preia valorile etichetelor exif dintr-un fișier imagine.

Sintaxă	exif(path, [tag]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	cale - O cale a unui fișier de tip imagine sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci se va folosi sursa fișierului stratului. tag - Eticheta de returnat. Dacă se lasă necompletat, atunci se va returna o hartă cu toate valorile etichetelor exif.
Exemple	exif('/my/photo.jpg','Exif.Image.Orientation') → 0

13.2.9.3. file_exists

Returnează TRUE dacă există o cale de fișier.

Sintaxă	file_exists(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	file_exists('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → TRUE

13.2.9.4. file_name

Returnează numele unui fișier (inclusiv extensia fișierului), excluzând directorul.

Sintaxă	file_name(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	file_name('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → «country_boundaries.shp»

13.2.9.5. file_path

Returnează directorul, din compunerea unei căi de fișier. Nu se include și numele fișierului.

Sintaxă	file_path(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	file_path('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → «/home/qgis/data»

13.2.9.6. file_size

Returnează dimensiunea (în octeți) a unui fișier.

Sintaxă	file_size(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	file_size('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.geojson') → 5674

13.2.9.7. file_suffix

Returnează sufixul fișierului (extensia) dintr-o cale de fișier.

Sintaxă	file_suffix(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	file_suffix('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → «shp»

13.2.9.8. is_directory

Returnează TRUE dacă o cale corespunde unui director.

Sintaxă	is_directory(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	is_directory('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → FALSE is_directory('/home/qgis/data/') → TRUE

13.2.9.9. is_file

Returns TRUE if a path corresponds to a file.

Sintaxă	is_file(path)
Argumente	path - o cale de fișier sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci va fi folosită sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	is_file('/home/qgis/data/country_boundaries.shp') → TRUE is_file('/home/qgis/data/') → FALSE

13.2.10. Form Functions

This group contains functions that operate exclusively under the attribute form context. For example, in field’s widgets settings.

13.2.10.1. current_parent_value

Only usable in an embedded form context, this function returns the current, unsaved value of a field in the parent form currently being edited. This will differ from the parent feature’s actual attribute values for features which are currently being edited or have not yet been added to a parent layer. When used in a value-relation widget filter expression, this function should be wrapped into a «coalesce()» that can retrieve the actual parent feature from the layer when the form is not used in an embedded context.

Sintaxă	current_parent_value(field_name)
Argumente	field_name - a field name in the current parent form
Exemple	current_parent_value( 'FIELD_NAME' ) → The current value of a field «FIELD_NAME» in the parent form.

13.2.10.2. current_value

Returns the current, unsaved value of a field in the form or table row currently being edited. This will differ from the feature’s actual attribute values for features which are currently being edited or have not yet been added to a layer.

Sintaxă	current_value(field_name)
Argumente	field_name - a field name in the current form or table row
Exemple	current_value( 'FIELD_NAME' ) → The current value of field «FIELD_NAME».

13.2.11. Funcții pentru Potrivirea Fuzzy

Acest grup conține funcții pentru comparații fuzzy între valori.

13.2.11.1. hamming_distance

Returns the Hamming distance between two strings. This equates to the number of characters at corresponding positions within the input strings where the characters are different. The input strings must be the same length, and the comparison is case-sensitive.

Sintaxă	hamming_distance(string1, string2)
Argumente	string1 - a string string2 - a string
Exemple	hamming_distance('abc','xec') → 2 hamming_distance('abc','ABc') → 2 hamming_distance(upper('abc'),upper('ABC')) → 0 hamming_distance('abc','abcd') → NULL

13.2.11.2. levenshtein

Returns the Levenshtein edit distance between two strings. This equates to the minimum number of character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one string to another.

The Levenshtein distance is a measure of the similarity between two strings. Smaller distances mean the strings are more similar, and larger distances indicate more different strings. The distance is case sensitive.

Sintaxă	levenshtein(string1, string2)
Argumente	string1 - a string string2 - a string
Exemple	levenshtein('kittens','mitten') → 2 levenshtein('Kitten','kitten') → 1 levenshtein(upper('Kitten'),upper('kitten')) → 0

13.2.11.3. longest_common_substring

Returns the longest common substring between two strings. This substring is the longest string that is a substring of the two input strings. For example, the longest common substring of „ABABC” and „BABCA” is „BABC”. The substring is case sensitive.

Sintaxă	longest_common_substring(string1, string2)
Argumente	string1 - a string string2 - a string
Exemple	longest_common_substring('ABABC','BABCA') → «BABC» longest_common_substring('abcDeF','abcdef') → «abc» longest_common_substring(upper('abcDeF'),upper('abcdex')) → «ABCDE»

13.2.11.4. soundex

Returns the Soundex representation of a string. Soundex is a phonetic matching algorithm, so strings with similar sounds should be represented by the same Soundex code.

Sintaxă	soundex(string)
Argumente	string - a string
Exemple	soundex('robert') → «R163» soundex('rupert') → «R163» soundex('rubin') → «R150»

13.2.12. Funcții Generale

This group contains general assorted functions.

13.2.12.1. env

Gets an environment variable and returns its content as a string. If the variable is not found, NULL will be returned. This is handy to inject system specific configuration like drive letters or path prefixes. Definition of environment variables depends on the operating system, please check with your system administrator or the operating system documentation how this can be set.

Sintaxă	env(name)
Argumente	name - The name of the environment variable which should be retrieved.
Exemple	env( 'LANG' ) → «en_US.UTF-8» env( 'MY_OWN_PREFIX_VAR' ) → «Z:» env( 'I_DO_NOT_EXIST' ) → NULL

13.2.12.2. eval

Evaluates an expression which is passed in a string. Useful to expand dynamic parameters passed as context variables or fields.

Sintaxă	eval(expression)
Argumente	expression - an expression string
Exemple	eval('\'nice\'') → «nice» eval(@expression_var) → [whatever the result of evaluating @expression_var might be…]

13.2.12.3. eval_template

Evaluates a template which is passed in a string. Useful to expand dynamic parameters passed as context variables or fields.

Sintaxă	eval_template(template)
Argumente	template - a template string
Exemple	eval_template('QGIS [% upper(\'rocks\') %]') → QGIS ROCKS

13.2.12.4. is_layer_visible

Returns TRUE if a specified layer is visible.

Sintaxă	is_layer_visible(layer)
Argumente	layer - a string, representing either a layer name or layer ID
Exemple	is_layer_visible('baseraster') → TRUE

13.2.12.5. mime_type

Returns the mime type of the binary data.

Sintaxă	mime_type(bytes)
Argumente	bytes - the binary data
Exemple	mime_type('<html><body></body></html>') → text/html mime_type(from_base64('R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAIAOw==')) → image/gif

13.2.12.6. var

Returns the value stored within a specified variable.

Sintaxă	var(name)
Argumente	name - a variable name
Exemple	var('qgis_version') → «2.12»

Mai multe detalii: Lista variabilelor implicite :ref:` <expression_variables>`

13.2.12.7. with_variable

This function sets a variable for any expression code that will be provided as 3rd argument. This is only useful for complicated expressions, where the same calculated value needs to be used in different places.

Sintaxă	with_variable(name, value, expression)
Argumente	name - the name of the variable to set value - the value to set expression - the expression for which the variable will be available
Exemple	with_variable('my_sum', 1 + 2 + 3, @my_sum * 2 + @my_sum * 5) → 42

13.2.13. Funcții Geometrice

This group contains functions that operate on geometry objects (e.g. buffer, transform, $area).

13.2.13.1. affine_transform

Returns the geometry after an affine transformation. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry. The operations are performed in a scale, rotation, translation order. If there is a Z or M offset but the coordinate is not present in the geometry, it will be added.

Sintaxă	affine_transform(geometry, delta_x, delta_y, rotation_z, scale_x, scale_y, [delta_z=0], [delta_m=0], [scale_z=1], [scale_m=1]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry delta_x - x-axis translation delta_y - y-axis translation rotation_z - rotation around z-axis in degrees counter-clockwise scale_x - x-axis scale factor scale_y - y-axis scale factor delta_z - z-axis translation delta_m - m-axis translation scale_z - z-axis scale factor scale_m - m-axis scale factor
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(affine_transform(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)'), 2, 2, 0, 1, 1)) → «LineString (3 3, 4 4)» geom_to_wkt(affine_transform(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((0 0, 0 3, 2 2, 0 0))'), 0, 0, -90, 1, 2)) → «Polygon ((0 0, 6 0, 4 -2, 0 0))» geom_to_wkt(affine_transform(geom_from_wkt('POINT(3 1)'), 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 5, 0)) → «PointZ (3 1 5)»

13.2.13.2. angle_at_vertex

Returns the bisector angle (average angle) to the geometry for a specified vertex on a linestring geometry. Angles are in degrees clockwise from north.

Sintaxă	angle_at_vertex(geometry, vertex)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring geometry vertex - vertex index, starting from 0; if the value is negative, the selected vertex index will be its total count minus the absolute value
Exemple	angle_at_vertex(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0, 10 10)'),vertex:=1) → 45.0

13.2.13.3. apply_dash_pattern

Applies a dash pattern to a geometry, returning a MultiLineString geometry which is the input geometry stroked along each line/ring with the specified pattern.

Sintaxă	apply_dash_pattern(geometry, pattern, [start_rule=no_rule], [end_rule=no_rule], [adjustment=both], [pattern_offset=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry (accepts (multi)linestrings or (multi)polygons). pattern - dash pattern, as an array of numbers representing dash and gap lengths. Must contain an even number of elements. start_rule - optional rule for constraining the start of the pattern. Valid values are «no_rule», «full_dash», «half_dash», «full_gap», «half_gap». end_rule - optional rule for constraining the end of the pattern. Valid values are «no_rule», «full_dash», «half_dash», «full_gap», «half_gap». adjustment - optional rule for specifying which part of patterns are adjusted to fit the desired pattern rules. Valid values are «both», «dash», «gap». pattern_offset - Optional distance specifying a specific distance along the pattern to commence at.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(apply_dash_pattern(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 10 1)'), array(3, 1))) → MultiLineString ((1 1, 4 1),(5 1, 8 1),(9 1, 10 1, 10 1)) geom_to_wkt(apply_dash_pattern(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 10 1)'), array(3, 1), start_rule:='half_dash')) → MultiLineString ((1 1, 2.5 1),(3.5 1, 6.5 1),(7.5 1, 10 1, 10 1))

13.2.13.4. $area

Returns the area of the current feature. The area calculated by this function respects both the current project’s ellipsoid setting and area unit settings. For example, if an ellipsoid has been set for the project then the calculated area will be ellipsoidal, and if no ellipsoid is set then the calculated area will be planimetric.

Sintaxă	$area
Exemple	$area → 42

13.2.13.5. area

Returns the area of a geometry polygon object. Calculations are always planimetric in the Spatial Reference System (SRS) of this geometry, and the units of the returned area will match the units for the SRS. This differs from the calculations performed by the $area function, which will perform ellipsoidal calculations based on the project’s ellipsoid and area unit settings.

Sintaxă	area(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - polygon geometry object
Exemple	area(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((0 0, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, 0 0))')) → 8.0

13.2.13.6. azimuth

Returns the north-based azimuth as the angle in radians measured clockwise from the vertical on point_a to point_b.

Sintaxă	azimuth(point_a, point_b)
Argumente	point_a - point geometry point_b - point geometry
Exemple	degrees( azimuth( make_point(25, 45), make_point(75, 100) ) ) → 42.273689 degrees( azimuth( make_point(75, 100), make_point(25,45) ) ) → 222.273689

13.2.13.7. boundary

Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of the geometry (ie the topological boundary of the geometry). For instance, a polygon geometry will have a boundary consisting of the linestrings for each ring in the polygon. Some geometry types do not have a defined boundary, e.g., points or geometry collections, and will return NULL.

Sintaxă	boundary(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(boundary(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))'))) → «LineString(1 1,0 0,-1 1,1 1)» geom_to_wkt(boundary(geom_from_wkt('LineString(1 1,0 0,-1 1)'))) → «MultiPoint ((1 1),(-1 1))»

Mai multe detalii: Boundary algorithm

13.2.13.8. bounds

Returns a geometry which represents the bounding box of an input geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	bounds(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	bounds($geometry) → bounding box of the current feature’s geometry geom_to_wkt(bounds(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))'))) → «Polygon ((-1 0, 1 0, 1 1, -1 1, -1 0))»

Fig. 13.4 Black lines represent the bounding boxes of each polygon feature

Mai multe detalii: Bounding boxes algorithm

13.2.13.9. bounds_height

Returns the height of the bounding box of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	bounds_height(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	bounds_height($geometry) → height of bounding box of the current feature’s geometry bounds_height(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))')) → 1

13.2.13.10. bounds_width

Returns the width of the bounding box of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	bounds_width(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	bounds_width($geometry) → width of bounding box of the current feature’s geometry bounds_width(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))')) → 2

13.2.13.11. buffer

Returns a geometry that represents all points whose distance from this geometry is less than or equal to distance. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	buffer(geometry, distance, [segments=8], [cap=»round»], [join=»round»], [miter_limit=2]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry distance - buffer distance in layer units segments - number of segments to use to represent a quarter circle when a round join style is used. A larger number results in a smoother buffer with more nodes. cap - end cap style for buffer. Valid values are «round», «flat» or «square» join - join style for buffer. Valid values are «round», «bevel» or «miter». miter_limit - miter distance limit, for use when the join style is set to «miter»
Exemple	buffer($geometry, 10.5) → polygon of the current feature’s geometry buffered by 10.5 units

Fig. 13.5 Buffer (in yellow) of points, line, polygon with positive buffer, and polygon with negative buffer

Mai multe detalii: Buffer algorithm

13.2.13.12. buffer_by_m

Creates a buffer along a line geometry where the buffer diameter varies according to the m-values at the line vertices.

Sintaxă	buffer_by_m(geometry, [segments=8]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - input geometry. Must be a (multi)line geometry with m values. segments - number of segments to approximate quarter-circle curves in the buffer.
Exemple	buffer_by_m(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LINESTRINGM(1 2 0.5, 4 2 0.2)'),segments:=8) → A variable width buffer starting with a diameter of 0.5 and ending with a diameter of 0.2 along the linestring geometry.

Fig. 13.6 Buffering line features using the m value on the vertices

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Variable width buffer (by M value)

13.2.13.13. centroid

Returns the geometric center of a geometry.

Sintaxă	centroid(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	centroid($geometry) → a point geometry

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Centroids

13.2.13.14. close_line

Returns a closed line string of the input line string by appending the first point to the end of the line, if it is not already closed. If the geometry is not a line string or multi line string then the result will be NULL.

Sintaxă	close_line(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a line string geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(close_line(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 0, 1 1)'))) → «LineString (0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0)» geom_to_wkt(close_line(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0)'))) → «LineString (0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0)»

13.2.13.15. closest_point

Returns the point on geometry1 that is closest to geometry2.

Sintaxă	closest_point(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - geometry to find closest point on geometry2 - geometry to find closest point to
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(closest_point(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (20 80, 98 190, 110 180, 50 75 )'),geom_from_wkt('POINT(100 100)'))) → «Point(73.0769 115.384)»

13.2.13.16. collect_geometries

Collects a set of geometries into a multi-part geometry object.

List of arguments variant

Geometry parts are specified as separate arguments to the function.

Sintaxă	collect_geometries(geometry1, geometry2, …)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(collect_geometries(make_point(1,2), make_point(3,4), make_point(5,6))) → «MultiPoint ((1 2),(3 4),(5 6))»

Array variant

Geometry parts are specified as an array of geometry parts.

Sintaxă	collect_geometries(array)
Argumente	array - array of geometry objects
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(collect_geometries(array(make_point(1,2), make_point(3,4), make_point(5,6)))) → «MultiPoint ((1 2),(3 4),(5 6))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Collect geometries

13.2.13.17. combine

Returns the combination of two geometries.

Sintaxă	combine(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( combine( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 2 1)' ) ) ) → «MULTILINESTRING((4 4, 2 1), (3 3, 4 4), (4 4, 5 5))» geom_to_wkt( combine( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 6 6, 2 1)' ) ) ) → «LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 6 6, 2 1)»

13.2.13.18. concave_hull

Returns a possibly concave polygon that contains all the points in the geometry

Sintaxă	concave_hull(geometry, target_percent, [allow_holes=False]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry target_percent - the percentage of area of the convex hull the solution tries to approach. A target_percent of 1 gives the same result as the convex hull. A target_percent between 0 and 0.99 produces a result that should have a smaller area than the convex hull. allow_holes - optional argument specifying whether to allow holes within the output geometry. Defaults to FALSE, set to TRUE to avoid including holes in the output geometry.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(concave_hull(geom_from_wkt('MULTILINESTRING((106 164,30 112,74 70,82 112,130 94,130 62,122 40,156 32,162 76,172 88),(132 178,134 148,128 136,96 128,132 108,150 130,170 142,174 110,156 96,158 90,158 88),(22 64,66 28,94 38,94 68,114 76,112 30,132 10,168 18,178 34,186 52,184 74,190 100,190 122,182 148,178 170,176 184,156 164,146 178,132 186,92 182,56 158,36 150,62 150,76 128,88 118))'), 0.99)) → «Polygon ((30 112, 36 150, 92 182, 132 186, 176 184, 190 122, 190 100, 186 52, 178 34, 168 18, 132 10, 112 30, 66 28, 22 64, 30 112))»

Mai multe detalii: convex_hull

13.2.13.19. contains

Tests whether a geometry contains another. Returns TRUE if and only if no points of geometry2 lie in the exterior of geometry1, and at least one point of the interior of geometry2 lies in the interior of geometry1.

