22. Working with OGC / ISO protocols

Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) este o organizatie internațională, având ca membri mai mult de 300 de organizații comerciale, guvernamentale, non-profit și de cercetare din întreaga lume. Membrii săi dezvoltă și implementează standarde și servicii pentru conținut geospațial, de prelucrare și de schimb a datelor GIS.

Describing a basic data model for geographic features, an increasing number of specifications are developed by OGC to serve specific needs for interoperable location and geospatial technology, including GIS. Further information can be found at https://www.ogc.org/.

Specificațiile OGC importante, acceptate de către QGIS sunt:

• WMS — Web Map Service (Client WMS/WMTS)

• WMTS — Web Map Tile Service (Client WMS/WMTS)

• WFS — Web Feature Service (Client WFS și WFS-T)

• WFS-T — Web Feature Service - Transactional (Client WFS și WFS-T)

• WCS — Web Coverage Service (Client WCS)

• WPS — Web Processing Service

• CSW — Serviciu de Catalogare pentru Web

• SFS — Simple Features for SQL (Straturi PostGIS)

• GML — Limbaj cu Marcaje Geografice

Serviciile OGC sunt tot mai mult utilizate pentru a interschimba datele geospațiale între diferitele implementări GIS, sau între depozitele de date. QGIS are de-a face cu specificațiile de mai sus din punctul de vedere al unui client, fiind SFS (prin sprijinirea furnizorului de date PostgreSQL / PostGIS, v. secțiunea Straturi PostGIS).

You can also share your maps and data through the WMS, WMTS, WFS, WFS-T and WCS protocols using a webserver with QGIS Server, UMN MapServer or GeoServer installed.

22.1. Client WMS/WMTS

22.1.1. Privire de ansamblu asupra suportului WMS

În prezent, QGIS poate acționa ca un client WMS care înțelege serverele WMS 1.1, 1.1.1 și 1.3. În special, acesta a fost testat cu servere accesibile publicului, cum ar fi DEMIS.

Un server WMS acționează asupra cererilor din partea clientului (cum ar fi QGIS) pentru o hartă raster cu o anumită extindere, set de straturi, stil de simbolizare, și transparență. Serverul WMS își consultă apoi sursele de date locale, rasterizează harta, și o trimite înapoi la client, într-un format raster. Pentru QGIS, acest format va fi, de obicei, JPEG sau PNG.

WMS este mai degrabă un serviciu generic REST (Transfer de Stare de Reprezentare), decât un serviciu Web matur. De fapt, puteți lua ca atare adresele URL generate de QGIS și să le utilizați într-un browser web, pentru a obține aceleași imagini pe care QGIS le folosește intern. Acest lucru poate fi util pentru depanare, deoarece există mai multe mărci de servere WMS pe piață, și toate au propria interpretare a standardului WMS.

Straturile WMS pot fi adăugate pur și simplu, atât timp cât: știți URL-ul de acces la serverul WMS, ați stabilit o conexiune validă la acel server, iar serverul înțelege ptotocolul HTTP, ca mecanism de transport al datelor.

Additionally, QGIS will cache your WMS responses (i.e. images) for 24h as long as the GetCapabilities request is not triggered. The GetCapabilities request is triggered every time the Connect button in the WMS/WMTS dialog is used to retrieve the WMS server capabilities. This is an automatic feature meant to optimize project loading time. If a project is saved with a WMS layer, the corresponding WMS tiles will be loaded from the cache the next time the project is opened as long as they are not older than 24h.

22.1.2. Privire de ansamblu asupra suportului WMTS

QGIS poate acționa, de asemenea, ca un client WMTS. WMTS reprezintă un standard OGC pentru distribuirea de seturi de plăcuțe ale datelor geospațiale. Acesta constituie un mod mai rapid și mai eficient de a distribui date, comparativ cu WMS, deoarece în cazul WMTS seturile de plăcuțe sunt pre-generate, iar clientul solicită numai transmiterea lor, nu și producerea acestora. O cerere WMS implică, de regulă, atât generarea cât și transmiterea datelor. Un exemplu bine-cunoscut al unui standard de bază non-OGC, pentru vizualizarea de date geospațiale cu ajutorul plăcuțelor, este Google Maps.

