14.1. Abrir Dados

Como parte de um ecossistema de software de código aberto, o QGIS é baseado em diferentes bibliotecas que, combinadas com seus próprios provedores, oferecem capacidades para ler e muitas vezes escrevem vários formatos:

Os formatos de dados vetoriais incluem GeoPackage, GML, GeoJSON, GPX, KML, Valores separados por vírgula, formatos ESRI (Shapefile, Geodatabase…), formatos de arquivo MapInfo e MicroStation, AutoCAD DWG/DXF, GRASS e muito mais… Leia o artigo completo lista de formatos vetoriais suportados.
Raster data formats include GeoTIFF, JPEG, ASCII Gridded XYZ, MBTiles, R or Idrisi rasters, GDAL Virtual, SRTM, Sentinel Data, ERDAS IMAGINE, ArcInfo Binary Grid, ArcInfo ASCII Grid, and many more… Read the complete list of supported raster formats.
Database formats include PostgreSQL/PostGIS, SQLite/SpatiaLite, Oracle, MSSQL Spatial, SAP HANA, MySQL…
Web map and data services (WM(T)S, WFS, WCS, CSW, XYZ tiles, ArcGIS services, …) are also handled by QGIS providers. See Working with OGC / ISO protocols for more information about some of these.
You can read supported files from archived folders and use QGIS native formats such as QML files (QML - O Formato de Arquivo de Estilo QGIS) and virtual and memory layers.

Mais de 80 formatos de vetor e 140 raster são suportados pelos provedores nativos GDAL e QGIS.

Nota

Not all of the listed formats may work in QGIS for various reasons. For example, some require external proprietary libraries, or the GDAL/OGR installation of your OS may not have been built to support the format you want to use. To see the list of available formats, run the command line ogrinfo --formats (for vector) and gdalinfo --formats (for raster), or check the Settings ► Options ► GDAL menu in QGIS.

In QGIS, depending on the data format, there are different tools to open a dataset, mainly available in the Layer ► Add Layer ► menu or from the Manage Layers toolbar (enabled through View ► Toolbars menu). However, all these tools point to a unique dialog, the Data Source Manager dialog, that you can open with the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button, available on the Data Source Manager Toolbar, or by pressing Ctrl+L. The Data Source Manager dialog(Fig. 14.1) offers a unified interface to open vector or raster file-based data as well as databases or web services supported by QGIS. It can be set modal or not with the Modeless data source manager dialog in the Settings ► Options ► General menu.

../../../_images/datasource_manager.png — Fig. 14.1 QGIS Data Source Manager dialog

Beside this main entry point, you also have the DB Manager plugin that offers advanced capabilities to analyze and manipulate connected databases. More information on DB Manager capabilities can be found in Plugin do gerenciador de banco de dados.

Existem muitas outras ferramentas, complementos nativos ou de terceiros, que ajudam a abrir vários formatos de dados.

Este capítulo descreve apenas as ferramentas fornecidas por padrão no QGIS para carregar dados. Ele se concentra principalmente na caixa de diálogo Gerenciador de Fonte de Dados, mas, além de descrever cada guia, também explora as ferramentas baseadas no provedor de dados ou nas especificidades do formato.

14.1.1. The Browser Panel 

The Browser is one of the main ways to quickly and easily add your data to projects. It’s available as:

a Data Source Manager tab, enabled pressing the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button (Ctrl+L);
as a QGIS panel you can open from the menu View ► Panels (or Settings ► Panels) or by pressing Ctrl+2.

In both cases, the Browser helps you navigate in your file system and manage geodata, regardless the type of layer (raster, vector, table), or the datasource format (plain or compressed files, databases, web services).

14.1.1.1. Explorando a Interface 

Na parte superior do painel Navegador, você encontra alguns botões que ajudam a:

^{Add Selected Layers}: you can also add data to the map canvas by selecting Add selected layer(s) from the layer’s context menu;
^Refresh the browser tree;
^{Filter Browser} to search for specific data. Enter a search word or wildcard and the browser will filter the tree to only show paths to matching DB tables, filenames or folders – other data or folders won’t be displayed. See the Browser Panel(2) example in Fig. 14.2. The comparison can be case-sensitive or not. It can also be set to:
- Normal: mostra itens que contêm o texto de pesquisa
- Wildcard(s): fine tune the search using the ? and/or * characters to specify the position of the search text
- Expressão regular
^{Collapse All} the whole tree;
^{Enable/disable properties widget}: when toggled on, a new widget is added at the bottom of the panel showing, if applicable, metadata for the selected item.

The entries in the Browser panel are organised hierarchically, and there are several top level entries:

Favorites where you can place shortcuts to often used locations
Spatial Bookmarks where you can store often used map extents (see Favoritos Espaciais)
Project Home: for a quick access to the folder in which (most of) the data related to your project are stored. The default value is the directory where your project file resides.
Home directory in the file system and the filesystem root directory.
Connected local or network drives
Em seguida, vêm vários tipos de contêiner/banco de dados e protocolos de serviço, dependendo da sua plataforma e bibliotecas subjacentes:
- GeoPackage
- SpatiaLite
- PostGIS
- MSSQL
- Oracle
- SAP HANA
- WMS/WMTS
- Vector Tiles
- XYZ Tiles
- WCS
- WFS/OGC API-Features
- OWS
- ArcGIS Map Service
- ArcGIS Feature Service
- GeoNode

14.1.1.2. Interacting with the Browser items 

The browser supports drag and drop within the browser, from the browser to the canvas and Layers panel, and from the Layers panel to layer containers (e.g. GeoPackage) in the browser.

