20. Working with OGC / ISO protocols

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an international organization with membership of more than 300 commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide. Its members develop and implement standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and exchange.

Describing a basic data model for geographic features, an increasing number of specifications are developed by OGC to serve specific needs for interoperable location and geospatial technology, including GIS. Further information can be found at https://www.ogc.org/.

Important OGC specifications supported by QGIS are:

• WMS --- Web Map Service (WMS/WMTS Client)

• WMTS --- Web Map Tile Service (WMS/WMTS Client)

• WFS --- Web Feature Service (WFS and WFS-T Client)

• WFS-T --- Web Feature Service - Transactional (WFS and WFS-T Client)

• WCS --- Web Coverage Service (WCS Client)

• WPS --- Web Processing Service

• CSW --- Catalog Service for the Web

• SFS --- Simple Features for SQL (PostGIS Layers)

• GML --- Geography Markup Language

OGC services are increasingly being used to exchange geospatial data between different GIS implementations and data stores. QGIS can deal with the above specifications as a client, being SFS (through support of the PostgreSQL / PostGIS data provider, see section PostGIS Layers).

You can also share your maps and data through the WMS, WMTS, WFS, WFS-T and WCS protocols using a webserver with QGIS Server, UMN MapServer or GeoServer installed.

20.1. WMS/WMTS Client

20.1.1. Overview of WMS Support

QGIS currently can act as a WMS client that understands WMS 1.1, 1.1.1 and 1.3 servers. In particular, it has been tested against publicly accessible servers such as DEMIS.

A WMS server acts upon requests by the client (e.g., QGIS) for a raster map with a given extent, set of layers, symbolization style, and transparency. The WMS server then consults its local data sources, rasterizes the map, and sends it back to the client in a raster format. For QGIS, this format would typically be JPEG or PNG.

WMS is generically a REST (Representational State Transfer) service rather than a full-blown Web service. As such, you can actually take the URLs generated by QGIS and use them in a web browser to retrieve the same images that QGIS uses internally. This can be useful for troubleshooting, as there are several brands of WMS server on the market and they all have their own interpretation of the WMS standard.

WMS layers can be added quite simply, as long as you know the URL to access the WMS server, you have a serviceable connection to that server, and the server understands HTTP as the data transport mechanism.

Additionally, QGIS will cache your WMS responses (i.e. images) for 24h as long as the GetCapabilities request is not triggered. The GetCapabilities request is triggered everytime the Connect button in the Add Layer(s) from WMS(T) Server dialog is used to retrieve the WMS server capabilities. This is an automatic feature meant to optimize project loading time. If a project is saved with a WMS layer, the corresponding WMS tiles will be loaded from the cache the next time the project is opened as long as they are no older than 24H.

20.1.2. Overview of WMTS Support

QGIS can also act as a WMTS client. WMTS is an OGC standard for distributing tile sets of geospatial data. This is a faster and more efficient way of distributing data than WMS because with WMTS, the tile sets are pre-generated, and the client only requests the transmission of the tiles, not their production. A WMS request typically involves both the generation and transmission of the data. A well-known example of a non-OGC standard for viewing tiled geospatial data is Google Maps.

In order to display the data at a variety of scales close to what the user might want, the WMTS tile sets are produced at several different scale levels and are made available for the GIS client to request them.

This diagram illustrates the concept of tile sets:

图 20.1 Concept of WMTS tile sets

The two types of WMTS interfaces that QGIS supports are via Key-Value-Pairs (KVP) and RESTful. These two interfaces are different, and you need to specify them to QGIS differently.

1. In order to access a WMTS KVP service, a QGIS user must open the WMS/WMTS interface and add the following string to the URL of the WMTS tile service:

   "?SERVICE=WMTS&REQUEST=GetCapabilities"
   

   An example of this type of address is

   https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?\
     service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities
   

   For testing the topo2 layer in this WMTS works nicely. Adding this string indicates that a WMTS web service is to be used instead of a WMS service.

2. The RESTful WMTS service takes a different form, a straightforward URL. The format recommended by the OGC is:

   {WMTSBaseURL}/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml
   

   This format helps you to recognize that it is a RESTful address. A RESTful WMTS is accessed in QGIS by simply adding its address in the WMS setup in the URL field of the form. An example of this type of address for the case of an Austrian basemap is https://maps.wien.gv.at/basemap/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml.

备注

You can still find some old services called WMS-C. These services are quite similar to WMTS (i.e., same purpose but working a little bit differently). You can manage them the same as you do WMTS services. Just add ?tiled=true at the end of the url. See https://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service_Specification for more information about this specification.

When you read WMTS, you can often think WMS-C also.

20.1.3. Selecting WMS/WMTS Servers

The first time you use the WMS feature in QGIS, there are no servers defined.