Pentru a afișa datele la o varietate de scări, apropiate de ceea ce și-ar putea dori utilizatorul, seturile de plăcuțe WMTS sunt produse la mai multe niveluri de scări diferite, și sunt puse la dispoziția clientului GIS pentru a le apela.

Această diagramă ilustrează conceptul seturilor de plăcuțe:

Fig. 22.1 Conceptul seturilor de plăcuțe WMTS:

Cele două tipuri de interfețe WMTS, pe care QGIS le acceptă, sunt Key-Value-Pairs (KVP) și REST. Aceste două interfețe sunt diferite, și trebuie să le specificați în QGIS în mod diferit.

1. Pentru a avea acces la un serviciu WMTS KVP, un utilizator QGIS trebuie să deschidă interfața WMS/WMTS și să adăuge următorul șir la adresa URL a serviciului de plăcuțe WMTS:

   "?SERVICE=WMTS&REQUEST=GetCapabilities"
   

   An example of this type of address is:

   https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities
   

   Pentru testare, stratul topo2 din acest WMTS funcționează bine. Adăugarea acestui șir indică faptul că se va utiliza un serviciu web WMTS în locul unui serviciu WMS.

2. Serviciul RESTful WMTS are o formă diferită de adresă URL, simplă. Formatul recomandat de OGC este:

   {WMTSBaseURL}/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml
   

   This format helps you to recognize that it is a RESTful address. A RESTful WMTS is accessed in QGIS by simply adding its address in the WMS setup in the URL field of the form. An example of this type of address for the case of an Austrian basemap is:

   https://maps.wien.gv.at/basemap/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml
   

Notă

You can still find some old services called WMS-C. These services are quite similar to WMTS (i.e., same purpose but working a little bit differently). You can manage them the same as you do WMTS services. Just add ?tiled=true at the end of the url. See https://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service_Specification for more information about this specification.

Când citiți WMTS, vă puteți gândi adesea și la WMS-C.

22.1.3. Selectarea serverelor WMS/WMTS

The first time you use the WMS/WMTS feature in QGIS, there are no servers defined.

You then need to create connections to the server you are targeting:

1. Go to the WMS/WMTS tab of the Data Source Manager dialog, either by:

   • clicking the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button (or pressing Ctrl+L) and enabling the tab

   • clicking the ^{Add WMS layer} button on the Manage Layers toolbar

   • or selecting Layer ► Add Layer ► Add WMS/WMTS Layer… menu

2. Press New from the Layers tab. The Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection… dialog appears.

   Sfat

   Right-click the WMS/WMTS entry from within the Browser panel and select New Connection… also opens the Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection… dialog.

3. Then enter the parameters to connect to your desired WMS server, as listed below:

   

   Fig. 22.2 Creating a connection to a WMS server

   • Name: A name for the connection. This name will be used in the Server Connections drop-down box so that you can distinguish it from other WMS servers.

   • URL: URL of the server providing the data. This must be a resolvable host name – the same format as you would use to open a telnet connection or ping a host, i.e. the base URL only. For example, you shouldn’t have fragments such as request=GetCapabilities or version=1.0.0 in your URL.

   • Authentication (optional): using a stored configuration or a basic authentication with Username and Password.

     Atenționare

     Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in an Authentication configuration instead (Configurations tab). See Sistem de Autentificare for more details.

   • HTTP Referer

   • DPI-Mode: Available options are all, off, QGIS, UMN and GeoServer

   • Ignore GetMap/GetTile/GetLegendGraphic URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.

   • Ignore GetFeatureInfo URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.

   • Ignore axis orientation (WMS 1.3/WMTS)

   • Ignore reported layer extents: because the extent reported by raster layers may be smaller than the actual area which can be rendered (notably for WMS servers with symbology which takes more space than the data extent), check this option to avoid cropping raster layers to their reported extents, resulting in truncated symbols on the borders of these layers.

   • Invert axis orientation

   • Smooth pixmap transformation

4. Apăsați pe OK

Once the new WMS/WMTS server connection has been created, it will be preserved for future QGIS sessions.