Project file items inside the browser can be expanded, showing the full layer tree (including groups) contained within that project. Project items are treated the same way as any other item in the browser, so they can be dragged and dropped within the browser (for example to copy a layer item to a geopackage file) or added to the current project through drag and drop or double click.

The context menu for an element in the Browser panel is opened by right-clicking on it.

Para entradas de diretório do sistema de arquivos, o menu de contexto oferece o seguinte:

New ► to create in the selected entry a:
- Diretório…
- GeoPackage…
- ShapeFile…
Add as a Favorite: favorite folders can be renamed (Rename favorite…) or removed (Remove favorite) any time.
Hide from Browser: hidden folders can be toggled to visible from the Settings ► Options ► Data Sources ► Hidden browser paths setting
Fast Scan this Directory
Abrir Diretório
Abrir no Terminal
Propriedades…
Propriedades do diretório…

For leaf entries that can act as layers in the project, the context menu will have supporting entries. For example, for non-database, non-service-based vector, raster and mesh data sources:

:menuSeleção:`Exportar camada --> Para arquivo...`
Adicionar camada ao projeto
Propriedades da Camada
Gerenciar ► Renomear “<name of file>”… ou Deletar “<name of file>”…
Mostrar em arquivos
Propriedades do arquivo

In the Layer properties entry, you will find (similar to what you will find in the vector and raster layer properties once the layers have been added to the project):

Metadados for the layer. para a camada. Grupos de Metadados: Informações do provedor (se possível,será um hiperlink para a fonte Path), Identificação, Extensão, Acesso, Campos (para camadas vetoriais), Bandas (para camadas raster), Contatos, Links (para camadas vetoriais), Referências (para camadas raster), Histórico.
A Preview panel
The attribute table for vector sources (in the Attributes panel).

Para adicionar uma camada ao projeto usando a Navegador:

Enable the Browser as described above. A browser tree with your file system, databases and web services is displayed. You may need to connect databases and web services before they appear (see dedicated sections).
Encontre a camada na lista.
Use the context menu, double-click its name, or drag-and-drop it into the map canvas. Your layer is now added to the Layers panel and can be viewed on the map canvas.

Dica

Abra um projeto QGIS diretamente do navegador

You can also open a QGIS project directly from the Browser panel by double-clicking its name or by drag-and-drop into the map canvas.

Depois que um arquivo é carregado, você pode ampliar usando as ferramentas de navegação do mapa. Para alterar o estilo de uma camada, abra a caixa de diálogo :guilabel: Propriedades da Camada clicando duas vezes no nome da camada ou clicando com o botão direito do mouse no nome da legenda e escolhendo :menuselection:` Propriedades` no menu de contexto. Veja a seção Propriedades da simbologia para mais informações sobre a configuração de simbologia para camadas vetoriais.

Right-clicking an item in the browser tree helps you to:

for a file or a table, display its metadata or open it in your project. Tables can even be renamed, deleted or truncated.
para uma pasta, adicione-a aos favoritos ou oculte-a na árvore do navegador. As pastas ocultas podem ser gerenciadas a partir da guia Configurações ► Opções ► Fontes de Dados.
manage your spatial bookmarks: bookmarks can be created, exported and imported as XML files.
crie uma conexão com um banco de dados ou um serviço da web.
atualizar, renomear ou excluir um esquema.

Você também pode importar arquivos para bancos de dados ou copiar tabelas de um esquema/banco de dados para outro com um simples arrastar e soltar. Há um segundo painel do navegador disponível para evitar rolagem longa enquanto arrasta. Basta selecionar o arquivo e arrastar e soltar de um painel para o outro.

../../../_images/browser_panels.png — Fig. 14.2 QGIS Browser panels side-by-side

Dica

Add layers to QGIS by simple drag-and-drop from your OS file browser

You can also add file(s) to the project by drag-and-dropping them from your operating system file browser to the Layers Panel or the map canvas.

14.1.2. The DB Manager 

The DB Manager Plugin is another tool for integrating and managing spatial database formats supported by QGIS (PostGIS, SpatiaLite, GeoPackage, Oracle Spatial, MSSQL, Virtual layers). It can be activated from the Plugins ► Manage and Install Plugins… menu.

The ^{DB Manager} Plugin provides several features:

connect to databases and display their structure and contents
preview tables of databases
add layers to the map canvas, either by double-clicking or drag-and-drop.
add layers to a database from the QGIS Browser or from another database
create SQL queries and add their output to the map canvas
criar virtual layers

More information on DB Manager capabilities is found in Plugin do gerenciador de banco de dados.

../../../_images/db_manager.png — Fig. 14.3 Caixa de diálogo Gerenciador DB

14.1.3. Provider-based loading tools 

Beside the Browser Panel and the DB Manager, the main tools provided by QGIS to add layers, you’ll also find tools that are specific to data providers.

Nota

Alguns: ‘plugins externos <plugins>’ também fornecem ferramentas para abrir arquivos de formato específico no QGIS.

14.1.3.1. Carregando uma camada de um arquivo 

Para carregar uma camada de um arquivo:

Abra a guia do tipo de camada na caixa de diálogo Gerenciador de Fonte de Dados, ou seja, clique no botão ^{Abrir Gerenciador de Fonte de Dados} (ou pressione: kbd:Ctrl+L) e ative a guia de destino ou:
- for vector data (like GML, ESRI Shapefile, Mapinfo and DXF layers): press Ctrl+Shift+V, select the Layer ► Add Layer ► Add Vector Layer menu option or click on the ^{Add Vector Layer} toolbar button.
  