Sintaxă	contains(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	contains( geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(0.5 0.5 )' ) ) → TRUE contains( geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_contains

13.2.13.20. convex_hull

Returns the convex hull of a geometry. It represents the minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set.

Sintaxă	convex_hull(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( convex_hull( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 4 10)' ) ) ) → «POLYGON((3 3, 4 10, 4 4, 3 3))»

Mai multe detalii: concave_hull, Convex hull algorithm

13.2.13.21. crosses

Tests whether a geometry crosses another. Returns TRUE if the supplied geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common.

Sintaxă	crosses(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	crosses( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 5, 4 4, 5 3)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE crosses( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_crosses

13.2.13.22. densify_by_count

Takes a polygon or line layer geometry and generates a new one in which the geometries have a larger number of vertices than the original one.

Sintaxă	densify_by_count(geometry, vertices)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry (accepts (multi)linestrings or (multi)polygons). vertices - number of vertices to add (per segment)
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(densify_by_count(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 10 1)'), 3)) → LineString (1 1, 3.25 1, 5.5 1, 7.75 1, 10 1)

Mai multe detalii: Densify by count algorithm

13.2.13.23. densify_by_distance

Takes a polygon or line layer geometry and generates a new one in which the geometries are densified by adding additional vertices on edges that have a maximum distance of the specified interval distance.

Sintaxă	densify_by_distance(geometry, distance)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry (accepts (multi)linestrings or (multi)polygons). distance - maximum interval distance between vertices in output geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(densify_by_distance(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 10 1)'), 4)) → LineString (1 1, 4 1, 7 1, 10 1)

Mai multe detalii: Densify by interval algorithm

13.2.13.24. difference

Returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry1 that does not intersect with geometry2.

Sintaxă	difference(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( difference( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4)' ) ) ) → «LINESTRING(4 4, 5 5)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Difference

13.2.13.25. disjoint

Tests whether geometries do not spatially intersect. Returns TRUE if the geometries do not share any space together.

Sintaxă	disjoint(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	disjoint( geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0 ))' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE disjoint( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 4)' )) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_disjoint

13.2.13.26. distance

Returns the minimum distance (based on spatial reference) between two geometries in projected units.

Sintaxă	distance(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	distance( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 4)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 8)' ) ) → 4

13.2.13.27. distance_to_vertex

Returns the distance along the geometry to a specified vertex.

Sintaxă	distance_to_vertex(geometry, vertex)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring geometry vertex - vertex index, starting from 0; if the value is negative, the selected vertex index will be its total count minus the absolute value
Exemple	distance_to_vertex(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0, 10 10)'),vertex:=1) → 10.0

13.2.13.28. end_point

Returns the last node from a geometry.

Sintaxă	end_point(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - geometry object
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(end_point(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(4 0, 4 2, 0 2)'))) → «Point (0 2)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Extract specific vertices

13.2.13.29. exif_geotag

Creates a point geometry from the exif geotags of an image file.

Sintaxă	exif_geotag(path)
Argumente	cale - O cale a unui fișier de tip imagine sau o valoare a unui strat de hartă. Dacă este specificată o valoare a unui strat de hartă, atunci se va folosi sursa fișierului stratului.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(exif_geotag('/my/photo.jpg')) → «Point (2 4)»

13.2.13.30. extend

Extends the start and end of a linestring geometry by a specified amount. Lines are extended using the bearing of the first and last segment in the line. For a multilinestring, all the parts are extended. Distances are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	extend(geometry, start_distance, end_distance)
Argumente	geometry - a (multi)linestring geometry start_distance - distance to extend the start of the line end_distance - distance to extend the end of the line.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(extend(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 1 0, 1 1)'),1,2)) → «LineString (-1 0, 1 0, 1 3)» geom_to_wkt(extend(geom_from_wkt('MultiLineString((0 0, 1 0, 1 1), (2 2, 0 2, 0 5))'),1,2)) → «MultiLineString ((-1 0, 1 0, 1 3),(3 2, 0 2, 0 7))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Extend lines

13.2.13.31. exterior_ring

Returns a line string representing the exterior ring of a polygon geometry. If the geometry is not a polygon then the result will be NULL.

Sintaxă	exterior_ring(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a polygon geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(exterior_ring(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1),( 0.1 0.1, 0.1 0.2, 0.2 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1 0.1))'))) → «LineString (-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1)»

13.2.13.32. extrude

Returns an extruded version of the input (Multi-)Curve or (Multi-)Linestring geometry with an extension specified by x and y.

Sintaxă	extrude(geometry, x, y)
Argumente	geometry - a curve or linestring geometry x - x extension, numeric value y - y extension, numeric value
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(extrude(geom_from_wkt('LineString(1 2, 3 2, 4 3)'), 1, 2)) → «Polygon ((1 2, 3 2, 4 3, 5 5, 4 4, 2 4, 1 2))» geom_to_wkt(extrude(geom_from_wkt('MultiLineString((1 2, 3 2), (4 3, 8 3))'), 1, 2)) → «MultiPolygon (((1 2, 3 2, 4 4, 2 4, 1 2)),((4 3, 8 3, 9 5, 5 5, 4 3)))»

13.2.13.33. flip_coordinates

Returns a copy of the geometry with the x and y coordinates swapped. Useful for repairing geometries which have had their latitude and longitude values reversed.

Sintaxă	flip_coordinates(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(flip_coordinates(make_point(1, 2))) → «Point (2 1)» geom_to_wkt(flip_coordinates(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 2, 1 0, 1 6)'))) → «LineString (2 0, 0 1, 6 1)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Swap X and Y coordinates

13.2.13.34. force_polygon_ccw

Forces a geometry to respect the convention where exterior rings are counter-clockwise, interior rings are clockwise.

Sintaxă	force_polygon_ccw(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry. Any non-polygon geometries are returned unchanged.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(force_polygon_ccw(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('Polygon ((-1 -1, 0 2, 4 2, 4 0, -1 -1))'))) → «Polygon ((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))»

Mai multe detalii: force_polygon_cw, force_rhr

13.2.13.35. force_polygon_cw

Forces a geometry to respect the convention where exterior rings are clockwise, interior rings are counter-clockwise.

Sintaxă	force_polygon_cw(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry. Any non-polygon geometries are returned unchanged.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(force_polygon_cw(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))'))) → «Polygon ((-1 -1, 0 2, 4 2, 4 0, -1 -1))»

Mai multe detalii: force_polygon_ccw, force_rhr

13.2.13.36. force_rhr

Forces a geometry to respect the Right-Hand-Rule, in which the area that is bounded by a polygon is to the right of the boundary. In particular, the exterior ring is oriented in a clockwise direction and the interior rings in a counter-clockwise direction. Due to the inconsistency in the definition of the Right-Hand-Rule in some contexts it is recommended to use the explicit force_polygon_cw function instead.

Sintaxă	force_rhr(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry. Any non-polygon geometries are returned unchanged.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(force_rhr(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))'))) → «Polygon ((-1 -1, 0 2, 4 2, 4 0, -1 -1))»

Mai multe detalii: Force right-hand-rule algorithm, force_polygon_ccw, force_polygon_cw

13.2.13.37. geom_from_gml

Returns a geometry from a GML representation of geometry.

Sintaxă	geom_from_gml(gml)
Argumente	gml - GML representation of a geometry as a string
Exemple	geom_from_gml('<gml:LineString srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:coordinates>4,4 5,5 6,6</gml:coordinates></gml:LineString>') → a line geometry object

13.2.13.38. geom_from_wkb

Returns a geometry created from a Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation.

Sintaxă	geom_from_wkb(binary)
Argumente	binary - Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of a geometry (as a binary blob)
Exemple	geom_from_wkb( geom_to_wkb( make_point(4,5) ) ) → a point geometry object

13.2.13.39. geom_from_wkt

Returns a geometry created from a Well-Known Text (WKT) representation.

Sintaxă	geom_from_wkt(text)
Argumente	text - Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of a geometry
Exemple	geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 5)' ) → a geometry object

13.2.13.40. geom_to_wkb

Returns the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of a geometry

Sintaxă	geom_to_wkb(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkb( $geometry ) → binary blob containing a geometry object

13.2.13.41. geom_to_wkt

Returns the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry without SRID metadata.

Sintaxă	geom_to_wkt(geometry, [precision=8]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry precision - numeric precision
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( make_point(6, 50) ) → «POINT(6 50)» geom_to_wkt(centroid(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))'))) → «POINT(0 0.66666667)» geom_to_wkt(centroid(geom_from_wkt('Polygon((1 1, 0 0, -1 1, 1 1))')), 2) → «POINT(0 0.67)»

13.2.13.42. $geometry

Returns the geometry of the current feature. Can be used for processing with other functions. WARNING: This function is deprecated. It is recommended to use the replacement @geometry variable instead.

Sintaxă	$geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( $geometry ) → «POINT(6 50)»

13.2.13.43. geometry

Returns a feature’s geometry.

Sintaxă	geometry(feature)
Argumente	feature - a feature object
Exemple	`` geometry( $currentfeature )`` → the geometry of the current feature. Prefer using $geometry. geom_to_wkt( geometry( get_feature_by_id( 'streets', 1 ) ) ) → the geometry in WKT of the feature with the id 1 on the layer „streets”, e.g. «POINT(6 50)» intersects( $geometry, geometry( get_feature( 'streets', 'name', 'Main St.' ) ) ) → TRUE if the current feature spatially intersects the «Main St.» named feature in the „streets” layer

13.2.13.44. geometry_n

Returns a specific geometry from a geometry collection, or NULL if the input geometry is not a collection. Also returns a part from a multipart geometry.

Sintaxă	geometry_n(geometry, index)
Argumente	geometry - geometry collection index - index of geometry to return, where 1 is the first geometry in the collection
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(geometry_n(geom_from_wkt('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 1), POINT(0 0), POINT(1 0), POINT(1 1))'),3)) → «Point (1 0)»

13.2.13.45. geometry_type

Returns a string value describing the type of a geometry (Point, Line or Polygon)

Sintaxă	geometry_type(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geometry_type( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(2 5, 3 6, 4 8)') ) → «Line» geometry_type( geom_from_wkt( 'MULTILINESTRING((2 5, 3 6, 4 8), (1 1, 0 0))') ) → «Line» geometry_type( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(2 5)') ) → «Point» geometry_type( geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))') ) → «Polygon»

13.2.13.46. hausdorff_distance

Returns the Hausdorff distance between two geometries. This is basically a measure of how similar or dissimilar 2 geometries are, with a lower distance indicating more similar geometries.

The function can be executed with an optional densify fraction argument. If not specified, an approximation to the standard Hausdorff distance is used. This approximation is exact or close enough for a large subset of useful cases. Examples of these are:

• computing distance between Linestrings that are roughly parallel to each other, and roughly equal in length. This occurs in matching linear networks.

• Testing similarity of geometries.

If the default approximate provided by this method is insufficient, specify the optional densify fraction argument. Specifying this argument performs a segment densification before computing the discrete Hausdorff distance. The parameter sets the fraction by which to densify each segment. Each segment will be split into a number of equal-length subsegments, whose fraction of the total length is closest to the given fraction. Decreasing the densify fraction parameter will make the distance returned approach the true Hausdorff distance for the geometries.

Sintaxă	hausdorff_distance(geometry1, geometry2, [densify_fraction]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry densify_fraction - densify fraction amount
Exemple	hausdorff_distance( geometry1:= geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (0 0, 2 1)'),geometry2:=geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (0 0, 2 0)')) → 2 hausdorff_distance( geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (130 0, 0 0, 0 150)'),geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (10 10, 10 150, 130 10)')) → 14.142135623 hausdorff_distance( geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (130 0, 0 0, 0 150)'),geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (10 10, 10 150, 130 10)'),0.5) → 70.0

13.2.13.47. inclination

Returns the inclination measured from the zenith (0) to the nadir (180) on point_a to point_b.

Sintaxă	inclination(point_a, point_b)
Argumente	point_a - point geometry point_b - point geometry
Exemple	inclination( make_point( 5, 10, 0 ), make_point( 5, 10, 5 ) ) → 0.0 inclination( make_point( 5, 10, 0 ), make_point( 5, 10, 0 ) ) → 90.0 inclination( make_point( 5, 10, 0 ), make_point( 50, 100, 0 ) ) → 90.0 inclination( make_point( 5, 10, 0 ), make_point( 5, 10, -5 ) ) → 180.0

13.2.13.48. interior_ring_n

Returns a specific interior ring from a polygon geometry, or NULL if the geometry is not a polygon.

Sintaxă	interior_ring_n(geometry, index)
Argumente	geometry - polygon geometry index - index of interior to return, where 1 is the first interior ring
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(interior_ring_n(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1),(-0.1 -0.1, 0.4 0, 0.4 0.2, 0 0.2, -0.1 -0.1),(-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))'),1)) → «LineString (-0.1 -0.1, 0.4 0, 0.4 0.2, 0 0.2, -0.1 -0.1))»

13.2.13.49. intersection

Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of two geometries.

Sintaxă	intersection(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( intersection( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4)' ) ) ) → «LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4)» geom_to_wkt( intersection( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'MULTIPOINT(3.5 3.5, 4 5)' ) ) ) → «POINT(3.5 3.5)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Intersection

13.2.13.50. intersects

Tests whether a geometry intersects another. Returns TRUE if the geometries spatially intersect (share any portion of space) and false if they do not.

Sintaxă	intersects(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	intersects( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 4)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE intersects( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(5 5)' ) ) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_intersects

13.2.13.51. intersects_bbox

Tests whether a geometry’s bounding box overlaps another geometry’s bounding box. Returns TRUE if the geometries spatially intersect the bounding box defined and false if they do not.

Sintaxă	intersects_bbox(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	intersects_bbox( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE intersects_bbox( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(6 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((3 3, 4 4, 5 5, 3 3))' ) ) → FALSE

13.2.13.52. is_closed

Returns TRUE if a line string is closed (start and end points are coincident), or false if a line string is not closed. If the geometry is not a line string then the result will be NULL.

Sintaxă	is_closed(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a line string geometry
Exemple	is_closed(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)')) → FALSE is_closed(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2, 0 0)')) → TRUE

13.2.13.53. is_empty

Returns TRUE if a geometry is empty (without coordinates), false if the geometry is not empty and NULL if there is no geometry. See also is_empty_or_null.

Sintaxă	is_empty(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	is_empty(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)')) → FALSE is_empty(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING EMPTY')) → TRUE is_empty(geom_from_wkt('POINT(7 4)')) → FALSE is_empty(geom_from_wkt('POINT EMPTY')) → TRUE

Mai multe detalii: is_empty_or_null

13.2.13.54. is_empty_or_null

Returns TRUE if a geometry is NULL or empty (without coordinates) or false otherwise. This function is like the expression «$geometry IS NULL or is_empty($geometry)»

Sintaxă	is_empty_or_null(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	is_empty_or_null(NULL) → TRUE is_empty_or_null(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)')) → FALSE is_empty_or_null(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING EMPTY')) → TRUE is_empty_or_null(geom_from_wkt('POINT(7 4)')) → FALSE is_empty_or_null(geom_from_wkt('POINT EMPTY')) → TRUE

Mai multe detalii: is_empty, NULL

13.2.13.55. is_multipart

Returns TRUE if the geometry is of Multi type.

Sintaxă	is_multipart(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	is_multipart(geom_from_wkt('MULTIPOINT ((0 0),(1 1),(2 2))')) → TRUE is_multipart(geom_from_wkt('POINT (0 0)')) → FALSE

13.2.13.56. is_valid

Returns TRUE if a geometry is valid; if it is well-formed in 2D according to the OGC rules.

Sintaxă	is_valid(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	is_valid(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2, 0 0)')) → TRUE is_valid(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0)')) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: make_valid, Check validity algorithm

13.2.13.57. $length

Returns the length of a linestring. If you need the length of a border of a polygon, use $perimeter instead. The length calculated by this function respects both the current project’s ellipsoid setting and distance unit settings. For example, if an ellipsoid has been set for the project then the calculated length will be ellipsoidal, and if no ellipsoid is set then the calculated length will be planimetric.

Sintaxă	$length
Exemple	$length → 42.4711

13.2.13.58. length

Returns the number of characters in a string or the length of a geometry linestring.

String variant

Returns the number of characters in a string.

Sintaxă	length(string)
Argumente	string - string to count length of
Exemple	length('hello') → 5

Geometry variant

Calculate the length of a geometry line object. Calculations are always planimetric in the Spatial Reference System (SRS) of this geometry, and the units of the returned length will match the units for the SRS. This differs from the calculations performed by the $length function, which will perform ellipsoidal calculations based on the project’s ellipsoid and distance unit settings.

Sintaxă	length(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - line geometry object
Exemple	length(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 4 0)')) → 4.0

Mai multe detalii: straight_distance_2d

13.2.13.59. length3D

Calculates the 3D length of a geometry line object. If the geometry is not a 3D line object, it returns its 2D length. Calculations are always planimetric in the Spatial Reference System (SRS) of this geometry, and the units of the returned length will match the units for the SRS. This differs from the calculations performed by the $length function, which will perform ellipsoidal calculations based on the project’s ellipsoid and distance unit settings.

Sintaxă	length3D(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - line geometry object
Exemple	length3D(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRINGZ(0 0 0, 3 0 4)')) → 5.0

13.2.13.60. line_interpolate_angle

Returns the angle parallel to the geometry at a specified distance along a linestring geometry. Angles are in degrees clockwise from north.

Sintaxă	line_interpolate_angle(geometry, distance)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring geometry distance - distance along line to interpolate angle at
Exemple	line_interpolate_angle(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'),distance:=5) → 90.0

13.2.13.61. line_interpolate_point

Returns the point interpolated by a specified distance along a linestring geometry.