If you need to set up a proxy server to be able to receive WMS services from the internet, you can add your proxy server in the options. Choose Settings ► Options and click on the Network tab. There, you can add your proxy settings and enable them by setting Use proxy for web access. Make sure that you select the correct proxy type from the Proxy type drop-down menu.

22.1.4. Încărcarea Straturilor WMS/WMTS

Once you have successfully filled in your parameters, you can use the Connect button to retrieve the capabilities of the selected server. This includes the image encoding, layers, layer styles and projections. Since this is a network operation, the speed of the response depends on the quality of your network connection to the WMS server. While downloading data from the WMS server, the download progress is visualized in the lower left corner of the main QGIS dialog.

Your screen should now look a bit like Fig. 22.3, which shows the response provided by a WMS server.

Fig. 22.3 Dialog for adding a WMS server, with filter on available layers

The upper part of the Layers tab of the dialog shows a tree structure that can include layer groups embedding layers with their associated image style(s) served by the server. Each item can be identified by:

• an ID

• a Name

• a Title

• and an Abstract.

The list can be filtered using the widget in the top right corner.

Codificare Imagine

The Image encoding section lists the formats that are supported by both the client and server. Choose one depending on your image accuracy requirements.

Sfat

Codificare Imagine

Veți descoperi că, de obicei, un server WMS vă oferă posibilitatea de a alege codificarea imaginii sub formă de JPEG sau PNG. JPEG este un format de compresie cu pierderi, în timp ce PNG reproduce fidel datele raster originale.

Use JPEG if you expect the WMS data to be photographic in nature and/or you don’t mind some loss in picture quality. This trade-off typically reduces by five times the data transfer requirement compared with PNG.

Utilizați PNG dacă doriți reprezentări precise ale datelor originale, și nu vă deranjează cerințele crescute de transfer de date.

Opțiuni

The Options area of the dialog provides means to configure the WMS requests. You can define:

• Tile size if you want to set tile sizes (e.g., 256x256) to split up the WMS request into multiple requests.

• Request step size: if you want to reduce the effect of cut labels at tile borders, increasing the step size creates larger requests, fewer tiles and fewer borders. The default value is 2000.

• The Maximum number of GetFeatureInfo results from the server

• Each WMS layer can be presented in multiple CRSs, depending on the capability of the WMS server. If you select a WMS from the list, a field with the default projection provided by the web server appears. Press the ^{Select CRS} widget to replace the default projection of the WMS with another CRS supported by the WMS server.

  A dialog similar to the one shown in Fig. 10.3 will appear. The main difference with the WMS version of the dialog is that only those CRSs supported by the WMS server will be shown.

• Finally you can activate Use contextual WMS Legend if the WMS Server supports this feature. Then only the relevant legend for your current map view extent will be shown and thus will not include legend items for items you can’t see in the current map.

At the bottom of the dialog, a Layer name text field displays the selected item’s Title. You can change the name at your will. This name will appear in the Layers panel after you pressed the Add button and loaded the layer(s) in QGIS.

You can select several layers at once, but only one image style per layer. When several layers are selected, they will be combined at the WMS server and transmitted to QGIS in one go, as a single layer. The default name is a slash (/) separated list of their original title. You can however opt to Load as separate layers.

Ordinea straturilor

The Layer Order tab lists the selected layers available from the current connected WMS server.

WMS layers rendered by a server are overlaid in the order listed in the Layers tab, from top to bottom of the list. If you want to change the overlay order, you can use the Up and Down buttons of the Layer Order tab.

Transparenţă

The Global transparency setting from the Layer Properties is hard coded to be always on, where available.

22.1.5. Seturi de plăcuțe

When using WMTS (Cached WMS) services you are able to browse through the Tilesets tab given by the server. Additional information like tile size, formats and supported CRS are listed in this table.

# example of WMTS service

https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities

Selecting a layer to load, it is also possible to apply an Interpretation method, converting it into a raster layer of single band float type, ready for styling using QGIS usual raster renderers.

In combination with this feature, you can use the tile scale slider by selecting View ► Panels ( or Settings ► Panels), then choosing Tile Scale Panel. This gives you the available scales from the tile server with a nice slider docked in.