  Fig. 14.4 Add Vector Layer Dialog
- para dados raster (como camadas GeoTiff, MBTiles, GRIdded Binary e DWG): pressione Ctrl+Shift+R, selecione a opção Camada ► Adicionar Camada ► Adicionar Camada Raster do menu ou clique no botão ^{Adicionar Camada Raster} da barra de ferramentas.
  
  Fig. 14.5 Add Raster Layer Dialog
Check File source type
Click on the … ^Browse button
Navegue no sistema de arquivos e carregue uma fonte de dados suportada. É possível carregar mais de uma camada ao mesmo tempo mantendo pressionada a tecla Ctrl e clicando em vários itens da caixa de diálogo ou pressionando a tecla Shift para selecionar um intervalo de itens clicando em o primeiro e o último item do intervalo. Somente os formatos que foram bem testados aparecem no filtro de formatos. Outros formatos podem ser carregados selecionando Todos os arquivos (o item superior no menu pull-down).
Press Open to load the selected file into Data Source Manager dialog

Fig. 14.6 Carregando um Shapefile com opções em aberto
Press Add to load the file in QGIS and display them in the map view. Fig. 14.7 shows QGIS after loading the alaska.shp file.

Fig. 14.7 QGIS com Shapefile do Alasca carregado

Nota

For loading vector and raster files the GDAL driver offers to define open actions. These will be shown when a file is selected. Options are described in detail on https://gdal.org/drivers/vector/, https://gdal.org/drivers/raster and if a file is selected in QGIS, a text with hyperlink will directly lead to the documentation of the selected file type.

Nota

Como alguns formatos como MapInfo (por exemplo, .tab) ou Autocad (.dxf) permitem misturar diferentes tipos de geometria em um único arquivo, carregar tais conjuntos de dados abre um diálogo para selecionar as geometrias a serem utilizadas a fim de ter uma geometria por camada.

The ^{Add Vector Layer} and ^{Add Raster
Layer} tabs allow loading of layers from source types other than File:

You can load specific vector formats like ArcInfo Binary Coverage, UK. National Transfer Format, as well as the raw TIGER format of the US Census Bureau or OpenfileGDB. To do that, you select Directory as Source type. In this case, a directory can be selected in the dialog after pressing … ^Browse.
With the Database source type you can select an existing database connection or create one to the selected database type. Some possible database types are ODBC, Esri Personal Geodatabase, MSSQL as well as PostgreSQL or MySQL .

Pressing the New button opens the Create a New OGR Database Connection dialog whose parameters are among the ones you can find in Criando uma conexão armazenada. Pressing Open lets you select from the available tables, for example of PostGIS enabled databases.
O tipo de fonte Protocolo: HTTP(S), nuvem, etc. abre dados armazenados localmente ou na rede sejam publicamente acessíveis, ou em armazenamentos em nuvem particulares fornecidos por serviços comerciais. Os tipos de protocolo suportados são:
- HTTP/HTTPS/FTP, with a URI and, if required, an authentication.
- Cloud storage such as AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, Microsoft Azure Blob, Alibaba OSS Cloud, Open Stack Swift Storage. You need to fill in the Bucket or container and the Object key.
- service supporting OGC WFS 3 (still experimental), using GeoJSON or GEOJSON - Newline Delimited format or based on CouchDB database. A URI is required, with optional authentication.
- For all vector source types it is possible to define the Encoding or to use the Automatic ► setting.

14.1.3.2. Carregando uma camada de malha 

A mesh is an unstructured grid usually with temporal and other components. The spatial component contains a collection of vertices, edges and faces in 2D or 3D space. More information on mesh layers at Working with Mesh Data.

Para adicionar uma camada de malha ao QGIS:

Open the Data Source Manager dialog, either by selecting it from the Layer ► menu or clicking the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button.
Ative a guia Malha no painel da esquerda
Pressione o botão … ^Buscar para selecionar o arquivo. Vários formatos são suportados.
Select the file and press Add. The layer will be added using the native mesh rendering.
If the selected file contains many mesh layers, then you’ll be prompted with a dialog to choose the sublayers to load. Do your selection and press OK and the layers are loaded with the native mesh rendering. It’s also possible to load them within a group.

../../../_images/mesh_datasource_manager.png — Fig. 14.8 Mesh tab in Data Source Manager

14.1.3.3. Importando um arquivo de texto delimitado 

Delimited text files (e.g. .txt, .csv, .dat, .wkt) can be loaded using the tools described above. This way, they will show up as simple tables. Sometimes, delimited text files can contain coordinates / geometries that you could want to visualize. This is what Add Delimited Text Layer is designed for.

Click the ^{Open Data Source Manager} icon to open the Data Source Manager dialog
Ative a guia Texto Delimitado
Select the delimited text file to import (e.g., qgis_sample_data/csv/elevp.csv) by clicking on the … ^Browse button.
No campo Nome da camada, fornecer o nome a ser utilizado para a camada no projeto (por exemplo Elevação).
Configure as configurações para atender seu conjunto de dados e necessidades, conforme explicado abaixo.

../../../_images/delimited_text_dialog.png — Fig. 14.9 Delimited Text Dialog

Formato de arquivo 

Depois que o arquivo é selecionado, o QGIS tenta analisar o arquivo com o delimitador usado mais recentemente, identificando campos e linhas. Para permitir que o QGIS analise corretamente o arquivo, é importante selecionar o delimitador correto. Você pode especificar um delimitador escolhendo entre:

CSV (valores separados por vírgula) para utilizar o caractere de vírgula.
Regular expression delimiter and enter text into the Expression field. For example, to change the delimiter to tab, use \t (this is used in regular expressions for the tab character).
Custom delimiters, choosing among some predefined delimiters like comma, space, tab, semicolon, … .