Sintaxă	line_interpolate_point(geometry, distance)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring geometry distance - distance along line to interpolate
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(line_interpolate_point(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 8 0)'), distance:=5)) → «Point (5 0)» geom_to_wkt(line_interpolate_point(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 1 1, 2 0)'), distance:=2.1)) → «Point (1.48492424 0.51507576)» geom_to_wkt(line_interpolate_point(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 1 0)'), distance:=2)) → NULL

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Interpolate point on line

13.2.13.62. line_locate_point

Returns the distance along a linestring corresponding to the closest position the linestring comes to a specified point geometry.

Sintaxă	line_locate_point(geometry, point)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring geometry point - point geometry to locate closest position on linestring to
Exemple	line_locate_point(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'),point:=geom_from_wkt('Point(5 0)')) → 5.0

13.2.13.63. line_merge

Returns a LineString or MultiLineString geometry, where any connected LineStrings from the input geometry have been merged into a single linestring. This function will return NULL if passed a geometry which is not a LineString/MultiLineString.

Sintaxă	line_merge(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a LineString/MultiLineString geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(line_merge(geom_from_wkt('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1),(1 1, 2 2))'))) → «LineString(0 0,1 1,2 2)» geom_to_wkt(line_merge(geom_from_wkt('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 1 1),(11 1, 21 2))'))) → «MultiLineString((0 0, 1 1),(11 1, 21 2)»

13.2.13.64. line_substring

Returns the portion of a line (or curve) geometry which falls between the specified start and end distances (measured from the beginning of the line). Z and M values are linearly interpolated from existing values.

Sintaxă	line_substring(geometry, start_distance, end_distance)
Argumente	geometry - a linestring or curve geometry start_distance - distance to start of substring end_distance - distance to end of substring
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(line_substring(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'),start_distance:=2,end_distance:=6)) → «LineString (2 0,6 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Line substring

13.2.13.65. m

Returns the m (measure) value of a point geometry.

Sintaxă	m(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a point geometry
Exemple	m( geom_from_wkt( 'POINTM(2 5 4)' ) ) → 4

13.2.13.66. m_max

Returns the maximum m (measure) value of a geometry.

Sintaxă	m_max(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry containing m values
Exemple	m_max( make_point_m( 0,0,1 ) ) → 1 m_max(make_line( make_point_m( 0,0,1 ), make_point_m( -1,-1,2 ), make_point_m( -2,-2,0 ) ) ) → 2

13.2.13.67. m_min

Returns the minimum m (measure) value of a geometry.

Sintaxă	m_min(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry containing m values
Exemple	m_min( make_point_m( 0,0,1 ) ) → 1 m_min(make_line( make_point_m( 0,0,1 ), make_point_m( -1,-1,2 ), make_point_m( -2,-2,0 ) ) ) → 0

13.2.13.68. main_angle

Returns the angle of the long axis (clockwise, in degrees from North) of the oriented minimal bounding rectangle, which completely covers the geometry.

Sintaxă	main_angle(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	main_angle(geom_from_wkt('Polygon ((321577 129614, 321581 129618, 321585 129615, 321581 129610, 321577 129614))')) → 38.66

13.2.13.69. make_circle

Creates a circular polygon.

Sintaxă	make_circle(center, radius, [segments=36]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	center - center point of the circle radius - radius of the circle segments - optional argument for polygon segmentation. By default this value is 36
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_circle(make_point(10,10), 5, 4)) → «Polygon ((10 15, 15 10, 10 5, 5 10, 10 15))» geom_to_wkt(make_circle(make_point(10,10,5), 5, 4)) → «PolygonZ ((10 15 5, 15 10 5, 10 5 5, 5 10 5, 10 15 5))» geom_to_wkt(make_circle(make_point(10,10,5,30), 5, 4)) → «PolygonZM ((10 15 5 30, 15 10 5 30, 10 5 5 30, 5 10 5 30, 10 15 5 30))»

13.2.13.70. make_ellipse

Creates an elliptical polygon.

Sintaxă	make_ellipse(center, semi_major_axis, semi_minor_axis, azimuth, [segments=36]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	center - center point of the ellipse semi_major_axis - semi-major axis of the ellipse semi_minor_axis - semi-minor axis of the ellipse azimuth - orientation of the ellipse segments - optional argument for polygon segmentation. By default this value is 36
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_ellipse(make_point(10,10), 5, 2, 90, 4)) → «Polygon ((15 10, 10 8, 5 10, 10 12, 15 10))» geom_to_wkt(make_ellipse(make_point(10,10,5), 5, 2, 90, 4)) → «PolygonZ ((15 10 5, 10 8 5, 5 10 5, 10 12 5, 15 10 5))» geom_to_wkt(make_ellipse(make_point(10,10,5,30), 5, 2, 90, 4)) → «PolygonZM ((15 10 5 30, 10 8 5 30, 5 10 5 30, 10 12 5 30, 15 10 5 30))»

13.2.13.71. make_line

Creates a line geometry from a series of point geometries.

List of arguments variant

Line vertices are specified as separate arguments to the function.

Sintaxă	make_line(point1, point2, …)
Argumente	point - a point geometry (or array of points)
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_line(make_point(2,4),make_point(3,5))) → «LineString (2 4, 3 5)» geom_to_wkt(make_line(make_point(2,4),make_point(3,5),make_point(9,7))) → «LineString (2 4, 3 5, 9 7)»

Array variant

Line vertices are specified as an array of points.

Sintaxă	make_line(array)
Argumente	array - array of points
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_line(array(make_point(2,4),make_point(3,5),make_point(9,7)))) → «LineString (2 4, 3 5, 9 7)»

13.2.13.72. make_point

Creates a point geometry from an x and y (and optional z and m) value.

Sintaxă	make_point(x, y, [z], [m]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	x - x coordinate of point y - y coordinate of point z - optional z coordinate of point m - optional m value of point
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_point(2,4)) → «Point (2 4)» geom_to_wkt(make_point(2,4,6)) → «PointZ (2 4 6)» geom_to_wkt(make_point(2,4,6,8)) → «PointZM (2 4 6 8)»

13.2.13.73. make_point_m

Creates a point geometry from an x, y coordinate and m value.

Sintaxă	make_point_m(x, y, m)
Argumente	x - x coordinate of point y - y coordinate of point m - m value of point
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_point_m(2,4,6)) → «PointM (2 4 6)»

13.2.13.74. make_polygon

Creates a polygon geometry from an outer ring and optional series of inner ring geometries.

Sintaxă	make_polygon(outerRing, [innerRing1], [innerRing2], …) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	outerRing - closed line geometry for polygon’s outer ring innerRing - optional closed line geometry for inner ring
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_polygon(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING( 0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0 )'))) → «Polygon ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))» geom_to_wkt(make_polygon(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING( 0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0 )'),geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING( 0.1 0.1, 0.1 0.2, 0.2 0.2, 0.2 0.1, 0.1 0.1 )'),geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING( 0.8 0.8, 0.8 0.9, 0.9 0.9, 0.9 0.8, 0.8 0.8 )'))) → «Polygon ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0),(0.1 0.1, 0.1 0.2, 0.2 0.2, 0.2 0.1, 0.1 0.1),(0.8 0.8, 0.8 0.9, 0.9 0.9, 0.9 0.8, 0.8 0.8))»

13.2.13.75. make_rectangle_3points

Creates a rectangle from 3 points.

Sintaxă	make_rectangle_3points(point1, point2, point3, [option=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	point1 - First point. point2 - Second point. point3 - Third point. option - An optional argument to construct the rectangle. By default this value is 0. Value can be 0 (distance) or 1 (projected). Option distance: Second distance is equal to the distance between 2nd and 3rd point. Option projected: Second distance is equal to the distance of the perpendicular projection of the 3rd point on the segment or its extension.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_rectangle_3points(make_point(0, 0), make_point(0,5), make_point(5, 5), 0)) → «Polygon ((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0))» geom_to_wkt(make_rectangle_3points(make_point(0, 0), make_point(0,5), make_point(5, 3), 1)) → «Polygon ((0 0, 0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0))»

13.2.13.76. make_regular_polygon

Creates a regular polygon.

Sintaxă	make_regular_polygon(center, radius, number_sides, [circle=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	center - center of the regular polygon radius - second point. The first if the regular polygon is inscribed. The midpoint of the first side if the regular polygon is circumscribed. number_sides - Number of sides/edges of the regular polygon circle - Optional argument to construct the regular polygon. By default this value is 0. Value can be 0 (inscribed) or 1 (circumscribed)
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_regular_polygon(make_point(0,0), make_point(0,5), 5)) → «Polygon ((0 5, 4.76 1.55, 2.94 -4.05, -2.94 -4.05, -4.76 1.55, 0 5))» geom_to_wkt(make_regular_polygon(make_point(0,0), project(make_point(0,0), 4.0451, radians(36)), 5)) → «Polygon ((0 5, 4.76 1.55, 2.94 -4.05, -2.94 -4.05, -4.76 1.55, 0 5))»

13.2.13.77. make_square

Creates a square from a diagonal.

Sintaxă	make_square(point1, point2)
Argumente	point1 - First point of the diagonal point2 - Last point of the diagonal
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_square( make_point(0,0), make_point(5,5))) → «Polygon ((0 0, -0 5, 5 5, 5 0, 0 0))» geom_to_wkt(make_square( make_point(5,0), make_point(5,5))) → «Polygon ((5 0, 2.5 2.5, 5 5, 7.5 2.5, 5 0))»

13.2.13.78. make_triangle

Creates a triangle polygon.

Sintaxă	make_triangle(point1, point2, point3)
Argumente	point1 - first point of the triangle point2 - second point of the triangle point3 - third point of the triangle
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_triangle(make_point(0,0), make_point(5,5), make_point(0,10))) → «Triangle ((0 0, 5 5, 0 10, 0 0))» geom_to_wkt(boundary(make_triangle(make_point(0,0), make_point(5,5), make_point(0,10)))) → «LineString (0 0, 5 5, 0 10, 0 0)»

13.2.13.79. make_valid

Returns a valid geometry or an empty geometry if the geometry could not be made valid.

Sintaxă	make_valid(geometry, [method=structure], [keep_collapsed=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry method - repair algorithm. May be either «structure» or «linework». The «linework» option combines all rings into a set of noded lines and then extracts valid polygons from that linework. The «structure» method first makes all rings valid and then merges shells and subtracts holes from shells to generate valid result. Assumes that holes and shells are correctly categorized. keep_collapsed - if set to true, then components that have collapsed into a lower dimensionality will be kept. For example, a ring collapsing to a line, or a line collapsing to a point.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(make_valid(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((3 2, 4 1, 5 8, 3 2, 4 2))'))) → «Polygon ((3 2, 5 8, 4 1, 3 2))» geom_to_wkt(make_valid(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((3 2, 4 1, 5 8, 3 2, 4 2))'), 'linework')) → «GeometryCollection (Polygon ((5 8, 4 1, 3 2, 5 8)),LineString (3 2, 4 2))» geom_to_wkt(make_valid(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((3 2, 4 1, 5 8))'), method:='linework')) → «Polygon ((3 2, 4 1, 5 8, 3 2))» make_valid(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0)')) → An empty geometry

Mai multe detalii: is_valid, Fix geometries algorithm

13.2.13.80. minimal_circle

Returns the minimal enclosing circle of a geometry. It represents the minimum circle that encloses all geometries within the set.

Sintaxă	minimal_circle(geometry, [segments=36]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry segments - optional argument for polygon segmentation. By default this value is 36
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( minimal_circle( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(0 5, 0 -5, 2 1)' ), 4 ) ) → «Polygon ((0 5, 5 -0, -0 -5, -5 0, 0 5))» geom_to_wkt( minimal_circle( geom_from_wkt( 'MULTIPOINT(1 2, 3 4, 3 2)' ), 4 ) ) → «Polygon ((3 4, 3 2, 1 2, 1 4, 3 4))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Minimum enclosing circles

13.2.13.81. nodes_to_points

Returns a multipoint geometry consisting of every node in the input geometry.

Sintaxă	nodes_to_points(geometry, [ignore_closing_nodes=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - geometry object ignore_closing_nodes - optional argument specifying whether to include duplicate nodes which close lines or polygons rings. Defaults to false, set to true to avoid including these duplicate nodes in the output collection.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(nodes_to_points(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'))) → «MultiPoint ((0 0),(1 1),(2 2))» geom_to_wkt(nodes_to_points(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1))'),true)) → «MultiPoint ((-1 -1),(4 0),(4 2),(0 2))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Extract vertices

13.2.13.82. num_geometries

Returns the number of geometries in a geometry collection, or the number of parts in a multi-part geometry. The function returns NULL if the input geometry is not a collection.

Sintaxă	num_geometries(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - geometry collection or multi-part geometry
Exemple	num_geometries(geom_from_wkt('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 1), POINT(0 0), POINT(1 0), POINT(1 1))')) → 4 num_geometries(geom_from_wkt('MULTIPOINT((0 1), (0 0), (1 0))')) → 3

13.2.13.83. num_interior_rings

Returns the number of interior rings in a polygon or geometry collection, or NULL if the input geometry is not a polygon or collection.

Sintaxă	num_interior_rings(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - input geometry
Exemple	num_interior_rings(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1),(-0.1 -0.1, 0.4 0, 0.4 0.2, 0 0.2, -0.1 -0.1))')) → 1

13.2.13.84. num_points

Returns the number of vertices in a geometry.

Sintaxă	num_points(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	num_points($geometry) → number of vertices in the current feature’s geometry

13.2.13.85. num_rings

Returns the number of rings (including exterior rings) in a polygon or geometry collection, or NULL if the input geometry is not a polygon or collection.

Sintaxă	num_rings(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - input geometry
Exemple	num_rings(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((-1 -1, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, -1 -1),(-0.1 -0.1, 0.4 0, 0.4 0.2, 0 0.2, -0.1 -0.1))')) → 2

13.2.13.86. offset_curve

Returns a geometry formed by offsetting a linestring geometry to the side. Distances are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	offset_curve(geometry, distance, [segments=8], [join=1], [miter_limit=2.0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a (multi)linestring geometry distance - offset distance. Positive values will be buffered to the left of lines, negative values to the right segments - number of segments to use to represent a quarter circle when a round join style is used. A larger number results in a smoother line with more nodes. join - join style for corners, where 1 = round, 2 = miter and 3 = bevel miter_limit - limit on the miter ratio used for very sharp corners (when using miter joins only)
Exemple	offset_curve($geometry, 10.5) → line offset to the left by 10.5 units offset_curve($geometry, -10.5) → line offset to the right by 10.5 units offset_curve($geometry, 10.5, segments:=16, join:=1) → line offset to the left by 10.5 units, using more segments to result in a smoother curve offset_curve($geometry, 10.5, join:=3) → line offset to the left by 10.5 units, using a beveled join

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Offset lines

13.2.13.87. order_parts

Ordonează părțile unei MultiGeometrii după anumite criterii

Sintaxă	order_parts(geometry, orderby, [ascending=true]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a multi-type geometry orderby - an expression string defining the order criteria ascending - boolean, True for ascending, False for descending
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(order_parts(geom_from_wkt('MultiPolygon (((1 1, 5 1, 5 5, 1 5, 1 1)),((1 1, 9 1, 9 9, 1 9, 1 1)))'), 'area($geometry)', False)) → «MultiPolygon (((1 1, 9 1, 9 9, 1 9, 1 1)),((1 1, 5 1, 5 5, 1 5, 1 1)))» geom_to_wkt(order_parts(geom_from_wkt('LineString(1 2, 3 2, 4 3)'), '1', True)) → «LineString(1 2, 3 2, 4 3)»

13.2.13.88. oriented_bbox

Returns a geometry which represents the minimal oriented bounding box of an input geometry.

Sintaxă	oriented_bbox(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( oriented_bbox( geom_from_wkt( 'MULTIPOINT(1 2, 3 4, 3 2)' ) ) ) → «Polygon ((3 2, 3 4, 1 4, 1 2, 3 2))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Oriented minimum bounding box

13.2.13.89. overlaps

Tests whether a geometry overlaps another. Returns TRUE if the geometries share space, are of the same dimension, but are not completely contained by each other.

Sintaxă	overlaps(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	overlaps( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 5, 4 4, 5 5, 5 3)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE overlaps( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → FALSE

13.2.13.90. overlay_contains

Returns whether the current feature spatially contains at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer contained in the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Contains” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Contains function.

Sintaxă	overlay_contains(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_contains('regions') → TRUE if the current feature spatially contains a region overlay_contains('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature spatially contains a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_contains('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions contained in the current feature array_to_string(overlay_contains('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions contained in the current feature array_sort(overlay_contains(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor conținute în entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_contains(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions contained in the current feature

Mai multe detalii: contains, manipularea matricilor, algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.91. overlay_crosses

Returns whether the current feature spatially crosses at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer crossed by the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Crosses” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Crosses function.

Sintaxă	overlay_crosses(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_crosses('regions') → TRUE if the current feature spatially crosses a region overlay_crosses('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature spatially crosses a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_crosses('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions crossed by the current feature array_to_string(overlay_crosses('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions crossed by the current feature array_sort(overlay_crosses(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:= population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor traversate de entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_crosses(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions crossed by the current feature

Mai multe detalii: crosses, Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.92. overlay_disjoint

Returns whether the current feature is spatially disjoint from all the features of a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer that are disjoint from the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Disjoint” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Disjoint function.