22.1.6. Folosirea instrumentului de identificare

După ce ați adăugat un server WMS, în cazul în care orice strat primit de la serverul WMS este interogabil, puteți folosi instrumentul ^Identificare pentru a selecta un pixel de pe canevasul hărții. O interogare a serverului WMS are loc pentru fiecare selecție efectuată. Rezultatele interogării sunt returnate sub formă de text simplu. Formatarea acestui text depinde de particularitățile serverului WMS folosit.

Selecția Formatului

If multiple output formats are supported by the server, a combo box with supported formats is automatically added to the identify results dialog and the selected format may be stored in the project for the layer.

Suport pentru formatul GML

The ^Identify tool supports WMS server response (GetFeatureInfo) in GML format (it is called Feature in the QGIS GUI in this context). If „Feature” format is supported by the server and selected, results of the Identify tool are vector features, as from a regular vector layer. When a single feature is selected in the tree, it is highlighted in the map and it can be copied to the clipboard and pasted to another vector layer. See the example setup of the UMN Mapserver below to support GetFeatureInfo in GML format.

# in layer METADATA add which fields should be included and define geometry (example):

"gml_include_items"   "all"
"ows_geometries"      "mygeom"
"ows_mygeom_type"     "polygon"

# Then there are two possibilities/formats available, see a) and b):

# a) basic (output is generated by Mapserver and does not contain XSD)
# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "application/vnd.ogc.gml,text/html"

# b) using OGR (output is generated by OGR, it is sent as multipart and contains XSD)
# in MAP define OUTPUTFORMAT (example):
OUTPUTFORMAT
    NAME "OGRGML"
    MIMETYPE "ogr/gml"
    DRIVER "OGR/GML"
    FORMATOPTION "FORM=multipart"
END

# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "OGRGML,text/html"

22.1.7. Viewing Properties

Once you have added a WMS server, you can view its properties by right-clicking on it in the legend and selecting Properties. The WMS/WMTS layer properties is much like the raster layer properties so you will find detailed description at Dialogul Proprietăților Rasterului. However, there are some differences, which will be explained below.

22.1.7.1. Information properties

Fila Metadatelor

The tab Metadata displays a wealth of information about the WMS server, generally collected from the capabilities statement returned from that server. Many definitions can be gleaned by reading the WMS standards (see OPEN-GEOSPATIAL-CONSORTIUM in Literatură și Referințe Web), but here are a few handy definitions:

• Proprietăţile serverului

  • Versiunea WMS — Versiunea WMS acceptată de server.

  • Formatele de Imagine — Lista tipurilor MIME pentru care serverul poate răspunde la momentul desenării hărții. QGIS acceptă oricare dintre formatele recunoscute de bibliotecile Qt, acestea fiind de obicei image/png și image/jpeg.

  • Identity Formats — The list of MIME-types the server can respond with when you use the Identify tool. Currently, QGIS supports the text-plain type.

• Proprietăţile stratului

  • Selectat — Indiferent dacă acest strat a fost sau nu selectat, atunci când serverul său a fost adăugat în acest proiect.

  • Vizibil — Indiferent dacă acest strat este selectat ca vizibil în legendă (nu este utilizat încă în această versiune de QGIS).

  • Poate Identifica — Dacă acest strat va returna un rezultat, sau nu, atunci când este folosit instrumentul Identificare asupra lui.

  • Poate fi Transparent — Dacă sau nu, un strat poate fi randat cu transparență. Această versiune de QGIS va folosi întotdeauna transparența dacă această setare este Yes, și dacă codificarea imaginii acceptă transparență.

  • Se Poate Mări — Dacă acest strat poate fi, sau nu, mărit de către server. Această versiune de QGIS presupune că toate straturile WMS au această opțiune setată pe Yes. Straturile cu deficiențe pot fi randate în mod eronat.

  • Numărare în Cascadă — Serverele WMS pot acționa ca un proxy pentru alte servere WMS, pentru a obține datele raster ale unui strat. Această intrare arată de câte ori este transmisă cererea pentru acest strat către alte servere WMS, pentru obținerea unui rezultat.