Registros e campos 

Algumas outras opções convenientes podem ser usadas para reconhecimento de dados:

Number of header lines to discard: convenient when you want to avoid the first lines in the file in the import, either because those are blank lines or with another formatting.
First record has field names: values in the first line are used as field names, otherwise QGIS uses the field names field_1, field_2…
Detect field types: automatically recognizes the field type. If unchecked then all attributes are treated as text fields.
Separador decimal é vírgula: você pode forçar o separador decimal a ser uma vírgula.
Trim fields: allows you to trim leading and trailing spaces from fields.
Discard empty fields.

As you set the parser properties, a sample data preview updates at the bottom of the dialog.

Definição de geometria 

Once the file is parsed, set Geometry definition to

Point coordinates and provide the X field, Y field, Z field (for 3-dimensional data) and M field (for the measurement dimension) if the layer is of point geometry type and contains such fields. If the coordinates are defined as degrees/minutes/seconds, activate the DMS coordinates checkbox. Provide the appropriate Geometry CRS using the ^{Select CRS} widget.
Well known text (WKT) option if the spatial information is represented as WKT: select the Geometry field containing the WKT geometry and choose the approriate Geometry field or let QGIS auto-detect it. Provide the appropriate Geometry CRS using the ^{Select CRS} widget.
If the file contains non-spatial data, activate No geometry (attribute only table) and it will be loaded as an ordinary table.

Configurações de camada 

Além disso, você pode habilitar:

Use spatial index to improve the performance of displaying and spatially selecting features.
Use subset index to improve performance of subset filters (when defined in the layer properties).
Watch file to watch for changes to the file by other applications while QGIS is running.

At the end, click Add to add the layer to the map. In our example, a point layer named Elevation is added to the project and behaves like any other map layer in QGIS. This layer is the result of a query on the .csv source file (hence, linked to it) and would require to be saved in order to get a spatial layer on disk.

14.1.3.4. Importando um arquivo DXF ou DWG 

DXF and DWG files can be added to QGIS by simple drag-and-drop from the Browser Panel. You will be prompted to select the sublayers you would like to add to the project. Layers are added with random style properties.

Nota

For DXF files containing several geometry types (point, line and/or polygon), the name of the layers will be generated as <filename.dxf> entities <geometry type>.

To keep the dxf/dwg file structure and its symbology in QGIS, you may want to use the dedicated Project ► Import/Export ► Import Layers from DWG/DXF… tool which allows you to:

import elements from the drawing file into a GeoPackage database.
adicionar elementos importados ao projeto.

In the DWG/DXF Import dialog, to import the drawing file contents:

Input the location of the Target package, i.e. the new GeoPackage file that will store the data. If an existing file is provided, then it will be overwritten.
Especifique o sistema de referência de coordenadas dos dados no arquivo de desenho.
Check Expand block references to import the blocks in the drawing file as normal elements.
Check Use curves to promote the imported layers to a curved geometry type.
Use the Import button to select the DWG/DXF file to use (one per geopackage). The GeoPackage database will be automatically populated with the drawing file content. Depending on the size of the file, this can take some time.

After the .dwg or .dxf data has been imported into the GeoPackage database, the frame in the lower half of the dialog is populated with the list of layers from the imported file. There you can select which layers to add to the QGIS project:

At the top, set a Group name to group the drawing files in the project.
Check layers to show: Each selected layer is added to an ad hoc group which contains vector layers for the point, line, label and area features of the drawing layer. The style of the layers will resemble the look they originally had in *CAD.
Escolha se a camada deve estar visível na abertura.
Marcar a opção Mesclar camadas coloca todas as camadas em um único grupo.
Press OK to open the layers in QGIS.

../../../_images/dwg_dxf_import_dialog.png — Fig. 14.10 Import dialog for DWG/DXF files

14.1.3.5. Importando vetores OpenStreetMap 

The OpenStreetMap project is popular because in many countries no free geodata such as digital road maps are available. The objective of the OSM project is to create a free editable map of the world from GPS data, aerial photography and local knowledge. To support this objective, QGIS provides support for OSM data.

Using the Browser Panel, you can load an .osm file to the map canvas, in which case you’ll get a dialog to select sublayers based on the geometry type. The loaded layers will contain all the data of that geometry type in the .osm file, and keep the osm file data structure.

14.1.3.6. Camadas SpatiaLite 

The first time you load data from a SpatiaLite database, begin by:

clicking on the ^{Add SpatiaLite Layer} toolbar button
selecting the Add SpatiaLite Layer… option from the Layer ► Add Layer menu
ou digitando Ctrl+Shift+L

This will bring up a window that will allow you either to connect to a SpatiaLite database already known to QGIS (which you choose from the drop-down menu) or to define a new connection to a new database. To define a new connection, click on New and use the file browser to point to your SpatiaLite database, which is a file with a .sqlite extension.

O QGIS também suporta visualizações editáveis no SpatiaLite.

14.1.3.7. GPS 

Existem dezenas de formatos de arquivo diferentes para armazenar dados GPS. O formato que o QGIS usa é chamado GPX (formato GPS eXchange), que é um formato padrão de intercâmbio que pode conter qualquer número de pontos de passagem, rotas e trilhas no mesmo arquivo.

Use the … ^Browse button to select the GPX file, then use the checkboxes to select the feature types you want to load from that GPX file. Each feature type will be loaded in a separate layer.