Sintaxă	overlay_disjoint(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_disjoint('regions') → TRUE if the current feature is spatially disjoint from all the regions overlay_disjoint('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature is spatially disjoint from all the regions with a population greater than 10000 overlay_disjoint('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions spatially disjoint from the current feature array_to_string(overlay_disjoint('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions spatially disjoint from the current feature array_sort(overlay_disjoint(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor disjunse spațial de entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_disjoint(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions spatially disjoint from the current feature

Mai multe detalii: disjoint, Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.93. overlay_equals

Returns whether the current feature spatially equals to at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer that are spatially equal to the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Equals” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Equals function.

Sintaxă	overlay_equals(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_equals('regions') → TRUE if the current feature is spatially equal to a region overlay_equals('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature is spatially equal to a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_equals('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions spatially equal to the current feature array_to_string(overlay_equals('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions spatially equal to the current feature array_sort(overlay_equals(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor egale spațial cu entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_equals(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions spatially equal to the current feature

Mai multe detalii: Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.94. overlay_intersects

Returns whether the current feature spatially intersects at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer intersected by the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Intersects” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Intersects function.

Sintaxă	overlay_intersects(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false], [min_overlap], [min_inscribed_circle_radius], [return_details], [sort_by_intersection_size]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider) min_overlap - defines an optional exclusion filter: for polygons, a minimum area in current feature squared units for the intersection. If the intersection results in multiple polygons the intersection will be returned if at least one of the polygons has an area greater or equal to the value for lines, a minimum length in current feature units. If the intersection results in multiple lines the intersection will be returned if at least one of the lines has a length greater or equal to the value. min_inscribed_circle_radius - defines an optional exclusion filter (for polygons only): minimum radius in current feature units for the maximum inscribed circle of the intersection. If the intersection results in multiple polygons the intersection will be returned if at least one of the polygons has a radius for the maximum inscribed circle greater or equal to the value. Read more on the underlying GEOS predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_MaximumInscribedCircle function. This argument requires GEOS >= 3.9. return_details - Set this to true to return a list of maps containing (key names in quotes) the feature «id», the expression «result» and the «overlap» value. The «radius» of the maximum inscribed circle is also returned when the target layer is a polygon. Only valid when used with the expression parameter sort_by_intersection_size - only valid when used with an expression, set this to «des» to return the results ordered by the overlap value in descending order or set this to «asc» for ascending order.
Exemple	overlay_intersects('regions') → TRUE if the current feature spatially intersects a region overlay_intersects('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature spatially intersects a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_intersects('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions intersected by the current feature array_to_string(overlay_intersects('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions intersected by the current feature array_sort(overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor intersectate de entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions intersected by the current feature overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', min_overlap:=0.54) → TRUE if the current feature spatially intersects a region and the intersection area (of at least one of the parts in case of multipolygons) is greater or equal to 0.54 overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', min_inscribed_circle_radius:=0.54) → TRUE if the current feature spatially intersects a region and the intersection area maximum inscribed circle’s radius (of at least one of the parts in case of multipart) is greater or equal to 0.54 overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), return_details:=true) → an array of maps containing «id», «result», «overlap» and «radius» overlay_intersects(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), sort_by_intersection_size:='des') → an array of geometries (in WKT) ordered by the overlap value in descending order

Mai multe detalii: intersects, manipularea matricilor, algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.95. overlay_nearest

Returns whether the current feature has feature(s) from a target layer within a given distance, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer within a distance from the current feature.

Note: This function can be slow and consume a lot of memory for large layers.

Sintaxă	overlay_nearest(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit=1], [max_distance], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the target layer expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features in the target layer will be used. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, only the nearest feature will be returned. If set to -1, returns all the matching features. max_distance - an optional distance to limit the search of matching features. If not set, all the features in the target layer will be used. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_nearest('airports') → TRUE if the „airports” layer has at least one feature overlay_nearest('airports', max_distance:= 5000) → TRUE if there is an airport within a distance of 5000 map units from the current feature overlay_nearest('airports', name) → the name of the closest airport to the current feature, as an array array_to_string(overlay_nearest('airports', name)) → the name of the closest airport to the current feature, as a string overlay_nearest(layer:='airports', expression:= name, max_distance:= 5000) → numele celui mai apropiat aeroport, situat la o distanță de 5000 de unități de hartă față de entitatea curentă, sub formă de matrice overlay_nearest(layer:='airports', expression:='name', filter:= 'Use'='Civil', limit:=3) → o matrice cu nume, pentru până la cele mai apropiate trei aeroporturi civile, ordonată după distanță overlay_nearest(layer:='airports', expression:="name", limit:= -1, max_distance:= 5000) → an array of names, for all the airports within a distance of 5000 map units from the current feature, ordered by distance

Mai multe detalii: Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Join attributes by nearest

13.2.13.96. overlay_touches

Returns whether the current feature spatially touches at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer touched by the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Touches” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Touches function.

Sintaxă	overlay_touches(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_touches('regions') → TRUE if the current feature spatially touches a region overlay_touches('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature spatially touches a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_touches('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions touched by the current feature string_to_array(overlay_touches('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions touched by the current feature array_sort(overlay_touches(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor atinse de entitatea curentă, și cu o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_touches(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions touched by the current feature

Mai multe detalii: touches, Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.97. overlay_within

Returns whether the current feature is spatially within at least one feature from a target layer, or an array of expression-based results for the features in the target layer that contain the current feature.

Read more on the underlying GEOS „Within” predicate, as described in PostGIS ST_Within function.

Sintaxă	overlay_within(layer, [expression], [filter], [limit], [cache=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - the layer whose overlay is checked expression - an optional expression to evaluate on the features from the target layer. If not set, the function will just return a boolean indicating whether there is at least one match. filter - an optional expression to filter the target features to check. If not set, all the features will be checked. limit - an optional integer to limit the number of matching features. If not set, all the matching features will be returned. cache - set this to true to build a local spatial index (most of the time, this is unwanted, unless you are working with a particularly slow data provider)
Exemple	overlay_within('regions') → TRUE if the current feature is spatially within a region overlay_within('regions', filter:= population > 10000) → TRUE if the current feature is spatially within a region with a population greater than 10000 overlay_within('regions', name) → an array of names, for the regions containing the current feature array_to_string(overlay_within('regions', name)) → a string as a comma separated list of names, for the regions containing the current feature array_sort(overlay_within(layer:='regions', expression:='name', filter:=population > 10000)) → o matrice ordonată după numele regiunilor care conțin entitatea curentă, și au o populație de peste 10000 de locuitori overlay_within(layer:='regions', expression:= geom_to_wkt($geometry), limit:=2) → an array of geometries (in WKT), for up to two regions containing the current feature

Mai multe detalii: within, Gestionarea matricilor, Algoritmul Selectare după locație

13.2.13.98. $perimeter

Returns the perimeter length of the current feature. The perimeter calculated by this function respects both the current project’s ellipsoid setting and distance unit settings. For example, if an ellipsoid has been set for the project then the calculated perimeter will be ellipsoidal, and if no ellipsoid is set then the calculated perimeter will be planimetric.

Sintaxă	$perimeter
Exemple	$perimeter → 42

13.2.13.99. perimeter

Returns the perimeter of a geometry polygon object. Calculations are always planimetric in the Spatial Reference System (SRS) of this geometry, and the units of the returned perimeter will match the units for the SRS. This differs from the calculations performed by the $perimeter function, which will perform ellipsoidal calculations based on the project’s ellipsoid and distance unit settings.

Sintaxă	perimeter(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - polygon geometry object
Exemple	perimeter(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((0 0, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, 0 0))')) → 12.0

13.2.13.100. point_n

Returns a specific node from a geometry.

Sintaxă	point_n(geometry, index)
Argumente	geometry - geometry object index - index of node to return, where 1 is the first node; if the value is negative, the selected vertex index will be its total count minus the absolute value
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(point_n(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((0 0, 4 0, 4 2, 0 2, 0 0))'),2)) → «Point (4 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Extract specific vertices

13.2.13.101. point_on_surface

Returns a point guaranteed to lie on the surface of a geometry.

Sintaxă	point_on_surface(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	point_on_surface($geometry) → a point geometry

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Point on Surface

13.2.13.102. pole_of_inaccessibility

Calculates the approximate pole of inaccessibility for a surface, which is the most distant internal point from the boundary of the surface. This function uses the «polylabel» algorithm (Vladimir Agafonkin, 2016), which is an iterative approach guaranteed to find the true pole of inaccessibility within a specified tolerance. More precise tolerances require more iterations and will take longer to calculate.

Sintaxă	pole_of_inaccessibility(geometry, tolerance)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry tolerance - maximum distance between the returned point and the true pole location
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(pole_of_inaccessibility( geom_from_wkt('POLYGON((0 1, 0 9, 3 10, 3 3, 10 3, 10 1, 0 1))'), 0.1)) → «Point(1.546875 2.546875)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Pole of inaccessibility

13.2.13.103. project

Returns a point projected from a start point using a distance, a bearing (azimuth) and an elevation in radians.

Sintaxă	project(point, distance, azimuth, [elevation]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	point - start point distance - distance to project azimuth - azimuth in radians clockwise, where 0 corresponds to north elevation - angle of inclination in radians
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(project(make_point(1, 2), 3, radians(270))) → «Point(-2, 2)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Project points (Cartesian)

13.2.13.104. relate

Tests the Dimensional Extended 9 Intersection Model (DE-9IM) representation of the relationship between two geometries.

Relationship variant

Returns the Dimensional Extended 9 Intersection Model (DE-9IM) representation of the relationship between two geometries.

Sintaxă	relate(geometry, geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry geometry - a geometry
Exemple	relate( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(40 40,120 120)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(40 40,60 120)' ) ) → «FF1F00102»

Pattern match variant

Tests whether the DE-9IM relationship between two geometries matches a specified pattern.

Sintaxă	relate(geometry, geometry, pattern)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry geometry - a geometry pattern - DE-9IM pattern to match
Exemple	relate( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(40 40,120 120)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(40 40,60 120)' ), '**1F001**' ) → TRUE

13.2.13.105. reverse

Reverses the direction of a line string by reversing the order of its vertices.

Sintaxă	reverse(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(reverse(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'))) → «LINESTRING(2 2, 1 1, 0 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Inversează sensul liniei

13.2.13.106. rotate

Returns a rotated version of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	rotate(geometry, rotation, [center=NULL], [per_part=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry rotation - clockwise rotation in degrees center - rotation center point. If not specified, the center of the geometry’s bounding box is used. per_part - apply rotation per part. If true, then rotation will apply around the center of each part’s bounding box when the input geometry is multipart and an explicit rotation center point is not specified.
Exemple	rotate($geometry, 45, make_point(4, 5)) → geometry rotated 45 degrees clockwise around the (4, 5) point rotate($geometry, 45) → geometry rotated 45 degrees clockwise around the center of its bounding box

Fig. 13.7 Rotating features

13.2.13.107. roundness

Calculates how close a polygon shape is to a circle. The function Returns TRUE when the polygon shape is a perfect circle and 0 when it is completely flat.

Sintaxă	roundness(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a polygon
Exemple	round(roundness(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON(( 0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')), 3) → 0.785 round(roundness(geom_from_wkt('POLYGON(( 0 0, 0 0.1, 1 0.1, 1 0, 0 0))')), 3) → 0.260

Mai multe detalii: Roundness algorithm

13.2.13.108. scale

Returns a scaled version of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	scale(geometry, x_scale, y_scale, [center]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry x_scale - x-axis scaling factor y_scale - y-axis scaling factor center - scaling center point. If not specified, the center of the geometry’s bounding box is used.
Exemple	scale($geometry, 2, 0.5, make_point(4, 5)) → geometry scaled twice horizontally and halved vertically, around the (4, 5) point scale($geometry, 2, 0.5) → geometry twice horizontally and halved vertically, around the center of its bounding box

13.2.13.109. segments_to_lines

Returns a multi line geometry consisting of a line for every segment in the input geometry.

Sintaxă	segments_to_lines(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - geometry object
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(segments_to_lines(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'))) → «MultiLineString ((0 0, 1 1),(1 1, 2 2))»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Explode lines

13.2.13.110. shared_paths

Returns a collection containing paths shared by the two input geometries. Those going in the same direction are in the first element of the collection, those going in the opposite direction are in the second element. The paths themselves are given in the direction of the first geometry.

Sintaxă	shared_paths(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a LineString/MultiLineString geometry geometry2 - a LineString/MultiLineString geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(shared_paths(geom_from_wkt('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150)))'),geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(151 100,126 156.25,126 125,90 161, 76 175)'))) → «GeometryCollection (MultiLineString ((126 156.25, 126 125),(101 150, 90 161),(90 161, 76 175)),MultiLineString EMPTY)» geom_to_wkt(shared_paths(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(76 175,90 161,126 125,126 156.25,151 100)'),geom_from_wkt('MULTILINESTRING((26 125,26 200,126 200,126 125,26 125),(51 150,101 150,76 175,51 150))'))) → «GeometryCollection (MultiLineString EMPTY,MultiLineString ((76 175, 90 161),(90 161, 101 150),(126 125, 126 156.25)))»

13.2.13.111. shortest_line

Returns the shortest line joining geometry1 to geometry2. The resultant line will start at geometry1 and end at geometry2.

Sintaxă	shortest_line(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - geometry to find shortest line from geometry2 - geometry to find shortest line to
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(shortest_line(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING (20 80, 98 190, 110 180, 50 75 )'),geom_from_wkt('POINT(100 100)'))) → «LineString(73.0769 115.384, 100 100)»

13.2.13.112. simplify

Simplifies a geometry by removing nodes using a distance based threshold (ie, the Douglas Peucker algorithm). The algorithm preserves large deviations in geometries and reduces the number of vertices in nearly straight segments.

Sintaxă	simplify(geometry, tolerance)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry tolerance - maximum deviation from straight segments for points to be removed
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(simplify(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 5 0.1, 10 0)'),tolerance:=5)) → «LineString(0 0, 10 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Simplify

13.2.13.113. simplify_vw

Simplifies a geometry by removing nodes using an area based threshold (ie, the Visvalingam-Whyatt algorithm). The algorithm removes vertices which create small areas in geometries, e.g., narrow spikes or nearly straight segments.

Sintaxă	simplify_vw(geometry, tolerance)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry tolerance - a measure of the maximum area created by a node for the node to be removed
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(simplify_vw(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 5 0, 5.01 10, 5.02 0, 10 0)'),tolerance:=5)) → «LineString(0 0, 10 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Simplify

13.2.13.114. single_sided_buffer

Returns a geometry formed by buffering out just one side of a linestring geometry. Distances are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	single_sided_buffer(geometry, distance, [segments=8], [join=1], [miter_limit=2.0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a (multi)linestring geometry distance - buffer distance. Positive values will be buffered to the left of lines, negative values to the right segments - number of segments to use to represent a quarter circle when a round join style is used. A larger number results in a smoother buffer with more nodes. join - join style for corners, where 1 = round, 2 = miter and 3 = bevel miter_limit - limit on the miter ratio used for very sharp corners (when using miter joins only)
Exemple	single_sided_buffer($geometry, 10.5) → line buffered to the left by 10.5 units single_sided_buffer($geometry, -10.5) → line buffered to the right by 10.5 units single_sided_buffer($geometry, 10.5, segments:=16, join:=1) → line buffered to the left by 10.5 units, using more segments to result in a smoother buffer single_sided_buffer($geometry, 10.5, join:=3) → line buffered to the left by 10.5 units, using a beveled join

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Single sided buffer

13.2.13.115. sinuosity

Returns the sinuosity of a curve, which is the ratio of the curve length to the straight (2D) distance between its endpoints.

Sintaxă	sinuosity(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - Input curve (circularstring, linestring)
Exemple	round(sinuosity(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(2 0, 2 2, 3 2, 3 3)')), 3) → 1.265 sinuosity(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING( 3 1, 5 1)')) → 1.0

13.2.13.116. smooth

Smooths a geometry by adding extra nodes which round off corners in the geometry. If input geometries contain Z or M values, these will also be smoothed and the output geometry will retain the same dimensionality as the input geometry.

Sintaxă	smooth(geometry, [iterations=1], [offset=0.25], [min_length=-1], [max_angle=180]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry iterations - number of smoothing iterations to apply. Larger numbers result in smoother but more complex geometries. offset - value between 0 and 0.5 which controls how tightly the smoothed geometry follow the original geometry. Smaller values result in a tighter smoothing, larger values result in looser smoothing. min_length - minimum length of segments to apply smoothing to. This parameter can be used to avoid placing excessive additional nodes in shorter segments of the geometry. max_angle - maximum angle at node for smoothing to be applied (0-180). By lowering the maximum angle intentionally sharp corners in the geometry can be preserved. For instance, a value of 80 degrees will retain right angles in the geometry.
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(smooth(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 5 0, 5 5)'),iterations:=1,offset:=0.2,min_length:=-1,max_angle:=180)) → «LineString (0 0, 4 0, 5 1, 5 5)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Smooth

13.2.13.117. square_wave

Constructs square/rectangular waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	square_wave(geometry, wavelength, amplitude, [strict=False]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry wavelength - wavelength of square waveform amplitude - amplitude of square waveform strict - By default the wavelength argument is treated as a „maximum wavelength”, where the actual wavelength will be dynamically adjusted so that an exact number of square waves are created along the boundaries of the geometry. If the strict argument is set to true then the wavelength will be used exactly and an incomplete pattern may be used for the final waveform.
Exemple	square_wave(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 3, 1) → Square waves with wavelength 3 and amplitude 1 along the linestring

13.2.13.118. square_wave_randomized

Constructs randomized square/rectangular waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	square_wave_randomized(geometry, min_wavelength, max_wavelength, min_amplitude, max_amplitude, [seed=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry min_wavelength - minimum wavelength of waves max_wavelength - maximum wavelength of waves min_amplitude - minimum amplitude of waves max_amplitude - maximum amplitude of waves seed - specifies a random seed for generating waves. If the seed is 0, then a completely random set of waves will be generated.
Exemple	square_wave_randomized(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 2, 3, 0.1, 0.2) → Randomly sized square waves with wavelengths between 2 and 3 and amplitudes between 0.1 and 0.2 along the linestring

13.2.13.119. start_point

Returns the first node from a geometry.