You then need to create connections to the server you are targeting:

1. Go to the WMS/WMTS tab of the Data Source Manager dialog, either by:

   • clicking the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button (or pressing Ctrl+L) and enabling the tab

   • clicking the ^{Add WMS layer} button on the Manage Layers toolbar

   • or selecting Layer ► Add Layer ► Add WMS/WMTS Layer... menu

2. Press New from the Layers tab. The Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection... dialog appears.

   小技巧

   Right-click the WMS/WMTS entry from within the Browser panel and select New Connection... also opens the Create a New WMS/WMTS Connection... dialog.

3. Then enter the parameters to connect to your desired WMS server, as listed below:

   

   图 20.2 Creating a connection to a WMS server

   • Name: A name for the connection. This name will be used in the Server Connections drop-down box so that you can distinguish it from other WMS servers.

   • URL: URL of the server providing the data. This must be a resolvable host name -- the same format as you would use to open a telnet connection or ping a host, i.e. the base URL only. For example, you shouldn't have fragments such as request=GetCapabilities or version=1.0.0 in your URL.

   • Authentication (optional): using a stored configuration or a basic authentication with Username and Password.

     警告

     Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it's advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See 认证系统 for more details.

   • HTTP Referer

   • DPI-Mode: Available options are all, off, QGIS, UMN and GeoServer

   • Ignore GetMap/GetTile URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.

   • Ignore GetFeatureInfo URI reported in capabilities: if checked, use given URI from the URL field above.

   • Ignore axis orientation (WMS 1.3/WMTS)

   • Ignore reported layer extents: because the extent reported by raster layers may be smaller than the actual area which can be rendered (notably for WMS servers with symbology which takes more space than the data extent), check this option to avoid cropping raster layers to their reported extents, resulting in truncated symbols on the borders of these layers.

   • Invert axis orientation

   • Smooth pixmap transformation

4. Press OK

Once the new WMS server connection has been created, it will be preserved for future QGIS sessions.

If you need to set up a proxy server to be able to receive WMS services from the internet, you can add your proxy server in the options. Choose Settings ► Options and click on the Network tab. There, you can add your proxy settings and enable them by setting Use proxy for web access. Make sure that you select the correct proxy type from the Proxy type drop-down menu.

20.1.4. Loading WMS/WMTS Layers

Once you have successfully filled in your parameters, you can use the Connect button to retrieve the capabilities of the selected server. This includes the image encoding, layers, layer styles and projections. Since this is a network operation, the speed of the response depends on the quality of your network connection to the WMS server. While downloading data from the WMS server, the download progress is visualized in the lower left corner of the main QGIS dialog.

Your screen should now look a bit like 图 20.3, which shows the response provided by a WMS server.

图 20.3 Dialog for adding a WMS server, with filter on available layers

The upper part of the Layers tab of the dialog shows a tree structure that can include layer groups embedding layers with their associated image style(s) served by the server. Each item can be identified by:

• an ID

• a Name

• a Title

• and an Abstract.

The list can be filtered using the widget in the top right corner.

Image Encoding

The Image encoding section lists the formats that are supported by both the client and server. Choose one depending on your image accuracy requirements.

小技巧

Image Encoding

You will typically find that a WMS server offers you the choice of JPEG or PNG image encoding. JPEG is a lossy compression format, whereas PNG faithfully reproduces the raw raster data.

Use JPEG if you expect the WMS data to be photographic in nature and/or you don't mind some loss in picture quality. This trade-off typically reduces by five times the data transfer requirement compared with PNG.

Use PNG if you want precise representations of the original data and you don't mind the increased data transfer requirements.

Options

The Options area of the dialog provides means to configure the WMS requests. You can define:

• Tile size if you want to set tile sizes (e.g., 256x256) to split up the WMS request into multiple requests.

• Request step size: if you want to reduce the effect of cut labels at tile borders, increasing the step size creates larger requests, fewer tiles and fewer borders. The default value is 2000.

• The Maximum number of GetFeatureInfo results from the server

• Each WMS layer can be presented in multiple CRSs, depending on the capability of the WMS server. If you select a WMS from the list, a field with the default projection provided by the web server appears. Press the : ^{Select CRS} widget to replace the default projection of the WMS with another CRS supported by the WMS server.

  A dialog similar to the one shown in 图 10.3 will appear. The main difference with the WMS version of the dialog is that only those CRSs supported by the WMS server will be shown.

• Finally you can activate Use contextual WMS Legend if the WMS Server supports this feature. Then only the relevant legend for your current map view extent will be shown and thus will not include legend items for items you can't see in the current map.

At the bottom of the dialog, a Layer name text field displays the selected item's Title. You can change the name at your will. This name will appear in the Layers panel after you pressed the Add button and loaded the layer(s) in QGIS.

You can select several layers at once, but only one image style per layer. When several layers are selected, they will be combined at the WMS server and transmitted to QGIS in one go, as a single layer. The default name is a slash (/) separated list of their original title.

Layer Order

The Layer Order tab lists the selected layers available from the current connected WMS server.

WMS layers rendered by a server are overlaid in the order listed in the Layers tab, from top to bottom of the list. If you want to change the overlay order, you can use the Up and Down buttons of the Layer Order tab.

Transparency

The Global transparency setting from the Layer Properties is hard coded to be always on, where available.