../../../_images/gps_datasource.png — Fig. 14.11 Carregando a janela de dados do GPS

14.1.3.8. GRASS 

Working with GRASS vector data is described in section Integração com SIG GRASS.

14.1.3.9. Database related tools 

Criando uma conexão armazenada 

Para ler e gravar tabelas a partir de um formato de banco de dados, o QGIS oferece suporte à criação de uma conexão com esse banco de dados. Embora Painel do Navegador QGIS seja a maneira mais simples e recomendada de conectar-se e usar bancos de dados, o QGIS fornece outras ferramentas para conectar-se a cada um deles e carregar suas tabelas:

Adicionar Camada PostGIS… ou digitando Ctrl+Shift+D
Add MSSQL Spatial Layer
Add Oracle Spatial Layer… or by typing Ctrl+Shift+O
Add SAP HANA Spatial Layer… or by typing Ctrl+Shift+G

These tools are accessible either from the Manage Layers Toolbar and the Layer ► Add Layer ► menu. Connecting to SpatiaLite database is described at Camadas SpatiaLite.

Dica

Create connection to database from the QGIS Browser Panel

Selecting the corresponding database format in the Browser tree, right-clicking and choosing connect will provide you with the database connection dialog.

Most of the connection dialogs follow a common basis that will be described below using the PostgreSQL database tool as an example. For additional settings specific to other providers, you can find corresponding descriptions at:

Connecting to MSSQL Spatial;
Conectando ao Oracle Spatial;
Connecting to SAP HANA.

The first time you use a PostGIS data source, you must create a connection to a database that contains the data. Begin by clicking the appropriate button as exposed above, opening an Add PostGIS Table(s) dialog (see Fig. 14.14). To access the connection manager, click on the New button to display the Create a New PostGIS Connection dialog.

../../../_images/newpostgisconnection.png — Fig. 14.12 Criar uma Nova Caixa de Diálogo de Conexão PostGIS

Os parâmetros necessários para uma conexão PostGIS são explicados abaixo. Para os outros tipos de banco de dados, veja suas diferenças em Particular Connection requirements.

Name: A name for this connection. It can be the same as Database.
Service: Service parameter to be used alternatively to hostname/port (and potentially database). This can be defined in pg_service.conf. Check the PostgreSQL Service connection file section for more details.
Host: Name of the database host. This must be a resolvable host name such as would be used to open a TCP/IP connection or ping the host. If the database is on the same computer as QGIS, simply enter localhost here.
Port: Port number the PostgreSQL database server listens on. The default port for PostGIS is 5432.
Banco de Dados: Nome do banco de dados.
SSL mode: SSL encryption setup The following options are available:
- Prefer (the default): I don’t care about encryption, but I wish to pay the overhead of encryption if the server supports it.
- Require: I want my data to be encrypted, and I accept the overhead. I trust that the network will make sure I always connect to the server I want.
- Verify CA: I want my data encrypted, and I accept the overhead. I want to be sure that I connect to a server that I trust.
- Guilabel: ‘Verificação Completa’: Quero meus dados criptografados, e aceito as despesas gerais. Quero ter certeza de que me conecto a um servidor em que confio, e que é aquele que eu especifico.
- guilabel: ‘Permitir’: Eu não me importo com a segurança, mas pagarei as despesas gerais de criptografia se o servidor insistir nisso.
- guilabel:`Desativar’: Eu não me importo com a segurança, e não quero pagar as despesas gerais de criptografia.
guilabel:`Autenticação’, básico.
- guilabel:Nome do usuário: Nome do usuário utilizado para fazer o login no banco de dados.
- Password: Password used with Username to connect to the database.
You can save any or both of the User name and Password parameters, in which case they will be used by default each time you need to connect to this database. If not saved, you’ll be prompted to supply the credentials to connect to the database in next QGIS sessions. The connection parameters you entered are stored in a temporary internal cache and returned whenever a username/password for the same database is requested, until you end the current QGIS session.

Aviso

Configurações e segurança do usuário QGIS

In the Authentication tab, saving username and password will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you share the project file with someone. Therefore, it is advisable to save your credentials in an Authentication configuration instead (Configurations tab - See Sistema de Autenticação for more details) or in a service connection file (see PostgreSQL Service connection file for example).
Authentication, configurations. Choose an authentication configuration. You can add configurations using the button. Choices are:
- Autenticação básica
- Autenticaão PKI PKCS#12
- Autenticação de caminhos PKI
- PKI stored identity certificate

Opcionalmente, dependendo do tipo de banco de dados, você pode ativar as seguintes caixas de seleção:

Only show layers in the layer registries
:guilabel:`Não resolva o tipo de colunas irrestritas (GEOMETRIA) `
Only look in the ‘public’ schema
Also list tables with no geometry
Usar metadados estimados da tabela
Permitir salvar/carregar projetos QGIS no banco de dados - mais detalhes here

Dica

Usar metadados de tabela estimados para acelerar as operações

When initializing layers, various queries may be needed to establish the characteristics of the geometries stored in the database table. When the Use estimated table metadata option is checked, these queries examine only a sample of the rows and use the table statistics, rather than the entire table. This can drastically speed up operations on large datasets, but may result in incorrect characterization of layers (e.g. the feature count of filtered layers will not be accurately determined) and may even cause strange behaviour if columns that are supposed to be unique actually are not.

Once all parameters and options are set, you can test the connection by clicking the Test Connection button or apply it by clicking the OK button. From Add PostGIS Table(s), click now on Connect, and the dialog is filled with tables from the selected database (as shown in Fig. 14.14).

Particular Connection requirements 

Devido às particularidades do tipo de banco de dados, as opções fornecidas não são as mesmas. As opções específicas do banco de dados estão descritas abaixo.