Sintaxă	start_point(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - geometry object
Exemple	geom_to_wkt(start_point(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(4 0, 4 2, 0 2)'))) → «Point (4 0)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Extract specific vertices

13.2.13.120. straight_distance_2d

Returns the direct/euclidean distance between the first and last vertex of a geometry. The geometry must be a curve (circularstring, linestring).

Sintaxă	straight_distance_2d(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - The geometry.
Exemple	straight_distance_2d(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)')) → 1 round(straight_distance_2d(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 4, 3 5, 5 0)')), 3) → 5.657

Mai multe detalii: length

13.2.13.121. sym_difference

Returns a geometry that represents the portions of two geometries that do not intersect.

Sintaxă	sym_difference(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( sym_difference( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 8 8)' ) ) ) → «LINESTRING(5 5, 8 8)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Symmetrical difference

13.2.13.122. tapered_buffer

Creates a buffer along a line geometry where the buffer diameter varies evenly over the length of the line.

Sintaxă	tapered_buffer(geometry, start_width, end_width, [segments=8]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - input geometry. Must be a (multi)line geometry. start_width - width of buffer at start of line, end_width - width of buffer at end of line. segments - number of segments to approximate quarter-circle curves in the buffer.
Exemple	tapered_buffer(geometry:=geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(1 2, 4 2)'),start_width:=1,end_width:=2,segments:=8) → A tapered buffer starting with a diameter of 1 and ending with a diameter of 2 along the linestring geometry.

Fig. 13.8 Tapered buffer on line features

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Tapered buffers

13.2.13.123. touches

Tests whether a geometry touches another. Returns TRUE if the geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect.

Sintaxă	touches(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	touches( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(5 3, 4 4)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(3 3, 4 4, 5 5)' ) ) → TRUE touches( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(4 4)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(5 5)' ) ) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_touches

13.2.13.124. transform

Returns the geometry transformed from a source CRS to a destination CRS.

Sintaxă	transform(geometry, source_auth_id, dest_auth_id)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry source_auth_id - the source auth CRS ID dest_auth_id - the destination auth CRS ID
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( transform( make_point(488995.53240249, 7104473.38600835), 'EPSG:2154', 'EPSG:4326' ) ) → «POINT(0 51)»

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Reproject layer

13.2.13.125. translate

Returns a translated version of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry.

Sintaxă	translate(geometry, dx, dy)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry dx - delta x dy - delta y
Exemple	translate($geometry, 5, 10) → a geometry of the same type like the original one

Fig. 13.9 Translating features

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Translate

13.2.13.126. triangular_wave

Constructs triangular waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	triangular_wave(geometry, wavelength, amplitude, [strict=False]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry wavelength - wavelength of triangular waveform amplitude - amplitude of triangular waveform strict - By default the wavelength argument is treated as a „maximum wavelength”, where the actual wavelength will be dynamically adjusted so that an exact number of triangular waves are created along the boundaries of the geometry. If the strict argument is set to true then the wavelength will be used exactly and an incomplete pattern may be used for the final waveform.
Exemple	triangular_wave(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 3, 1) → Triangular waves with wavelength 3 and amplitude 1 along the linestring

13.2.13.127. triangular_wave_randomized

Constructs randomized triangular waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	triangular_wave_randomized(geometry, min_wavelength, max_wavelength, min_amplitude, max_amplitude, [seed=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry min_wavelength - minimum wavelength of waves max_wavelength - maximum wavelength of waves min_amplitude - minimum amplitude of waves max_amplitude - maximum amplitude of waves seed - specifies a random seed for generating waves. If the seed is 0, then a completely random set of waves will be generated.
Exemple	triangular_wave_randomized(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 2, 3, 0.1, 0.2) → Randomly sized triangular waves with wavelengths between 2 and 3 and amplitudes between 0.1 and 0.2 along the linestring

13.2.13.128. union

Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the geometries.

Sintaxă	union(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( union( make_point(4, 4), make_point(5, 5) ) ) → «MULTIPOINT(4 4, 5 5)»

13.2.13.129. wave

Constructs rounded (sine-like) waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	wave(geometry, wavelength, amplitude, [strict=False]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry wavelength - wavelength of sine-like waveform amplitude - amplitude of sine-like waveform strict - By default the wavelength argument is treated as a „maximum wavelength”, where the actual wavelength will be dynamically adjusted so that an exact number of waves are created along the boundaries of the geometry. If the strict argument is set to true then the wavelength will be used exactly and an incomplete pattern may be used for the final waveform.
Exemple	wave(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 3, 1) → Sine-like waves with wavelength 3 and amplitude 1 along the linestring

13.2.13.130. wave_randomized

Constructs randomized curved (sine-like) waves along the boundary of a geometry.

Sintaxă	wave_randomized(geometry, min_wavelength, max_wavelength, min_amplitude, max_amplitude, [seed=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	geometry - a geometry min_wavelength - minimum wavelength of waves max_wavelength - maximum wavelength of waves min_amplitude - minimum amplitude of waves max_amplitude - maximum amplitude of waves seed - specifies a random seed for generating waves. If the seed is 0, then a completely random set of waves will be generated.
Exemple	wave_randomized(geom_from_wkt('LineString(0 0, 10 0)'), 2, 3, 0.1, 0.2) → Randomly sized curved waves with wavelengths between 2 and 3 and amplitudes between 0.1 and 0.2 along the linestring

13.2.13.131. wedge_buffer

Returns a wedge shaped buffer originating from a point geometry.

Sintaxă	wedge_buffer(center, azimuth, width, outer_radius, [inner_radius=0.0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	center - center point (origin) of buffer. Must be a point geometry. azimuth - angle (in degrees) for the middle of the wedge to point. width - buffer width (in degrees). Note that the wedge will extend to half of the angular width either side of the azimuth direction. outer_radius - outer radius for buffers inner_radius - optional inner radius for buffers
Exemple	wedge_buffer(center:=geom_from_wkt('POINT(1 2)'),azimuth:=90,width:=180,outer_radius:=1) → A wedge shaped buffer centered on the point (1,2), facing to the East, with a width of 180 degrees and outer radius of 1.

Mai multe detalii: Algoritmul Create wedge buffers

13.2.13.132. within

Tests whether a geometry is within another. Returns TRUE if the geometry1 is completely within geometry2.

Sintaxă	within(geometry1, geometry2)
Argumente	geometry1 - a geometry geometry2 - a geometry
Exemple	within( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT( 0.5 0.5)' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))' ) ) → TRUE within( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT( 5 5 )' ), geom_from_wkt( 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0 ))' ) ) → FALSE

Mai multe detalii: overlay_within

13.2.13.133. $x

Returns the x coordinate of the current point feature. If the feature is a multipoint feature, then the x-coordinate of the first point will be returned.

Sintaxă	$x
Exemple	$x → 42

13.2.13.134. x

Returns the x coordinate of a point geometry, or the x coordinate of the centroid for a non-point geometry.

Sintaxă	x(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	x( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(2 5)' ) ) → 2 x( $geometry ) → x coordinate of the current feature’s centroid

13.2.13.135. $x_at

Retrieves a x coordinate of the current feature’s geometry.

Sintaxă	$x_at(i)
Argumente	i - index of point of a line (indices start at 0; negative values apply from the last index, starting at -1)
Exemple	$x_at(1) → 5

13.2.13.136. x_max

Returns the maximum x coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the spatial reference system of this geometry.

Sintaxă	x_max(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	x_max( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(2 5, 3 6, 4 8)') ) → 4

13.2.13.137. x_min

Returns the minimum x coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the spatial reference system of this geometry.

Sintaxă	x_min(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	x_min( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(2 5, 3 6, 4 8)') ) → 2

13.2.13.138. $y

Returns the y coordinate of the current point feature. If the feature is a multipoint feature, then the y-coordinate of the first point will be returned.

Sintaxă	$y
Exemple	$y → 42

13.2.13.139. y

Returns the y coordinate of a point geometry, or the y coordinate of the centroid for a non-point geometry.

Sintaxă	y(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	y( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT(2 5)' ) ) → 5 y( $geometry ) → y coordinate of the current feature’s centroid

13.2.13.140. $y_at

Retrieves a y coordinate of the current feature’s geometry.

Sintaxă	$y_at(i)
Argumente	i - index of point of a line (indices start at 0; negative values apply from the last index, starting at -1)
Exemple	$y_at(1) → 2

13.2.13.141. y_max

Returns the maximum y coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the spatial reference system of this geometry.

Sintaxă	y_max(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	y_max( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(2 5, 3 6, 4 8)') ) → 8

13.2.13.142. y_min

Returns the minimum y coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the spatial reference system of this geometry.

Sintaxă	y_min(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry
Exemple	y_min( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING(2 5, 3 6, 4 8)') ) → 5

13.2.13.143. $z

Returns the z value of the current point feature if it is 3D. If the feature is a multipoint feature, then the z value of the first point will be returned.

Sintaxă	$z
Exemple	$z → 123

13.2.13.144. z

Returns the z coordinate of a point geometry, or NULL if the geometry has no z value.

Sintaxă	z(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a point geometry
Exemple	z( geom_from_wkt( 'POINTZ(2 5 7)' ) ) → 7

13.2.13.145. z_max

Returns the maximum z coordinate of a geometry, or NULL if the geometry has no z value.

Sintaxă	z_max(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry with z coordinate
Exemple	z_max( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT ( 0 0 1 )' ) ) → 1 z_max( geom_from_wkt( 'MULTIPOINT ( 0 0 1 , 1 1 3 )' ) ) → 3 z_max( make_line( make_point( 0,0,0 ), make_point( -1,-1,-2 ) ) ) → 0 z_max( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING( 0 0 0, 1 0 2, 1 1 -1 )' ) ) → 2 z_max( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT ( 0 0 )' ) ) → NULL

13.2.13.146. z_min

Returns the minimum z coordinate of a geometry, or NULL if the geometry has no z value.

Sintaxă	z_min(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - a geometry with z coordinate
Exemple	z_min( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT ( 0 0 1 )' ) ) → 1 z_min( geom_from_wkt( 'MULTIPOINT ( 0 0 1 , 1 1 3 )' ) ) → 1 z_min( make_line( make_point( 0,0,0 ), make_point( -1,-1,-2 ) ) ) → -2 z_min( geom_from_wkt( 'LINESTRING( 0 0 0, 1 0 2, 1 1 -1 )' ) ) → -1 z_min( geom_from_wkt( 'POINT ( 0 0 )' ) ) → NULL

13.2.14. Layout Functions

This group contains functions to manipulate print layout items properties.

13.2.14.1. item_variables

Returns a map of variables from a layout item inside this print layout.

Sintaxă	item_variables(id)
Argumente	id - layout item ID
Exemple	map_get( item_variables('Map 0'), 'map_scale') → scale of the item «Map 0» in the current print layout

Mai multe detalii: Lista variabilelor implicite :ref:` <expression_variables>`

13.2.14.2. map_credits

Returns a list of credit (usage rights) strings for the layers shown in a layout map item.

Sintaxă	map_credits(id, [include_layer_names=false], [layer_name_separator=»: «]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	id - map item ID include_layer_names - Set to true to include layer names before their credit strings layer_name_separator - String to insert between layer names and their credit strings, if include_layer_names is true
Exemple	array_to_string( map_credits( 'Main Map' ) ) → comma separated list of layer credits for layers shown in the «Main Map» layout item, e.g «CC-BY-NC, CC-BY-SA» array_to_string( map_credits( 'Main Map', include_layer_names := true, layer_name_separator := ': ' ) ) → comma separated list of layer names and their credits for layers shown in the «Main Map» layout item, e.g. «Railway lines: CC-BY-NC, Basemap: CC-BY-SA»

This function requires the Access metadata properties of the layers to have been filled.

13.2.15. Map Layers

This group contains a list of the available layers in the current project and, for each layer, their fields (stored in the dataset, virtual or auxiliary ones as well as from joins). The fields can be interacted the same way as mentioned in Fields and Values, except that a double-click will add the name as a string (single quoted) to the expression instead of as a field reference given that they do not belong to the active layer. This offers a convenient way to write expressions referring to different layers, such as when performing aggregates, attribute or spatial queries.

It also provides some convenient functions to manipulate layers.

13.2.15.1. decode_uri

Takes a layer and decodes the uri of the underlying data provider. It depends on the dataprovider, which data is available.

Sintaxă	decode_uri(layer, [part]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - The layer for which the uri should be decoded. part - The part of the uri to return. If unspecified, a map with all uri parts will be returned.
Exemple	decode_uri(@layer) → {«layerId»: «0», «layerName»: «», «path»: «/home/qgis/shapefile.shp»} decode_uri(@layer) → {«layerId»: NULL, «layerName»: «layer», «path»: «/home/qgis/geopackage.gpkg»} decode_uri(@layer, 'path') → «C:\my_data\qgis\shape.shp»

13.2.15.2. layer_property

Returns a matching layer property or metadata value.

Sintaxă	layer_property(layer, property)
Argumente	layer - a string, representing either a layer name or layer ID property - a string corresponding to the property to return. Valid options are: name: layer name id: layer ID title: metadata title string abstract: metadata abstract string keywords: metadata keywords data_url: metadata URL attribution: metadata attribution string attribution_url: metadata attribution URL source: layer source min_scale: minimum display scale for layer max_scale: maximum display scale for layer is_editable: if layer is in edit mode crs: layer CRS crs_definition: layer CRS full definition crs_description: layer CRS description extent: layer extent (as a geometry object) distance_units: layer distance units type: layer type, e.g., Vector or Raster storage_type: storage format (vector layers only) geometry_type: geometry type, e.g., Point (vector layers only) feature_count: approximate feature count for layer (vector layers only) path: File path to the layer data source. Only available for file based layers.
Exemple	layer_property('streets','title') → «Basemap Streets» layer_property('airports','feature_count') → 120 layer_property('landsat','crs') → «EPSG:4326»

Mai multe detalii: vector, raster and mesh layer properties

13.2.16. Maps Functions

This group contains functions to create or manipulate keys and values of map data structures (also known as dictionary objects, key-value pairs, or associative arrays). Unlike the list data structure where values order matters, the order of the key-value pairs in the map object is not relevant and values are identified by their keys.

13.2.16.1. from_json

Încarcă un șir formatat JSON.

Sintaxă	from_json(string)
Argumente	string - șir JSON
Exemple	from_json('{"qgis":"rocks"}') → { «qgis»: «rocks» } from_json('[1,2,3]') → [1,2,3]

13.2.16.2. hstore_to_map

Creează o hartă dintr-un șir formatat în hstore.

Sintaxă	hstore_to_map(string)
Argumente	string - șirul de intrare
Exemple	hstore_to_map('qgis=>rocks') → { «qgis»: «rocks» }

13.2.16.3. map

Returnează o hartă care conține toate cheile și valorile transmise ca pereche de parametri.

Sintaxă	map(key1, value1, key2, value2, …)
Argumente	key - o cheie (șir) value - o valoare
Exemple	map('1','one','2', 'two') → { «1»: «one», «2»: «two» } map('1','one','2', 'two')['1'] → «one»

13.2.16.4. map_akeys

Returnează toate cheile unei hărți într-un tablou.

Sintaxă	map_akeys(map)
Argumente	map - o hartă
Exemple	map_akeys(map('1','one','2','two')) → [ «1», «2» ]

13.2.16.5. map_avals

Returnează toate valorile unei hărți într-o matrice.

Sintaxă	map_avals(map)
Argumente	map - o hartă
Exemple	map_avals(map('1','one','2','two')) → [ «one», «two» ]

13.2.16.6. map_concat

Returnează o hartă care conține toate intrările hărților date. Dacă două hărți conțin aceeași cheie, se ia valoarea celei de-a doua hărți.

Sintaxă	map_concat(map1, map2, …)
Argumente	map - o hartă
Exemple	map_concat(map('1','one', '2','overridden'),map('2','two', '3','three')) → { «1»: «one», «2»: «two», «3»: «three» }

13.2.16.7. map_delete

Returnează o hartă cu cheia dată și valoarea ștearsă corespunzătoare ei.

Sintaxă	map_delete(map, key)
Argumente	map - o hartă key - cheia de șters
Exemple	map_delete(map('1','one','2','two'),'2') → { «1»: «one» }

13.2.16.8. map_exist

Returns TRUE if the given key exists in the map.

Sintaxă	map_exist(map, key)
Argumente	map - o hartă key - cheia de căutare
Exemple	map_exist(map('1','one','2','two'),'3') → FALSE

13.2.16.9. map_get

Returnează valoarea unei hărți, având în vedere cheia acesteia. Returnează NULL atunci când cheia nu există.

Sintaxă	map_get(map, key)
Argumente	map - o hartă key - cheia de căutare
Exemple	map_get(map('1','one','2','two'),'2') → «two» map_get( item_variables('Map 0'), 'map_scale') → scara elementului «Map 0» (dacă există) în compoziția curentă

Sugestie

You can also use the index operator ([]) to get a value from a map.

13.2.16.10. map_insert

Returnează o hartă cu o cheie/o valoare adăugată. Atunci când cheia există deja, valoarea acesteia este suprascrisă.