  • Lățime fixă, ​​Înălțime Fixă — Dacă acest strat are, sau nu, dimensiuni fixe. Această versiune de QGIS presupune că toate straturile WMS nu au această opțiune setată. Straturile cu deficiențe pot fi randate în mod eronat.

  • WGS 84 Bounding Box — The bounding box of the layer, in WGS 84 coordinates. Some WMS servers do not set this correctly (e.g., UTM coordinates are used instead). If this is the case, then the initial view of this layer may be rendered with a very «zoomed-out» appearance by QGIS. The WMS webmaster should be informed of this error, which they may know as the WMS XML elements LatLonBoundingBox, EX_GeographicBoundingBox or the CRS:84 BoundingBox.

  • Disponibil în CRS — Proiecțiile în care poate fi randat acest strat de către serverul WMS. Acestea sunt prezentate în format nativ WMS.

  • Disponibil în stil — Stilurile de imagine în care poate fi randat acest strat de către serverul WMS.

22.1.7.2. Temporal properties

Raster temporal properties (namely Dynamic Temporal Control) can be set for WMS and WMTS layers. By default, when a time-dimension enabled WMS or WMTS layer is added to the project, it is indicated in the Layers panel with the ^{Temporal Layer} icon next to it. Its Temporal properties default to the Automatic temporal mode, meaning that the layer will follow the temporal controller’s current time range by default.

You can then opt to show a specific static time value for the layer by unchecking Dynamic Temporal Control and picking an option under Static WMS-T Temporal Range:

• Server default

• Predefined date with a server exposing data for non-contiguous temporal ranges or Predefined range with a server exposing a range of available dates. A Start date and End date are necessary in the latter case. Their expected formatting can be deduced from the reference time option (see below). depending on whether the provider has data for contiguous period or not

• Follow project’s temporal range as defined in the project’s properties dialog

Fig. 22.4 Temporal properties of a WMTS layer

Whatever temporal data control is in use, there are some WMS-T Settings to help display the correct temporal data:

• Time slice mode which can be:

  • Use whole temporal range

  • Match to start of range

  • Match to end of range

  • Closest match to start of range

  • Closest match to end of range

• Ignore time components (use dates only): If checked, the time component of temporal queries will be discarded and only the date component will be used in server requests.

You can also Use Specific WMS-T Reference Time picked from times reported in the layer’s capabilities. Convenient for servers which expose a non-contiguous set of date time instances (instead of a range of dates).

22.1.7.3. QGIS Server properties

In addition to the raster layer properties, publishing a WMS/WMTS layer with QGIS Server will display following options:

• WMS Print layer: Allows to set alternative WMS layer that should be used for printing (in the GetProjectSettings reply). Convenient for WMTS layers that are generally not suitable for printing.

• Publish WMS/WMTS data source uri: Allows a web client to fetch the WMS/WMTS data directly

• Advertise as background layer

Fig. 22.5 QGIS Server properties of a WMS/WMTS layer

22.1.8. Show WMS legend graphic in table of contents and layout

The QGIS WMS data provider is able to display a legend graphic in the table of contents» layer list and in the print layout. The WMS legend will be shown only if the WMS server has GetLegendGraphic capability and the layer has getCapability url specified, so you additionally have to select a styling for the layer.

If a legendGraphic is available, it is shown below the layer. It is little and you have to click on it to open it in real dimension (due to QgsLegendInterface architectural limitation). Clicking on the layer’s legend will open a frame with the legend at full resolution.

In the print layout, the legend will be integrated at it’s original (downloaded) dimension. Resolution of the legend graphic can be set in the item properties under Legend ► WMS LegendGraphic to match your printing requirements.

The legend will display contextual information based on your current scale. The WMS legend will be shown only if the WMS server has GetLegendGraphic capability and the layer has getCapability url specified, so you have to select a styling.

22.2. Client WCS

Un Serviciu de Acoperire Web (WCS) oferă acces la datele raster, în forme care sunt utile pentru randarea pe partea clientului, ca date de intrare în modelele științifice, precum și pentru alți clienți. WCS poate fi comparat cu WFS și WMS. La fel ca și instanțele serviciilor WMS și WFS, un WCS permite clienților să aleagă porțiuni din informațiile serverelor, bazate pe constrângeri spațiale și pe alte criterii de interogare.