PostgreSQL Service connection file 

The service connection file allows PostgreSQL connection parameters to be associated with a single service name. That service name can then be specified by a client and the associated settings will be used.

It’s called .pg_service.conf under *nix systems (GNU/Linux, macOS etc.) and pg_service.conf on Windows.

O arquivo de serviço pode se parecer com o seguinte:

[water_service]
host=192.168.0.45
port=5433
dbname=gisdb
user=paul
password=paulspass

[wastewater_service]
host=dbserver.com
dbname=water
user=waterpass

Nota

There are two services in the above example: water_service and wastewater_service. You can use these to connect from QGIS, pgAdmin, etc. by specifying only the name of the service you want to connect to (without the enclosing brackets). If you want to use the service with psql you need to do something like export PGSERVICE=water_service before doing your psql commands.

You can find all the PostgreSQL parameters here

Nota

If you don’t want to save the passwords in the service file you can use the .pg_pass option.

On *nix operating systems (GNU/Linux, macOS etc.) you can save the .pg_service.conf file in the user’s home directory and PostgreSQL clients will automatically be aware of it. For example, if the logged user is web, .pg_service.conf should be saved in the /home/web/ directory in order to directly work (without specifying any other environment variables).

You can specify the location of the service file by creating a PGSERVICEFILE environment variable (e.g. run the export PGSERVICEFILE=/home/web/.pg_service.conf command under your *nix OS to temporarily set the PGSERVICEFILE variable)

You can also make the service file available system-wide (all users) either by placing the .pg_service.conf file in pg_config --sysconfdir or by adding the PGSYSCONFDIR environment variable to specify the directory containing the service file. If service definitions with the same name exist in the user and the system file, the user file takes precedence.

Aviso

There are some caveats under Windows:

The service file should be saved as pg_service.conf and not as .pg_service.conf.
The service file should be saved in Unix format in order to work. One way to do it is to open it with Notepad++ and Edit ► EOL Conversion ► UNIX Format ► File save.
Você pode adicionar variáveis ambientais de várias maneiras; um testado, conhecido por funcionar de forma confiável, é :menuelection:`Painel de controle --> Sistema e segurança --> Sistema --> Configurações avançadas do sistema --> Variáveis de ambiente` adicionando PGSERVICEFILE com o caminho - por exemplo C:\Users\John\pg_service.conf
After adding an environment variable you may also need to restart the computer.

Conectando ao Oracle Spatial 

The spatial features in Oracle Spatial aid users in managing geographic and location data in a native type within an Oracle database. In addition to some of the options in Criando uma conexão armazenada, the connection dialog proposes:

Database: SID or SERVICE_NAME of the Oracle instance;
Port: Port number the Oracle database server listens on. The default port is 1521;
Options: Oracle connection specific options (e.g. OCI_ATTR_PREFETCH_ROWS, OCI_ATTR_PREFETCH_MEMORY). The format of the options string is a semicolon separated list of option names or option=value pairs;
Workspace: Workspace to switch to;
Schema: Schema in which the data are stored

Opcionalmente, você pode ativar as seguintes caixas de seleção:

Only look in metadata table: restricts the displayed tables to those that are in the all_sdo_geom_metadata view. This can speed up the initial display of spatial tables.
Only look for user’s tables: when searching for spatial tables, restricts the search to tables that are owned by the user.
Also list tables with no geometry: indicates that tables without geometry should also be listed by default.
Use estatísticas estimadas da tabela para os metadados da camada: quando a camada é configurada, vários metadados são necessários para a tabela Oracle. Isso inclui informações como a contagem de linhas da tabela, tipo de geometria e extensões espaciais dos dados na coluna geometria. Se a tabela contiver um grande número de linhas, a determinação desses metadados poderá ser demorada. Ao ativar esta opção, as seguintes operações rápidas de metadados da tabela são concluídas: A contagem de linhas é determinada em all_tables.num_rows. As extensões de tabela são sempre determinadas com a função SDO_TUNE.EXTENTS_OF, mesmo se um filtro de camada for aplicado. A geometria da tabela é determinada a partir das primeiras 100 linhas de geometria não nula da tabela.
Only existing geometry types: only lists the existing geometry types and don’t offer to add others.
:guilabel:`Incluir atributos adicionais de geometria `.

Dica

Camadas Espaciais Oracle

Normally, an Oracle Spatial layer is defined by an entry in the USER_SDO_METADATA table.

To ensure that selection tools work correctly, it is recommended that your tables have a primary key.

Connecting to MSSQL Spatial 

Além de algumas das opções em Criando uma conexão armazenada, a criação de uma nova caixa de diálogo de conexão MSSQL propõe que você preencha um nome Provider/DSN. Você também pode exibir bancos de dados disponíveis.

Connecting to SAP HANA 

Nota

You require the SAP HANA Client to connect to a SAP HANA database. You can download the SAP HANA Client for your platform at the SAP Development Tools website.