Sintaxă	map_insert(map, key, value)
Argumente	map - o hartă key - cheia de adăugat value - valoarea de adăugat
Exemple	map_insert(map('1','one'),'3','three') → { «1»: «one», «3»: «three» } map_insert(map('1','one','2','overridden'),'2','two') → { «1»: «one», «2»: «two» }

13.2.16.11. map_prefix_keys

Returns a map with all keys prefixed by a given string.

Sintaxă	map_prefix_keys(map, prefix)
Argumente	map - o hartă prefix - a string
Exemple	map_prefix_keys(map('1','one','2','two'), 'prefix-') → { «prefix-1»: «one», «prefix-2»: «two» }

13.2.16.12. map_to_hstore

Îmbină elementele hărții într-un șir formatat hstore.

Sintaxă	map_to_hstore(map)
Argumente	map - harta de intrare
Exemple	map_to_hstore(map('qgis','rocks')) → «„qgis”=>”rocks”»

13.2.16.13. to_json

Creează un șir formatat JSON dintr-o hartă, matrice sau altă valoare.

Sintaxă	to_json(value)
Argumente	value - valoarea de intrare
Exemple	to_json(map('qgis','rocks')) → {„qgis”:”rocks”} to_json(array(1,2,3)) → [1,2,3]

13.2.16.14. url_encode

Returns an URL encoded string from a map. Transforms all characters in their properly-encoded form producing a fully-compliant query string.

Note that the plus sign «+» is not converted.

Sintaxă	url_encode(map)
Argumente	map - a map.
Exemple	url_encode(map('a&+b', 'a and plus b', 'a=b', 'a equals b')) → «a%26+b=a%20and%20plus%20b&a%3Db=a%20equals%20b»

13.2.17. Funcțiile Matematice

Acest grup conține funcții matematice (ex.: rădăcina pătrată, sin și cos).

13.2.17.1. abs

Returns the absolute value of a number.

Sintaxă	abs(value)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	abs(-2) → 2

13.2.17.2. acos

Returns the inverse cosine of a value in radians.

Sintaxă	acos(value)
Argumente	value - cosine of an angle in radians
Exemple	acos(0.5) → 1.0471975511966

13.2.17.3. asin

Returns the inverse sine of a value in radians.

Sintaxă	asin(value)
Argumente	value - sine of an angle in radians
Exemple	asin(1.0) → 1.5707963267949

13.2.17.4. atan

Returns the inverse tangent of a value in radians.

Sintaxă	atan(value)
Argumente	value - tan of an angle in radians
Exemple	atan(0.5) → 0.463647609000806

13.2.17.5. atan2

Returns the inverse tangent of dy/dx by using the signs of the two arguments to determine the quadrant of the result.

Sintaxă	atan2(dy, dx)
Argumente	dy - y coordinate difference dx - x coordinate difference
Exemple	atan2(1.0, 1.732) → 0.523611477769969

13.2.17.6. ceil

Rounds a number upwards.

Sintaxă	ceil(value)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	ceil(4.9) → 5 ceil(-4.9) → -4

13.2.17.7. clamp

Restricts an input value to a specified range.

Sintaxă	clamp(minimum, input, maximum)
Argumente	minimum - the smallest value input is allowed to take. input - a value which will be restricted to the range specified by minimum and maximum maximum - the largest value input is allowed to take
Exemple	clamp(1,5,10) → 5 input is between 1 and 10 so is returned unchanged clamp(1,0,10) → 1 input is less than minimum value of 1, so function returns 1 clamp(1,11,10) → 10 input is greater than maximum value of 10, so function returns 10

13.2.17.8. cos

Returns cosine of an angle.

Sintaxă	cos(angle)
Argumente	angle - angle in radians
Exemple	cos(1.571) → 0.000796326710733263

13.2.17.9. degrees

Converts from radians to degrees.

Sintaxă	degrees(radians)
Argumente	radians - numeric value
Exemple	degrees(3.14159) → 180 degrees(1) → 57.2958

13.2.17.10. exp

Returns exponential of an value.

Sintaxă	exp(value)
Argumente	value - number to return exponent of
Exemple	exp(1.0) → 2.71828182845905

13.2.17.11. floor

Rounds a number downwards.

Sintaxă	floor(value)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	floor(4.9) → 4 floor(-4.9) → -5

13.2.17.12. ln

Returns the natural logarithm of a value.

Sintaxă	ln(value)
Argumente	value - numeric value
Exemple	ln(1) → 0 ln(2.7182818284590452354) → 1

13.2.17.13. log

Returns the value of the logarithm of the passed value and base.

Sintaxă	log(base, value)
Argumente	base - any positive number value - any positive number
Exemple	log(2, 32) → 5 log(0.5, 32) → -5

13.2.17.14. log10

Returns the value of the base 10 logarithm of the passed expression.

Sintaxă	log10(value)
Argumente	value - any positive number
Exemple	log10(1) → 0 log10(100) → 2

13.2.17.15. max

Returns the largest value in a set of values.

Sintaxă	max(value1, value2, …)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	max(2,10.2,5.5) → 10.2 max(20.5,NULL,6.2) → 20.5

13.2.17.16. min

Returns the smallest value in a set of values.

Sintaxă	min(value1, value2, …)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	min(20.5,10,6.2) → 6.2 min(2,-10.3,NULL) → -10.3

13.2.17.17. pi

Returns value of pi for calculations.

Sintaxă	pi()
Exemple	pi() → 3.14159265358979

13.2.17.18. radians

Converts from degrees to radians.

Sintaxă	radians(degrees)
Argumente	degrees - numeric value
Exemple	radians(180) → 3.14159 radians(57.2958) → 1

13.2.17.19. rand

Returns a random integer within the range specified by the minimum and maximum argument (inclusive). If a seed is provided, the returned will always be the same, depending on the seed.

Sintaxă	rand(min, max, [seed=NULL]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	min - an integer representing the smallest possible random number desired max - an integer representing the largest possible random number desired seed - any value to use as seed
Exemple	rand(1, 10) → 8

13.2.17.20. randf

Returns a random float within the range specified by the minimum and maximum argument (inclusive). If a seed is provided, the returned will always be the same, depending on the seed.

Sintaxă	randf([min=0.0], [max=1.0], [seed=NULL]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	min - an float representing the smallest possible random number desired max - an float representing the largest possible random number desired seed - any value to use as seed
Exemple	randf(1, 10) → 4.59258286403147

13.2.17.21. round

Rounds a number to number of decimal places.

Sintaxă	round(value, [places=0]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	value - decimal number to be rounded places - Optional integer representing number of places to round decimals to. Can be negative.
Exemple	round(1234.567, 2) → 1234.57 round(1234.567) → 1235 round(1234.567, -1) → 1230

13.2.17.22. scale_exp

Transforms a given value from an input domain to an output range using an exponential curve. This function can be used to ease values in or out of the specified output range.

Sintaxă	scale_exp(value, domain_min, domain_max, range_min, range_max, exponent)
Argumente	value - A value in the input domain. The function will return a corresponding scaled value in the output range. domain_min - Specifies the minimum value in the input domain, the smallest value the input value should take. domain_max - Specifies the maximum value in the input domain, the largest value the input value should take. range_min - Specifies the minimum value in the output range, the smallest value which should be output by the function. range_max - Specifies the maximum value in the output range, the largest value which should be output by the function. exponent - A positive value (greater than 0), which dictates the way input values are mapped to the output range. Large exponents will cause the output values to «ease in», starting slowly before accelerating as the input values approach the domain maximum. Smaller exponents (less than 1) will cause output values to «ease out», where the mapping starts quickly but slows as it approaches the domain maximum.
Exemple	scale_exp(5,0,10,0,100,2) → 25 easing in, using an exponent of 2 scale_exp(3,0,10,0,100,0.5) → 54.772 easing out, using an exponent of 0.5

13.2.17.23. scale_linear

Transforms a given value from an input domain to an output range using linear interpolation.

Sintaxă	scale_linear(value, domain_min, domain_max, range_min, range_max)
Argumente	value - A value in the input domain. The function will return a corresponding scaled value in the output range. domain_min - Specifies the minimum value in the input domain, the smallest value the input value should take. domain_max - Specifies the maximum value in the input domain, the largest value the input value should take. range_min - Specifies the minimum value in the output range, the smallest value which should be output by the function. range_max - Specifies the maximum value in the output range, the largest value which should be output by the function.
Exemple	scale_linear(5,0,10,0,100) → 50 scale_linear(0.2,0,1,0,360) → 72 scaling a value between 0 and 1 to an angle between 0 and 360 scale_linear(1500,1000,10000,9,20) → 9.6111111 scaling a population which varies between 1000 and 10000 to a font size between 9 and 20

13.2.17.24. sin

Returns the sine of an angle.

Sintaxă	sin(angle)
Argumente	angle - angle in radians
Exemple	sin(1.571) → 0.999999682931835

13.2.17.25. sqrt

Returns square root of a value.

Sintaxă	sqrt(value)
Argumente	value - a number
Exemple	sqrt(9) → 3

13.2.17.26. tan

Returns the tangent of an angle.

Sintaxă	tan(angle)
Argumente	angle - angle in radians
Exemple	tan(1.0) → 1.5574077246549

13.2.18. Meshes Functions

This group contains functions which calculate or return mesh related values.

13.2.18.1. $face_area

Returns the area of the current mesh face. The area calculated by this function respects both the current project’s ellipsoid setting and area unit settings. For example, if an ellipsoid has been set for the project then the calculated area will be ellipsoidal, and if no ellipsoid is set then the calculated area will be planimetric.

Sintaxă	$face_area
Exemple	$face_area → 42

13.2.18.2. $face_index

Returns the index of the current mesh face.

Sintaxă	$face_index
Exemple	$face_index → 4581

13.2.18.3. $vertex_as_point

Returns the current vertex as a point geometry.

Sintaxă	$vertex_as_point
Exemple	geom_to_wkt( $vertex_as_point ) → «POINT(800 1500 41)»

13.2.18.4. $vertex_index

Returns the index of the current mesh vertex.

Sintaxă	$vertex_index
Exemple	$vertex_index → 9874

13.2.18.5. $vertex_x

Returns the X coordinate of the current mesh vertex.

Sintaxă	$vertex_x
Exemple	$vertex_x → 42.12

13.2.18.6. $vertex_y

Returns the Y coordinate of the current mesh vertex.

Sintaxă	$vertex_y
Exemple	$vertex_y → 12.24

13.2.18.7. $vertex_z

Returns the Z value of the current mesh vertex.

Sintaxă	$vertex_z
Exemple	$vertex_z → 42

13.2.19. Operatori

Acest grup cuprinde operatorii (ex.: +, -, *). De notat că pentru majoritatea funcțiilor matematice de mai jos, în cazul în care una dintre intrări are valoarea NULL, atunci rezultatul este NULL.

13.2.19.1. %

Remainder of division. Takes the sign of the dividend.

Sintaxă	a % b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	9 % 2 → 1 9 % -2 → 1 -9 % 2 → -1 5 % NULL → NULL

13.2.19.2. *

Multiplication of two values

Sintaxă	a * b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 * 4 → 20 5 * NULL → NULL

13.2.19.3. +

Addition of two values. If one of the values is NULL the result will be NULL.

Sintaxă	a + b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 + 4 → 9 5 + NULL → NULL 'QGIS ' + 'ROCKS' → «QGIS ROCKS» to_datetime('2020-08-01 12:00:00') + '1 day 2 hours' → 2020-08-02T14:00:00

Mai multe detalii: concat, ||

13.2.19.4. -

Subtraction of two values. If one of the values is NULL the result will be NULL.

Sintaxă	a - b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 - 4 → 1 5 - NULL → NULL to_datetime('2012-05-05 12:00:00') - to_interval('1 day 2 hours') → 2012-05-04T10:00:00

13.2.19.5. /

Division of two values

Sintaxă	a / b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 / 4 → 1.25 5 / NULL → NULL

13.2.19.6. <

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is less than the right value.

Sintaxă	a < b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 < 4 → FALSE 5 < 5 → FALSE 4 < 5 → TRUE

13.2.19.7. <=

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is less or equal than the right value.

Sintaxă	a <= b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 <= 4 → FALSE 5 <= 5 → TRUE 4 <= 5 → TRUE

13.2.19.8. <>

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if they are not equal.

Sintaxă	a <> b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 <> 4 → TRUE 4 <> 4 → FALSE 5 <> NULL → NULL NULL <> NULL → NULL

13.2.19.9. =

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if they are equal.

Sintaxă	a = b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 = 4 → FALSE 4 = 4 → TRUE 5 = NULL → NULL NULL = NULL → NULL

13.2.19.10. >

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is greater than the right value.

Sintaxă	a > b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 > 4 → TRUE 5 > 5 → FALSE 4 > 5 → FALSE

13.2.19.11. >=

Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is greater or equal than the right value.

Sintaxă	a >= b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 >= 4 → TRUE 5 >= 5 → TRUE 4 >= 5 → FALSE

13.2.19.12. AND

Returns TRUE when conditions a and b are true.

Sintaxă	a AND b
Argumente	a - condition b - condition
Exemple	TRUE AND TRUE → TRUE TRUE AND FALSE → FALSE 4 = 2+2 AND 1 = 1 → TRUE 4 = 2+2 AND 1 = 2 → FALSE

13.2.19.13. BETWEEN

Returns TRUE if value is within the specified range. The range is considered inclusive of the bounds. To test for exclusion NOT BETWEEN can be used.

Sintaxă	value BETWEEN lower_bound AND higher_bound
Argumente	value - the value to compare with a range. It can be a string, a number or a date. lower_bound AND higher_bound - range bounds
Exemple	'B' BETWEEN 'A' AND 'C' → TRUE 2 BETWEEN 1 AND 3 → TRUE 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 3 → TRUE 'B' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c' → FALSE lower('B') BETWEEN 'a' AND 'b' → TRUE

Notă

value BETWEEN lower_bound AND higher_bound is the same as „value >= lower_bound AND value <= higher_bound”.

Mai multe detalii: NOT BETWEEN

13.2.19.14. ILIKE

Returns TRUE if the first parameter matches case-insensitive the supplied pattern. LIKE can be used instead of ILIKE to make the match case-sensitive. Works with numbers also.

Sintaxă	string/number ILIKE pattern
Argumente	string/number - string to search pattern - pattern to find, you can use «%» as a wildcard, «_» as a single char and «\\» to escape these special characters.
Exemple	'A' ILIKE 'A' → TRUE 'A' ILIKE 'a' → TRUE 'A' ILIKE 'B' → FALSE 'ABC' ILIKE 'b' → FALSE 'ABC' ILIKE 'B' → FALSE 'ABC' ILIKE '_b_' → TRUE 'ABC' ILIKE '_B_' → TRUE 'ABCD' ILIKE '_b_' → FALSE 'ABCD' ILIKE '_B_' → FALSE 'ABCD' ILIKE '_b%' → TRUE 'ABCD' ILIKE '_B%' → TRUE 'ABCD' ILIKE '%b%' → TRUE 'ABCD' ILIKE '%B%' → TRUE 'ABCD%' ILIKE 'abcd\\%' → TRUE 'ABCD' ILIKE '%B\\%' → FALSE

13.2.19.15. IN

Returns TRUE if value is found within a list of values.

Sintaxă	a IN b
Argumente	a - value b - list of values
Exemple	'A' IN ('A','B') → TRUE 'A' IN ('C','B') → FALSE

13.2.19.16. IS

Returns TRUE if a is the same as b.

Sintaxă	a IS b
Argumente	a - any value b - any value
Exemple	'A' IS 'A' → TRUE 'A' IS 'a' → FALSE 4 IS 4 → TRUE 4 IS 2+2 → TRUE 4 IS 2 → FALSE $geometry IS NULL → 0, if your geometry is not NULL

13.2.19.17. IS NOT

Returns TRUE if a is not the same as b.

Sintaxă	a IS NOT b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	'a' IS NOT 'b' → TRUE 'a' IS NOT 'a' → FALSE 4 IS NOT 2+2 → FALSE

13.2.19.18. LIKE

Returns TRUE if the first parameter matches the supplied pattern. Works with numbers also.

Sintaxă	string/number LIKE pattern
Argumente	string/number - value pattern - pattern to compare value with, you can use «%» as a wildcard, «_» as a single char and «\\» to escape these special characters.
Exemple	'A' LIKE 'A' → TRUE 'A' LIKE 'a' → FALSE 'A' LIKE 'B' → FALSE 'ABC' LIKE 'B' → FALSE 'ABC' LIKE '_B_' → TRUE 'ABCD' LIKE '_B_' → FALSE 'ABCD' LIKE '_B%' → TRUE 'ABCD' LIKE '%B%' → TRUE '1%' LIKE '1\\%' → TRUE '1_' LIKE '1\\%' → FALSE

13.2.19.19. NOT

Negates a condition.

Sintaxă	NOT a
Argumente	a - condition
Exemple	NOT 1 → FALSE NOT 0 → TRUE

13.2.19.20. NOT BETWEEN

Returns TRUE if value is not within the specified range. The range is considered inclusive of the bounds.

Sintaxă	value NOT BETWEEN lower_bound AND higher_bound
Argumente	value - the value to compare with a range. It can be a string, a number or a date. lower_bound AND higher_bound - range bounds
Exemple	'B' NOT BETWEEN 'A' AND 'C' → FALSE 1.0 NOT BETWEEN 1.1 AND 1.2 → TRUE 2 NOT BETWEEN 2 AND 3 → FALSE 'B' NOT BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c' → TRUE lower('B') NOT BETWEEN 'a' AND 'b' → FALSE

Notă

value NOT BETWEEN lower_bound AND higher_bound is the same as „value < lower_bound OR value > higher_bound”.