QGIS has a native WCS provider and supports both version 1.0 and 1.1 (which are significantly different), but currently it prefers 1.0, because 1.1 has many issues (i.e., each server implements it in a different way with various particularities).

Furnizorul nativ WCS se ocupă de toate cererile de rețea, utilizând toate setările de rețea standard ale QGIS (în special proxy). Este, de asemenea, posibil de selectat modul cache («întotdeauna cache», «se preferă cache», «se preferă rețeaua», «mereu rețea»), furnizorul acceptând, de asemenea, selecția poziției în timp, dacă domeniul temporal este oferit de server.

Atenționare

Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See Sistem de Autentificare for more details.

22.3. Client WFS și WFS-T

In QGIS, a WFS layer behaves pretty much like any other vector layer. You can identify and select features, and view the attribute table. QGIS supports WFS 1.0.0, 1.1.0, 2.0 and OGC API - Features (OAPIF), including editing (through WFS-T). QGIS also supports background download and progressive rendering, on-disk caching of downloaded features and version autodetection.

In general, adding a WFS layer is very similar to the procedure used with WMS. There are no default servers defined, so you have to add your own. You can find WFS servers by using the MetaSearch plugin or your favourite web search engine. There are a number of lists with public URLs, some of them maintained and some not.

Încărcarea unui strat WFS

As an example, we use the Gateway Geomatics WFS server and display a layer.

https://demo.gatewaygeomatics.com/cgi-bin/wfs_gateway?REQUEST=GetCapabilities&VERSION=1.0.0&SERVICE=WFS

To be able to load a WFS Layer, first create a connection to the WFS server:

1. Open the Data Source Manager dialog by pressing the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button

2. Enable the WFS/OGC API-Features tab

3. Click on New… to open the Create a New WFS Connection dialog

4. Enter Gateway Geomatics as name

5. Enter the URL (see above)

   

   Fig. 22.6 Creating a connection to a WFS server

   Notă

   In case of an OGC API - Features (OAPIF), the URL to provide should be the landing page, ie the main page from which it is possible to navigate to all the available service endpoints.

6. In the WFS settings dialog, you can:

   • Indicate the WFS version of the server. If unknown, press the Detect button to automatically retrieve it.

   • Define the maximum number of features retrieved in a single GetFetFeature request. If empty, no limit is set.

   • And depending on the WFS version, indicate whether to:

     • Enable feature paging and specify the maximum number of features to retrieve with Page size. If no limit is defined, then the server default is applied.

     • Force to Ignore axis orientation (WFS 1.1/WFS 2.0)

     • Invert axis orientation.

     • Use GML2 encoding for transactions.

   Atenționare

   Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in an Authentication configuration instead (Configurations tab). See Sistem de Autentificare for more details.

7. Press OK to create the connection.

Rețineți că orice setări proxy stabilite în preferințe sunt, de asemenea, recunoscute.

Now we are ready to load WFS layers from the above connection.

1. Choose «Gateway Geomatics» from the Server Connections drop-down list.

2. Click Connect

3. Select the Parks layer in the list

4. You can also choose whether to:

   • Use title for layer name, showing the layer’s title as defined on the server in the Layers panel instead of its Name

   • Only request features overlapping the view extent

   • Change… the layer’s CRS to any other supported by the service

   • or build a query to specify particular features to retrieve from the service: double-click on the row of the layer to open the SQL Query Composer dialog. That dialog provides widgets to write an advanced SQL query relying on available tables and columns of the service, with sorting and filtering and a bunch of SQL functions, spatial predicates and operators.

     The query you build will appear after validation in the SQL column within the WFS / OGC API - Features table, and the filtered layer will display the icon next to it in the Layers panel. It is thus possibe to adjust the query at any moment.

5. Click Add to add the layer to the map.

Fig. 22.7 Adăugarea unui strat WFS

You’ll notice the download progress is visualized in the lower left of the QGIS main window. Once the layer is loaded, you can identify and select a couple of features and view the attribute table.