../../../_images/newhanaconnection.png — Fig. 14.13 Create a New SAP HANA Connection Dialog

Os seguintes parâmetros podem ser inseridos:

Nome: Um nome para esta conexão.
Driver : The name of the HANA ODBC driver. It is HDBODBC if you are using 64-bit QGIS, HDBODBC32 if you are using 32-bit QGIS. The appropriate driver name is entered automatically.
Driver : Either the name under which the SAP HANA ODBC driver has been registered in /etc/odbcinst.ini or the full path to the SAP HANA ODBC driver. The SAP HANA Client installer will install the ODBC driver to /usr/sap/hdbclient/libodbcHDB.so by default.
Host: The name of the database host.
Identifier: Identifies the instance to connect to on the host. This can be either Instance Number or Port Number. Instance numbers consist of two digits, port numbers are in the range from 1 to 65,535.
Mode: Specifies the mode in which the SAP HANA instance runs. This setting is only taken into account if Identifier is set to Instance Number. If the database hosts multiple containers, you can either connect to a tenant with the name given at Tenant database or you can connect to the system database.
Schema: This parameter is optional. If a schema name is given, QGIS will only search for data in that schema. If this field is left blank, QGIS will search for data in all schemas.
Authentication ► Basic.
- User name: User name used to connect to the database.
- Password: Password used to connect to the database.
SSL Settings
- Enable TLS/SSL encryption: Enables TLS 1.1 - TLS1.2 encryption. The server will choose the highest available.
- Provider: Specifies the cryptographic library provider used for SSL communication. sapcrypto should work on all platforms, openssl should work on , mscrypto should work on and commoncrypto requires CommonCryptoLib to be installed.
- Validate SSL certificate: If checked, the SSL certificate will be validated using the truststore given in Trust store file with public key.
- Override hostname in certificate: Specifies the host name used to verify server’s identity. The host name specified here verifies the identity of the server instead of the host name with which the connection was established. If you specify * as the host name, then the server’s host name is not validated. Other wildcards are not permitted.
- Keystore file with private key: Currently ignored. This parameter might allow to authenticate via certificate instead via user and password in future.
- Trust store file with public key: Specifies the path to a trust store file that contains the server’s public certificates if using OpenSSL. Typically, the trust store contains the root certificate or the certificate of the certification authority that signed the server’s public certificates. If you are using the cryptographic library CommonCryptoLib or msCrypto, then leave this property empty.
Only look for user’s tables: If checked, QGIS searches only for tables and views that are owned by the user that connects to the database.
Also list tables with no geometries: If checked, QGIS searches also for tables and views that do not contain a spatial column.

Dica

Connecting to SAP HANA Cloud

If you’d like to connect to an SAP HANA Cloud instance, you usually must set Port Number to 443 and check Enable TLS/SSL encryption.

Loading a Database Layer 

Once you have one or more connections defined to a database (see section Criando uma conexão armazenada), you can load layers from it. Of course, this requires that data are available. See section Importing Data into PostgreSQL for a discussion on importing data into a PostGIS database.

Para carregar uma camada de um banco de dados, você pode executar as seguintes etapas:

Open the “Add <database> table(s)” dialog (see Criando uma conexão armazenada).
Choose the connection from the drop-down list and click Connect.
Select or unselect Also list tables with no geometry.
Optionally, use some Search Options to reduce the list of tables to those matching your search. You can also set this option before you hit the Connect button, speeding up the database fetching.
Encontre a(s) camada(s) que deseja adicionar na lista de camadas disponíveis.
Select it by clicking on it. You can select multiple layers by holding down the Shift or Ctrl key while clicking.
If applicable, use the Set Filter button (or double-click the layer) to start the Query Builder dialog (see section Criador de consultas) and define which features to load from the selected layer. The filter expression appears in the sql column. This restriction can be removed or edited in the Layer Properties ► General ► Provider Feature Filter frame.
The checkbox in the Select at id column that is activated by default gets the feature ids without the attributes and generally speeds up the data loading.
Click on the Add button to add the layer to the map.

../../../_images/addpostgistables.png — Fig. 14.14 Add PostGIS Table(s) Dialog

Dica

Use the Browser Panel to speed up loading of database table(s)

A adição de tabelas de BD do Gerenciador de Fonte de Dados às vezes pode ser demorado, pois o QGIS busca estatísticas e propriedades (por exemplo, tipo e campo de geometria, SRC, número de recursos) para cada tabela com antecedência. Para evitar isso, uma vez que the connection is set, é melhor usar o Browser Panel ou o DB Manager para arrastar e soltar as tabelas do banco de dados na tela do mapa.

14.1.4. Formatos personalizados QGIS 

O QGIS propõe dois formatos personalizados:

Temporary Scratch Layer: a memory layer that is bound to the project (see Creating a new Temporary Scratch Layer for more information)
Virtual Layers: a layer resulting from a query on other layer(s) (see Criando camadas virtuais for more information)

14.1.5. QLR - QGIS Layer Definition File 

Layer definitions can be saved as a Layer Definition File (QLR - .qlr) using Export ► Save As Layer Definition File… in the layer context menu.

The QLR format makes it possible to share “complete” QGIS layers with other QGIS users. QLR files contain links to the data sources and all the QGIS style information necessary to style the layer.

QLR files are shown in the Browser Panel and can be used to add layers (with their saved styles) to the Layers Panel. You can also drag and drop QLR files from the system file manager into the map canvas.

14.1.6. Conectando-se a serviços da web 

With QGIS you can get access to different types of OGC web services (WM(T)S, WFS(-T), WCS, CSW, …). Thanks to QGIS Server, you can also publish such services. Guia/Manual do Servidor QGIS contains descriptions of these capabilities.

14.1.6.1. Using Vector Tiles services 

Vector Tile services can be added via the Vector Tiles tab of the Data Source Manager dialog or the contextual menu of the Vector Tiles entry in the Browser panel. Services can be either a New Generic Connection… or a New ArcGIS Vector Tile Service Connection….

Você cria um serviço, adicionando:

a Nome
the URL: of the type http://example.com/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf for generic services and http://example.com/arcgis/rest/services/Layer/VectorTileServer for ArcGIS based services. The service must provide tiles in .pbf format.
the Min. Zoom Level and the Max. Zoom Level. Vector Tiles have a pyramid structure. By using these options you have the opportunity to individually generate layers from the tile pyramid. These layers will then be used to render the Vector Tile in QGIS.