Mai multe detalii: BETWEEN

13.2.19.21. OR

Returns TRUE when condition a or b is true.

Sintaxă	a OR b
Argumente	a - condition b - condition
Exemple	4 = 2+2 OR 1 = 1 → TRUE 4 = 2+2 OR 1 = 2 → TRUE 4 = 2   OR 1 = 2 → FALSE

13.2.19.22. []

Index operator. Returns an element from an array or map value.

Sintaxă	[index]
Argumente	index - array index or map key value
Exemple	array(1,2,3)[0] → 1 array(1,2,3)[2] → 3 array(1,2,3)[-1] → 3 map('a',1,'b',2)['a'] → 1 map('a',1,'b',2)['b'] → 2

Mai multe detalii: array_get, map_get

13.2.19.23. ^

Power of two values.

Sintaxă	a ^ b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	5 ^ 4 → 625 5 ^ NULL → NULL

13.2.19.24. ||

Joins two values together into a string.

If one of the values is NULL the result will be NULL. See the CONCAT function for a different behavior.

Sintaxă	a || b
Argumente	a - value b - value
Exemple	'Here' || ' and ' || 'there' → «Here and there» 'Nothing' || NULL → NULL 'Dia: ' || "Diameter" → «Dia: 25» 1 || 2 → «12»

Mai multe detalii: concat, +

13.2.19.25. ~

Performs a regular expression match on a string value. Backslash characters must be double escaped (e.g., „\\s” to match a white space character).

Sintaxă	string ~ regex
Argumente	string - A string value regex - A regular expression. Slashes must be escaped, eg \\d.
Exemple	'hello' ~ 'll' → TRUE 'hello' ~ '^ll' → FALSE 'hello' ~ 'llo$' → TRUE 'abc123' ~ '\\d+' → TRUE

Mai multe detalii: regexp_match

13.2.20. Processing Functions

This group contains functions that operate on processing algorithms.

13.2.20.1. parameter

Returns the value of a processing algorithm input parameter.

Sintaxă	parameter(name)
Argumente	name - name of the corresponding input parameter
Exemple	parameter('BUFFER_SIZE') → 5.6

13.2.21. Rasters Functions

This group contains functions to operate on raster layer.

13.2.21.1. raster_statistic

Returns statistics from a raster layer.

Sintaxă	raster_statistic(layer, band, property)
Argumente	layer - a string, representing either a raster layer name or layer ID band - integer representing the band number from the raster layer, starting at 1 property - a string corresponding to the property to return. Valid options are: min: minimum value max: maximum value avg: average (mean) value stdev: standard deviation of values range: range of values (max - min) sum: sum of all values from raster
Exemple	raster_statistic('lc',1,'avg') → Average value from band 1 from «lc» raster layer raster_statistic('ac2010',3,'min') → Minimum value from band 3 from «ac2010» raster layer

13.2.21.2. raster_value

Returns the raster value found at the provided point.

Sintaxă	raster_value(layer, band, point)
Argumente	layer - the name or id of a raster layer band - the band number to sample the value from. point - point geometry (for multipart geometries having more than one part, a NULL value will be returned)
Exemple	raster_value('dem', 1, make_point(1,1)) → 25

13.2.22. Record and Attributes Functions

Acest grup conține funcții care operează asupra identificatorilor de înregistrare.

13.2.22.1. attribute

Returns an attribute from a feature.

Variant 1

Returns the value of an attribute from the current feature.

Sintaxă	attribute(attribute_name)
Argumente	attribute_name - name of attribute to be returned
Exemple	attribute( 'name' ) → value stored in «name» attribute for the current feature

Variant 2

Allows the target feature and attribute name to be specified.

Sintaxă	attribute(feature, attribute_name)
Argumente	feature - a feature attribute_name - name of attribute to be returned
Exemple	attribute( @atlas_feature, 'name' ) → value stored in «name» attribute for the current atlas feature

13.2.22.2. attributes

Returns a map containing all attributes from a feature, with field names as map keys.

Variant 1

Returns a map of all attributes from the current feature.

Sintaxă	attributes()
Exemple	attributes()['name'] → value stored in «name» attribute for the current feature

Variant 2

Allows the target feature to be specified.

Sintaxă	attributes(feature)
Argumente	feature - a feature
Exemple	attributes( @atlas_feature )['name'] → value stored in «name» attribute for the current atlas feature

Mai multe detalii: Maps Functions

13.2.22.3. $currentfeature

Returns the current feature being evaluated. This can be used with the «attribute» function to evaluate attribute values from the current feature. WARNING: This function is deprecated. It is recommended to use the replacement @feature variable instead.

Sintaxă	$currentfeature
Exemple	attribute( $currentfeature, 'name' ) → value stored in «name» attribute for the current feature

13.2.22.4. display_expression

Returns the display expression for a given feature in a layer. The expression is evaluated by default. Can be used with zero, one or more arguments, see below for details.

No parameters

If called with no parameters, the function will evaluate the display expression of the current feature in the current layer.

Sintaxă	display_expression()
Exemple	display_expression() → The display expression of the current feature in the current layer.

One «feature» parameter

If called with a «feature» parameter only, the function will evaluate the specified feature from the current layer.

Sintaxă	display_expression(feature)
Argumente	feature - The feature which should be evaluated.
Exemple	display_expression(@atlas_feature) → The display expression of the current atlas feature.

Layer and feature parameters

If the function is called with both a layer and a feature, it will evaluate the specified feature from the specified layer.

Sintaxă	display_expression(layer, feature, [evaluate=true]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - The layer (or its ID or name) feature - The feature which should be evaluated. evaluate - If the expression must be evaluated. If false, the expression will be returned as a string literal only (which could potentially be later evaluated using the «eval» function).
Exemple	display_expression( 'streets', get_feature_by_id('streets', 1)) → The display expression of the feature with the ID 1 on the layer «streets». display_expression('a_layer_id', $currentfeature, 'False') → The display expression of the given feature not evaluated.

13.2.22.5. get_feature

Returns the first feature of a layer matching a given attribute value.

Single value variant

Along with the layer ID, a single column and value are specified.

Sintaxă	get_feature(layer, attribute, value)
Argumente	layer - layer name or ID attribute - attribute name to use for the match value - attribute value to match
Exemple	get_feature('streets','name','main st') → first feature found in „streets” layer with „main st” value in the „name” field

Map variant

Along with the layer ID, a map containing the columns (key) and their respective value to be used.

Sintaxă	get_feature(layer, attribute)
Argumente	layer - layer name or ID attribute - Map containing the column and value pairs to use
Exemple	get_feature('streets',map('name','main st','lane_num','4')) → first feature found in „streets” layer with „main st” value in the „name” field and „4” value in the „lane_num” field

13.2.22.6. get_feature_by_id

Returns the feature with an id on a layer.

Sintaxă	get_feature_by_id(layer, feature_id)
Argumente	layer - layer, layer name or layer id feature_id - the id of the feature which should be returned
Exemple	get_feature_by_id('streets', 1) → the feature with the id 1 on the layer „streets”

Mai multe detalii: $id

13.2.22.7. $id

Returns the feature id of the current row. WARNING: This function is deprecated. It is recommended to use the replacement @id variable instead.

Sintaxă	$id
Exemple	$id → 42

13.2.22.8. is_selected

Returns TRUE if a feature is selected. Can be used with zero, one or two arguments, see below for details.

No parameters

If called with no parameters, the function will return TRUE if the current feature in the current layer is selected.

Sintaxă	is_selected()
Exemple	is_selected() → TRUE if the current feature in the current layer is selected.

One «feature» parameter

If called with a «feature» parameter only, the function returns TRUE if the specified feature from the current layer is selected.

Sintaxă	is_selected(feature)
Argumente	feature - The feature which should be checked for selection.
Exemple	is_selected(@atlas_feature) → TRUE if the current atlas feature is selected. is_selected(get_feature('streets', 'name', 'Main St.')) → TRUE if the unique named „Main St.” feature on the active „streets” layer is selected. is_selected(get_feature_by_id('streets', 1)) → TRUE if the feature with the id 1 on the active „streets” layer is selected.

Two parameters

If the function is called with both a layer and a feature, it will return TRUE if the specified feature from the specified layer is selected.

Sintaxă	is_selected(layer, feature)
Argumente	layer - The layer (its ID or name) on which the selection will be checked. feature - The feature which should be checked for selection.
Exemple	is_selected( 'streets', get_feature('streets', 'name', "street_name")) → TRUE if the current building’s street is selected (assuming the building layer has a field named «street_name» and the «streets» layer has a field called «name» with unique values). is_selected( 'streets', get_feature_by_id('streets', 1)) → TRUE if the feature with the id 1 on the „streets” layer is selected.

13.2.22.9. maptip

Returns the maptip for a given feature in a layer. The expression is evaluated by default. Can be used with zero, one or more arguments, see below for details.

No parameters

If called with no parameters, the function will evaluate the maptip of the current feature in the current layer.

Sintaxă	maptip()
Exemple	maptip() → The maptip of the current feature in the current layer.

One «feature» parameter

If called with a «feature» parameter only, the function will evaluate the specified feature from the current layer.

Sintaxă	maptip(feature)
Argumente	feature - The feature which should be evaluated.
Exemple	maptip(@atlas_feature) → The maptip of the current atlas feature.

Layer and feature parameters

If the function is called with both a layer and a feature, it will evaluate the specified feature from the specified layer.

Sintaxă	maptip(layer, feature, [evaluate=true]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - The layer (or its ID or name) feature - The feature which should be evaluated. evaluate - If the expression must be evaluated. If false, the expression will be returned as a string literal only (which could potentially be later evaluated using the «eval_template» function).
Exemple	maptip('streets', get_feature_by_id('streets', 1)) → The maptip of the feature with the ID 1 on the layer «streets». maptip('a_layer_id', $currentfeature, 'False') → The maptip of the given feature not evaluated.

13.2.22.10. num_selected

Returns the number of selected features on a given layer. By default works on the layer on which the expression is evaluated.

Sintaxă	num_selected([layer=current layer]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	layer - The layer (or its id or name) on which the selection will be checked.
Exemple	num_selected() → The number of selected features on the current layer. num_selected('streets') → The number of selected features on the layer streets

13.2.22.11. represent_attributes

Returns a map with the attribute names as keys and the configured representation values as values. The representation value for the attributes depends on the configured widget type for each attribute. Can be used with zero, one or more arguments, see below for details.

No parameters

If called with no parameters, the function will return the representation of the attributes of the current feature in the current layer.

Sintaxă	represent_attributes()
Exemple	represent_attributes() → The representation of the attributes for the current feature.

One «feature» parameter

If called with a «feature» parameter only, the function will return the representation of the attributes of the specified feature from the current layer.

Sintaxă	represent_attributes(feature)
Argumente	feature - The feature which should be evaluated.
Exemple	represent_attributes(@atlas_feature) → The representation of the attributes for the specified feature from the current layer.

Layer and feature parameters

If called with a «layer» and a «feature» parameter, the function will return the representation of the attributes of the specified feature from the specified layer.

Sintaxă	represent_attributes(layer, feature)
Argumente	layer - The layer (or its ID or name). feature - The feature which should be evaluated.
Exemple	represent_attributes('atlas_layer', @atlas_feature) → The representation of the attributes for the specified feature from the specified layer.

Mai multe detalii: represent_value

13.2.22.12. represent_value

Returns the configured representation value for a field value. It depends on the configured widget type. Often, this is useful for «Value Map» widgets.

Sintaxă	represent_value(value, [fieldName]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	value - The value which should be resolved. Most likely a field. fieldName - The field name for which the widget configuration should be loaded.
Exemple	represent_value("field_with_value_map") → Description for value represent_value('static value', 'field_name') → Description for static value

Mai multe detalii: widget types, represent_attributes

13.2.22.13. sqlite_fetch_and_increment

Manage autoincrementing values in sqlite databases.

SQlite default values can only be applied on insert and not prefetched.

This makes it impossible to acquire an incremented primary key via AUTO_INCREMENT before creating the row in the database. Sidenote: with postgres, this works via the option evaluate default values.

When adding new features with relations, it is really nice to be able to already add children for a parent, while the parents form is still open and hence the parent feature uncommitted.

To get around this limitation, this function can be used to manage sequence values in a separate table on sqlite based formats like gpkg.

The sequence table will be filtered for a sequence id (filter_attribute and filter_value) and the current value of the id_field will be incremented by 1 and the incremented value returned.

If additional columns require values to be specified, the default_values map can be used for this purpose.

Note

This function modifies the target sqlite table. It is intended for usage with default value configurations for attributes.

When the database parameter is a layer and the layer is in transaction mode, the value will only be retrieved once during the lifetime of a transaction and cached and incremented. This makes it unsafe to work on the same database from several processes in parallel.

Sintaxă	sqlite_fetch_and_increment(database, table, id_field, filter_attribute, filter_value, [default_values]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	database - Path to the sqlite file or geopackage layer table - Name of the table that manages the sequences id_field - Name of the field that contains the current value filter_attribute - Name the field that contains a unique identifier for this sequence. Must have a UNIQUE index. filter_value - Name of the sequence to use. default_values - Map with default values for additional columns on the table. The values need to be fully quoted. Functions are allowed.
Exemple	sqlite_fetch_and_increment(@layer, 'sequence_table', 'last_unique_id', 'sequence_id', 'global', map('last_change', 'date(''now'')', 'user', '''' || @user_account_name || '''')) → 0 sqlite_fetch_and_increment(layer_property(@layer, 'path'), 'sequence_table', 'last_unique_id', 'sequence_id', 'global', map('last_change', 'date(''now'')', 'user', '''' || @user_account_name || '''')) → 0

Mai multe detalii: Data Sources Properties, Creating one or many to many relations

13.2.22.14. uuid

Generates a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) for each row using the Qt QUuid::createUuid method.

Sintaxă	uuid([format=»WithBraces»]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	format - The format, as the UUID will be formatted. «WithBraces», «WithoutBraces» or «Id128».
Exemple	uuid() → «{0bd2f60f-f157-4a6d-96af-d4ba4cb366a1}» uuid('WithoutBraces') → «0bd2f60f-f157-4a6d-96af-d4ba4cb366a1» uuid('Id128') → «0bd2f60ff1574a6d96afd4ba4cb366a1»

13.2.23. Relations

This group contains the list of the relations available in the current project, with their description. It provides a quick access to the relation ID for writing an expression (with e.g. the relation_aggregate function) or customizing a form.

13.2.24. Funcții pentru Șiruri

Acest grup conține funcții care operează asupra șirurilor, (de ex: înlocuirea, conversia în majuscule).

13.2.24.1. ascii

Returns the unicode code associated with the first character of a string.

Sintaxă	ascii(string)
Argumente	string - the string to convert to unicode code
Exemple	ascii('Q') → 81

13.2.24.2. char

Returns the character associated with a unicode code.

Sintaxă	char(code)
Argumente	code - a unicode code number
Exemple	char(81) → «Q»

13.2.24.3. concat

Concatenates several strings to one. NULL values are converted to empty strings. Other values (like numbers) are converted to strings.

Sintaxă	concat(string1, string2, …)
Argumente	string - a string value
Exemple	concat('sun', 'set') → «sunset» concat('a','b','c','d','e') → «abcde» concat('Anno ', 1984) → «Anno 1984» concat('The Wall', NULL) → «The Wall»

About fields concatenation

You can also concatenate strings or field values using either || or + operators, with some special characteristics:

• The + operator also means sum up expression, so if you have an integer (field or numeric value) operand, this can be error prone and you better use the others:

  'My feature id is: ' + "gid" => triggers an error as gid returns an integer
  

• When any of the arguments is a NULL value, either || or + will return a NULL value. To return the other arguments regardless the NULL value, you may want to use the concat function:

  'My feature id is: ' + NULL ==> NULL
  'My feature id is: ' || NULL => NULL
  concat('My feature id is: ', NULL) => 'My feature id is: '
  

mai multe detalii: ||, +

13.2.24.4. format

Format a string using supplied arguments.

Sintaxă	format(string, arg1, arg2, …)
Argumente	string - A string with placeholders %1, %2, etc., for the arguments. Placeholders can be repeated. The lowest numbered placeholder is replaced by arg1, the next by arg2, etc. arg - any type. Any number of arguments.
Exemple	format('This %1 a %2','is', 'test') → «This is a test» format('This is %2','a bit unexpected but 2 is lowest number in string','normal') → «This is a bit unexpected but 2 is lowest number in string»

13.2.24.5. format_date

Formats a date type or string into a custom string format. Uses Qt date/time format strings. See QDateTime::toString.

Sintaxă	format_date(datetime, format, [language]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	datetime - date, time or datetime value format - String template used to format the string. Expresie Rezultat d ziua, un număr fără zero la început (de la 1 la 31) dd ziua, un număr cu zero la început (de la 01 la 31) ddd the abbreviated localized day name (e.g. «Mon» to «Sun») dddd the long localized day name (e.g. «Monday» to «Sunday») M the month as number without a leading zero (1-12) MM the month as number with a leading zero (01-12) MMM the abbreviated localized month name (e.g. «Jan» to «Dec») MMMM the long localized month name (e.g. «January» to «December») yy the year as two digit number (00-99) yyyy the year as four digit number These expressions may be used for the time part of the format string: Expresie Rezultat h the hour without a leading zero (0 to 23 or 1 to 12 if AM/PM display) hh the hour with a leading zero (00 to 23 or 01 to 12 if AM/PM display) H the hour without a leading zero (0 to 23, even with AM/PM display) HH the hour with a leading zero (00 to 23, even with AM/PM display) m minutul, fără zero la început (de la 0 la 59) mm minutul, cu zero la început (de la 00 la 59) s secunda, fără zero la început (de la 0 la 59) ss secunda, cu un zero la început (de la 00 la 59) z the milliseconds without trailing zeroes (0 to 999) zzz the milliseconds with trailing zeroes (000 to 999) AP or A interpret as an AM/PM time. AP must be either «AM» or «PM». ap or a Interpret as an AM/PM time. ap must be either «am» or «pm». language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to format the date into a custom string. By default the current QGIS user locale is used.
Exemple	format_date('2012-05-15','dd.MM.yyyy') → «15.05.2012» format_date('2012-05-15','d MMMM yyyy','fr') → «15 mai 2012» format_date('2012-05-15','dddd') → «Tuesday», if the current locale is an English variant format_date('2012-05-15 13:54:20','dd.MM.yy') → «15.05.12» format_date('13:54:20','hh:mm AP') → «01:54 PM»

13.2.24.6. format_number

Returns a number formatted with the locale separator for thousands. By default the current QGIS user locale is used. Also truncates the decimal places to the number of supplied places.