For Mercator projection (used by OpenStreetMap Vector Tiles) Zoom Level 0 represents the whole world at a scale of 1:500.000.000. Zoom Level 14 represents the scale 1:35.000.
a Style URL: a URL to a MapBox GL JSON style configuration. If provided, then that style will be applied whenever the layers from the connection are added to QGIS. In the case of Arcgis vector tile service connections, the URL overrides the default style configuration specified in the server configuration.
a autenticação configuração, se necessário
a Referer

Fig. 14.15 shows the dialog with the MapTiler planet Vector Tiles service configuration.

../../../_images/vector_tiles_maptilerplanet.png — Fig. 14.15 Vector Tiles - Maptiler Planet configuration

Configurations can be saved to .XML file (Save Connections) through the Vector Tiles entry in Data Source Manager dialog or its context menu in the Browser panel. Likewise, they can be added from a file (Load Connections).

Once a connection to a vector tile service is set, it’s possible to:

Edit the vector tile connection settings
Remover a conexão
From the Browser panel, right-click over the entry and you can also:
- Add layer to project: a double-click also adds the layer
- View the Layer Properties… and get access to metadata and a preview of the data provided by the service. More settings are available when the layer has been loaded into the project.

14.1.6.2. Using XYZ Tile services 

XYZ Tile services can be added via the XYZ tab of the Data Source Manager dialog or the contextual menu of the XYZ Tiles entry in the Browser panel. Press New (respectively New Connection) and provide:

a Nome
a URL
a autenticação configuração, se necessário
the Min. Zoom level and Max. Zoom level
a Referer
the Tile Resolution: possible values are Unknown (not scaled), Standard (256x256 / 96DPI) and High (512x512 / 192DPI)

By default, the OpenStreetMap XYZ Tile service is configured. Fig. 14.16 shows the dialog with the OpenStreetMap XYZ Tile service configuration.

../../../_images/xyz_tiles_dialog_osm.png — Fig. 14.16 XYZ Tiles - OpenStreetMap configuration

Configurations can be saved to .XML file (Save Connections) through the XYZ Tiles entry in Data Source Manager dialog or its context menu in the Browser panel. Likewise, they can be added from a file (Load Connections).

The XML file for OpenStreetMap looks like this:

<!DOCTYPE connections>
<qgsXYZTilesConnections version="1.0">
  <xyztiles url="https://tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png"
   zmin="0" zmax="19" tilePixelRatio="0" password="" name="OpenStreetMap"
   username="" authcfg="" referer=""/>
</qgsXYZTilesConnections>

Once a connection to a XYZ tile service is set, it’s possible to:

Edit the XYZ connection settings
Remover a conexão
From the Browser panel, right-click over the entry and you can also:
- Exportar camada… ► Para Arquivo, saving it as a raster
- Add layer to project: a double-click also adds the layer
- View the Layer Properties… and get access to metadata and a preview of the data provided by the service. More settings are available when the layer has been loaded into the project.

Examples of XYZ Tile services:

OpenStreetMap Monochrome: URL: http://tiles.wmflabs.org/bw-mapnik/{z}/{x}/{y}.png, Min. Zoom Level: 0, Max. Zoom Level: 19.
Google Maps: URL: https://mt1.google.com/vt/lyrs=m&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}, Min. Zoom Level: 0, Max. Zoom Level: 19.
Temperatura do Mapa Meteorológico Aberto: URL: http://tile.openweathermap.org/map/temp_new/{z}/{x}/{y}.png?appid={api_key} Nível Mín. de Zoom: 0, :guilabel: Nível Máx. de Zoom`: 19.

14.1.6.3. Using ArcGIS REST Servers 

ArcGIS REST Servers can be added via the ArcGIS REST Server tab of the Data Source Manager dialog or the contextual menu of the ArcGIS REST Servers entry in the Browser panel. Press New (respectively New Connection) and provide:

a Nome
a URL
a Community endpoint URL
a Content endpoint URL
a autenticação configuração, se necessário
a Referer

Nota

ArcGIS Feature Service connections which have their corresponding Portal endpoint URLS set can be explored by content groups in the browser panel.

Se uma conexão tiver os terminais do Portal definidos, expandir a conexão no navegador mostrará uma pasta “Grupos” e “Serviços”, em vez da lista completa de serviços normalmente exibida. Expandir a pasta de grupos mostrará uma lista de todos os grupos de conteúdo dos quais o usuário é membro, cada um dos quais pode ser expandido para mostrar os itens de serviço pertencentes a esse grupo.

Configurations can be saved to .XML file (Save Connections) through the ArcGIS REST Server entry in Data Source Manager dialog. Likewise, they can be added from a file (Load Connections).

Once a connection to an ArcGIS REST Server is set, it’s possible to:

Edit the ArcGIS REST Server connection settings
Remover a conexão
Refresh the connection
usar um filtro para as camadas disponíveis
choose from a list of available layers with the option to Only request features overlapping the current view extent
From the Browser panel, right-click over the connection entry and you can:
- Refresh
- Edit connection…
- Delete connection…
- View Service Info which will open the default web browser and display the Service Info.
Right-click over the layer entry and you can also:
- View Service Info which will open the default web browser and display the Service Info.
- Export layer… ► To File
- Add layer to project: a double-click also adds the layer
- View the Layer Properties… and get access to metadata and a preview of the data provided by the service. More settings are available when the layer has been loaded into the project.