Sintaxă	format_number(number, [places=0], [language], [omit_group_separators=false], [trim_trailing_zeroes=false]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	number - number to be formatted places - integer representing the number of decimal places to truncate the string to. language - language (lowercase, two- or three-letter, ISO 639 language code) used to format the number into a string. By default the current QGIS user locale is used. omit_group_separators - if set to true then group separators will not be included in the string trim_trailing_zeroes - if set to true then trailing zeros following the decimal point will be trimmed from the string
Exemple	format_number(10000000.332,2) → «10,000,000.33» if e.g. the current locale is an English variant format_number(10000000.332,2,'fr') → «10 000 000,33»

13.2.24.7. left

Returns a substring that contains the n leftmost characters of the string.

Sintaxă	left(string, length)
Argumente	string - a string length - integer. The number of characters from the left of the string to return.
Exemple	left('Hello World',5) → «Hello»

13.2.24.8. length

Returns the number of characters in a string or the length of a geometry linestring.

String variant

Returns the number of characters in a string.

Sintaxă	length(string)
Argumente	string - string to count length of
Exemple	length('hello') → 5

Geometry variant

Calculate the length of a geometry line object. Calculations are always planimetric in the Spatial Reference System (SRS) of this geometry, and the units of the returned length will match the units for the SRS. This differs from the calculations performed by the $length function, which will perform ellipsoidal calculations based on the project’s ellipsoid and distance unit settings.

Sintaxă	length(geometry)
Argumente	geometry - line geometry object
Exemple	length(geom_from_wkt('LINESTRING(0 0, 4 0)')) → 4.0

13.2.24.9. lower

Converts a string to lower case letters.

Sintaxă	lower(string)
Argumente	string - the string to convert to lower case
Exemple	lower('HELLO World') → «hello world»

13.2.24.10. lpad

Returns a string padded on the left to the specified width, using a fill character. If the target width is smaller than the string’s length, the string is truncated.

Sintaxă	lpad(string, width, fill)
Argumente	string - string to pad width - length of new string fill - character to pad the remaining space with
Exemple	lpad('Hello', 10, 'x') → «xxxxxHello» lpad('Hello', 3, 'x') → «Hel»

13.2.24.11. regexp_match

Return the first matching position matching a regular expression within an unicode string, or 0 if the substring is not found.

Sintaxă	regexp_match(input_string, regex)
Argumente	input_string - the string to test against the regular expression regex - The regular expression to test against. Backslash characters must be double escaped (e.g., „\\s” to match a white space character or „\\b” to match a word boundary).
Exemple	regexp_match('QGIS ROCKS','\\sROCKS') → 5 regexp_match('Budač','udač\\b') → 2

13.2.24.12. regexp_replace

Returns a string with the supplied regular expression replaced.

Sintaxă	regexp_replace(input_string, regex, replacement)
Argumente	input_string - the string to replace matches in regex - The regular expression to replace. Backslash characters must be double escaped (e.g., „\\s” to match a white space character). replacement - The string that will replace any matching occurrences of the supplied regular expression. Captured groups can be inserted into the replacement string using \\1, \\2, etc.
Exemple	regexp_replace('QGIS SHOULD ROCK','\\sSHOULD\\s',' DOES ') → «QGIS DOES ROCK» regexp_replace('ABC123','\\d+','') → «ABC» regexp_replace('my name is John','(.*) is (.*)','\\2 is \\1') → «John is my name»

13.2.24.13. regexp_substr

Returns the portion of a string which matches a supplied regular expression.

Sintaxă	regexp_substr(input_string, regex)
Argumente	input_string - the string to find matches in regex - The regular expression to match against. Backslash characters must be double escaped (e.g., „\\s” to match a white space character).
Exemple	regexp_substr('abc123','(\\d+)') → «123»

13.2.24.14. replace

Returns a string with the supplied string, array, or map of strings replaced.

String & array variant

Returns a string with the supplied string or array of strings replaced by a string or an array of strings.

Sintaxă	replace(string, before, after)
Argumente	string - șirul de intrare before - the string or array of strings to replace after - the string or array of strings to use as a replacement
Exemple	replace('QGIS SHOULD ROCK','SHOULD','DOES') → «QGIS DOES ROCK» replace('QGIS ABC',array('A','B','C'),array('X','Y','Z')) → «QGIS XYZ» replace('QGIS',array('Q','S'),'') → «GI»

Map variant

Returns a string with the supplied map keys replaced by paired values. Longer map keys are evaluated first.

Sintaxă	replace(string, map)
Argumente	string - șirul de intrare map - the map containing keys and values
Exemple	replace('APP SHOULD ROCK',map('APP','QGIS','SHOULD','DOES')) → «QGIS DOES ROCK» replace('forty two',map('for','4','two','2','forty two','42')) → «42»

13.2.24.15. right

Returns a substring that contains the n rightmost characters of the string.

Sintaxă	right(string, length)
Argumente	string - a string length - integer. The number of characters from the right of the string to return.
Exemple	right('Hello World',5) → «World»

13.2.24.16. rpad

Returns a string padded on the right to the specified width, using a fill character. If the target width is smaller than the string’s length, the string is truncated.

Sintaxă	rpad(string, width, fill)
Argumente	string - string to pad width - length of new string fill - character to pad the remaining space with
Exemple	rpad('Hello', 10, 'x') → «Helloxxxxx» rpad('Hello', 3, 'x') → «Hel»

13.2.24.17. strpos

Return the first matching position of a substring within another string, or 0 if the substring is not found.

Sintaxă	strpos(haystack, needle)
Argumente	haystack - string that is to be searched needle - string to search for
Exemple	strpos('HELLO WORLD','WORLD') → 7 strpos('HELLO WORLD','GOODBYE') → 0

13.2.24.18. substr

Returns a part of a string.

Sintaxă	substr(string, start, [length]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - the full input string start - integer representing start position to extract beginning with 1; if start is negative, the return string will begin at the end of the string minus the start value length - integer representing length of string to extract; if length is negative, the return string will omit the given length of characters from the end of the string
Exemple	substr('HELLO WORLD',3,5) → «LLO W» substr('HELLO WORLD',6) → « WORLD» substr('HELLO WORLD',-5) → «WORLD» substr('HELLO',3,-1) → «LL» substr('HELLO WORLD',-5,2) → «WO» substr('HELLO WORLD',-5,-1) → «WORL»

13.2.24.19. title

Converts all words of a string to title case (all words lower case with leading capital letter).

Sintaxă	title(string)
Argumente	string - the string to convert to title case
Exemple	title('hello WOrld') → «Hello World»

13.2.24.20. to_string

Convertește un număr într-un șir.

Sintaxă	to_string(number)
Argumente	number - Număr întreg sau valoare reală. Numărul de convertit în șir.
Exemple	to_string(123) → «123»

13.2.24.21. trim

Removes all leading and trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs, etc) from a string.

Sintaxă	trim(string)
Argumente	string - string to trim
Exemple	trim('   hello world  ') → «hello world»

13.2.24.22. upper

Converts a string to upper case letters.

Sintaxă	upper(string)
Argumente	string - the string to convert to upper case
Exemple	upper('hello WOrld') → «HELLO WORLD»

13.2.24.23. wordwrap

Returns a string wrapped to a maximum/minimum number of characters.

Sintaxă	wordwrap(string, wrap_length, [delimiter_string]) [] marks optional arguments
Argumente	string - the string to be wrapped wrap_length - an integer. If wrap_length is positive the number represents the ideal maximum number of characters to wrap; if negative, the number represents the minimum number of characters to wrap. delimiter_string - Optional delimiter string to wrap to a new line.
Exemple	wordwrap('UNIVERSITY OF QGIS',13) → «UNIVERSITY OF<br>QGIS» wordwrap('UNIVERSITY OF QGIS',-3) → «UNIVERSITY<br>OF QGIS»

13.2.25. User Expressions

This group contains the expressions saved as user expressions.

13.2.26. Variabile

This group contains dynamic variables related to the application, the project file and other settings. The availability of variables depends on the context:

• din dialogul ^{Select by expression}

• din dialogul ^{Field calculator}

• din dialogul cu proprietățile stratului

• from the print layout

To use these variables in an expression, they should be preceded by the @ character (e.g, @row_number).

Variable	Descriere
algorithm_id	The unique ID of an algorithm
animation_end_time	End of the animation’s overall temporal time range (as a datetime value)
animation_interval	Duration of the animation’s overall temporal time range (as an interval value)
animation_start_time	Start of the animation’s overall temporal time range (as a datetime value)
atlas_feature	The current atlas feature (as feature object)
atlas_featureid	The current atlas feature ID
atlas_featurenumber	The current atlas feature number in the layout
atlas_filename	The current atlas file name
atlas_geometry	The current atlas feature geometry
atlas_layerid	The current atlas coverage layer ID
atlas_layername	The current atlas coverage layer name
atlas_pagename	The current atlas page name
atlas_totalfeatures	The total number of features in atlas
canvas_cursor_point	The last cursor position on the canvas in the project’s geographical coordinates
cluster_color	The color of symbols within a cluster, or NULL if symbols have mixed colors
cluster_size	The number of symbols contained within a cluster
current_feature	The feature currently being edited in the attribute form or table row
current_geometry	The geometry of the feature currently being edited in the form or the table row
current_parent_feature	represents the feature currently being edited in the parent form. Only usable in an embedded form context.
current_parent_geometry	represents the geometry of the feature currently being edited in the parent form. Only usable in an embedded form context.
form_mode	What the form is used for, like AddFeatureMode, SingleEditMode, MultiEditMode, SearchMode, AggregateSearchMode or IdentifyMode as string.
feature NEW in 3.28	The current feature being evaluated. This can be used with the «attribute» function to evaluate attribute values from the current feature.
frame_duration	Temporal duration of each animation frame (as an interval value)
frame_number	Current frame number during animation playback
frame_rate	Number of frames per second during animation playback
fullextent_maxx	Maximum x value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_maxy	Maximum y value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_minx	Minimum x value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_miny	Minimum y value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
geometry NEW in 3.28	The geometry of the current feature being evaluated
geometry_part_count	The number of parts in rendered feature’s geometry
geometry_part_num	The current geometry part number for feature being rendered
geometry_point_count	The number of points in the rendered geometry’s part
geometry_point_num	The current point number in the rendered geometry’s part
geometry_ring_num	Current geometry ring number for feature being rendered (for polygon features only). The exterior ring has a value of 0.
grid_axis	The current grid annotation axis (eg, «x» for longitude, «y» for latitude)
grid_number	The current grid annotation value
id NEW in 3.28	The ID of the current feature being evaluated
item_id	The layout item user ID (not necessarily unique)
item_uuid	The layout item unique ID
layer	The current layer
layer_crs	The Coordinate Reference System Authority ID of the current layer
layer_id	The ID of current layer
layer_ids	The IDs of all the map layers in the current project as a list
layer_name	The name of current layer
layers	All the map layers in the current project as a list
layout_dpi	The composition resolution (DPI)
layout_name	The layout name
layout_numpages	The number of pages in the layout
layout_page	The page number of the current item in the layout
layout_pageheight	The active page height in the layout (in mm for standard paper sizes, or whatever unit was used for custom paper size)
layout_pageoffsets	Array of Y coordinate of the top of each page. Allows to dynamically position items on pages in a context where page sizes may change
layout_pagewidth	The active page width in the layout (in mm for standard paper sizes, or whatever unit was used for custom paper size)
legend_column_count	The number of columns in the legend
legend_filter_by_map	Indicates if the content of the legend is filtered by the map
legend_filter_out_atlas	Indicates if the atlas is filtered out of the legend
legend_split_layers	Indicates if layers can be split in the legend
legend_title	The title of the legend
legend_wrap_string	The character(s) used to wrap the legend text
map_crs	The Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_acronym	The acronym of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_definition	The full definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_description	The name of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_ellipsoid	The acronym of the ellipsoid of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_proj4	The Proj4 definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_projection	The descriptive name of the projection method used by the Coordinate reference system of the map (e.g. «Albers Equal Area»)
map_crs_wkt	The WKT definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_end_time	The end of the map’s temporal time range (as a datetime value)
map_extent	The geometry representing the current extent of the map
map_extent_center	The point feature at the center of the map
map_extent_height	The current height of the map
map_extent_width	The current width of the map
map_id	The ID of current map destination. This will be «canvas» for canvas renders, and the item ID for layout map renders
map_interval	The duration of the map’s temporal time range (as an interval value)
map_layer_ids	The list of map layer IDs visible in the map
map_layers	The list of map layers visible in the map
map_rotation	The current rotation of the map
map_scale	The current scale of the map
map_start_time	The start of the map’s temporal time range (as a datetime value)
map_units	The units of map measurements
model_path	Full path (including file name) of current model (or project path if model is embedded in a project).
model_folder	Folder containing current model (or project folder if model is embedded in a project).
model_name	Name of current model
model_group	Group for current model
notification_message	Content of the notification message sent by the provider (available only for actions triggered by provider notifications).
parent	Refers to the current feature in the parent layer, providing access to its attributes and geometry when filtering an aggregate function
project_abstract	The project abstract, taken from project metadata
project_area_units	The area unit for the current project, used when calculating areas of geometries
project_author	The project author, taken from project metadata
project_basename	The basename of current project’s filename (without path and extension)
project_creation_date	The project creation date, taken from project metadata
project_crs	The Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_arconym	The acronym of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_definition	The full definition of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_description	The description of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_ellipsoid	The ellipsoid of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_proj4	The Proj4 representation of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_wkt	The WKT (well known text) representation of the coordinate reference system of the project
project_distance_units	The distance unit for the current project, used when calculating lengths of geometries and distances
project_ellipsoid	The name of the ellipsoid of the current project, used when calculating geodetic areas or lengths of geometries
project_filename	The filename of the current project
project_folder	The folder of the current project
project_home	The home path of the current project
project_identifier	The project identifier, taken from the project’s metadata
project_keywords	The project keywords, taken from the project’s metadata
project_last_saved	Date/time when project was last saved.
project_path	The full path (including file name) of the current project
project_title	The title of current project
project_units	The units of the project’s CRS
qgis_locale	The current language of QGIS
qgis_os_name	The current Operating system name, eg «windows», «linux» or «osx»
qgis_platform	The QGIS platform, eg «desktop» or «server»
qgis_release_name	The current QGIS release name
qgis_short_version	The current QGIS version short string
qgis_version	The current QGIS version string
qgis_version_no	The current QGIS version number
row_number	Stochează numărul rândului curent
snapping_results	Gives access to snapping results while digitizing a feature (only available in add feature)
scale_value	The current scale bar distance value
selected_file_path	Selected file path from file widget selector when uploading a file with an external storage system
symbol_angle	The angle of the symbol used to render the feature (valid for marker symbols only)
symbol_color	The color of the symbol used to render the feature
symbol_count	The number of features represented by the symbol (in the layout legend)
symbol_id	The Internal ID of the symbol (in the layout legend)
symbol_label	The label for the symbol (either a user defined label or the default autogenerated label - in the layout legend)
symbol_layer_count	Total number of symbol layers in the symbol
symbol_layer_index	Current symbol layer index
symbol_marker_column	Column number for marker (valid for point pattern fills only).
symbol_marker_row	Row number for marker (valid for point pattern fills only).
user_account_name	The current user’s operating system account name
user_full_name	The current user’s operating system user name
value	The current value
vector_tile_zoom	Exact vector tile zoom level of the map that is being rendered (derived from the current map scale). Normally in interval [0, 20]. Unlike @zoom_level, this variable is a floating point value which can be used to interpolate values between two integer zoom levels.
with_variable	Allows setting a variable for usage within an expression and avoid recalculating the same value repeatedly
zoom_level	Vector tile zoom level of the map that is being rendered (derived from the current map scale). Normally in interval [0, 20].

Câteva exemple:

• Return the X coordinate of a map item center in layout:

  x( map_get( item_variables( 'map1'), 'map_extent_center' ) )
  

• Return, for each feature in the current layer, the number of overlapping airport features:

  aggregate( layer:='airport', aggregate:='count', expression:="code",
                 filter:=intersects( $geometry, geometry( @parent ) ) )
  

• Get the object_id of the first snapped point of a line:

  with_variable(
    'first_snapped_point',
    array_first( @snapping_results ),
    attribute(
      get_feature_by_id(
        map_get( @first_snapped_point, 'layer' ),
        map_get( @first_snapped_point, 'feature_id' )
      ),
      'object_id'
    )
  )
  

13.2.27. Funcții Recente

This group contains recently used functions. Depending on the context of its usage (feature selection, field calculator, generic), recently applied expressions are added to the corresponding list (up to ten expressions), sorted from more to less recent. This makes it easy to quickly retrieve and reapply previously used expressions.