20.1.5. 图块集

When using WMTS (Cached WMS) services like

https://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?\
  service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities

you are able to browse through the Tilesets tab given by the server. Additional information like tile size, formats and supported CRS are listed in this table. In combination with this feature, you can use the tile scale slider by selecting View ► Panels ( or Settings ► Panels), then choosing Tile Scale Panel. This gives you the available scales from the tile server with a nice slider docked in.

20.1.6. Using the Identify Tool

Once you have added a WMS server, and if any layer from a WMS server is queryable, you can then use the ^Identify tool to select a pixel on the map canvas. A query is made to the WMS server for each selection made. The results of the query are returned in plain text. The formatting of this text is dependent on the particular WMS server used.

Format selection

If multiple output formats are supported by the server, a combo box with supported formats is automatically added to the identify results dialog and the selected format may be stored in the project for the layer.

GML format support

The ^Identify tool supports WMS server response (GetFeatureInfo) in GML format (it is called Feature in the QGIS GUI in this context). If "Feature" format is supported by the server and selected, results of the Identify tool are vector features, as from a regular vector layer. When a single feature is selected in the tree, it is highlighted in the map and it can be copied to the clipboard and pasted to another vector layer. See the example setup of the UMN Mapserver below to support GetFeatureInfo in GML format.

# in layer METADATA add which fields should be included and define geometry (example):

"gml_include_items"   "all"
"ows_geometries"      "mygeom"
"ows_mygeom_type"     "polygon"

# Then there are two possibilities/formats available, see a) and b):

# a) basic (output is generated by Mapserver and does not contain XSD)
# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "application/vnd.ogc.gml,text/html"

# b) using OGR (output is generated by OGR, it is send as multipart and contains XSD)
# in MAP define OUTPUTFORMAT (example):
OUTPUTFORMAT
    NAME "OGRGML"
    MIMETYPE "ogr/gml"
    DRIVER "OGR/GML"
    FORMATOPTION "FORM=multipart"
END

# in WEB METADATA define formats (example):
"wms_getfeatureinfo_formatlist" "OGRGML,text/html"

Viewing Properties

Once you have added a WMS server, you can view its properties by right-clicking on it in the legend and selecting Properties.

Metadata Tab

The tab Metadata displays a wealth of information about the WMS server, generally collected from the capabilities statement returned from that server. Many definitions can be gleaned by reading the WMS standards (see OPEN-GEOSPATIAL-CONSORTIUM in 文献和网络参考), but here are a few handy definitions:

• Server Properties

  • WMS Version --- The WMS version supported by the server.

  • Image Formats --- The list of MIME-types the server can respond with when drawing the map. QGIS supports whatever formats the underlying Qt libraries were built with, which is typically at least image/png and image/jpeg.

  • Identity Formats --- The list of MIME-types the server can respond with when you use the Identify tool. Currently, QGIS supports the text-plain type.

• Layer Properties

  • Selected --- Whether or not this layer was selected when its server was added to this project.

  • Visible --- Whether or not this layer is selected as visible in the legend (not yet used in this version of QGIS).

  • Can Identify --- Whether or not this layer will return any results when the Identify tool is used on it.

  • Can be Transparent --- Whether or not this layer can be rendered with transparency. This version of QGIS will always use transparency if this is Yes and the image encoding supports transparency.

  • Can Zoom In --- Whether or not this layer can be zoomed in by the server. This version of QGIS assumes all WMS layers have this set to Yes. Deficient layers may be rendered strangely.

  • Cascade Count --- WMS servers can act as a proxy to other WMS servers to get the raster data for a layer. This entry shows how many times the request for this layer is forwarded to peer WMS servers for a result.

  • Fixed Width, Fixed Height --- Whether or not this layer has fixed source pixel dimensions. This version of QGIS assumes all WMS layers have this set to nothing. Deficient layers may be rendered strangely.

  • WGS 84 Bounding Box --- The bounding box of the layer, in WGS 84 coordinates. Some WMS servers do not set this correctly (e.g., UTM coordinates are used instead). If this is the case, then the initial view of this layer may be rendered with a very 'zoomed-out' appearance by QGIS. The WMS webmaster should be informed of this error, which they may know as the WMS XML elements LatLonBoundingBox, EX_GeographicBoundingBox or the CRS:84 BoundingBox.

  • Available in CRS --- The projections that this layer can be rendered in by the WMS server. These are listed in the WMS-native format.

  • Available in style --- The image styles that this layer can be rendered in by the WMS server.

20.1.7. Show WMS legend graphic in table of contents and layout

The QGIS WMS data provider is able to display a legend graphic in the table of contents' layer list and in the print layout. The WMS legend will be shown only if the WMS server has GetLegendGraphic capability and the layer has getCapability url specified, so you additionally have to select a styling for the layer.

If a legendGraphic is available, it is shown below the layer. It is little and you have to click on it to open it in real dimension (due to QgsLegendInterface architectural limitation). Clicking on the layer's legend will open a frame with the legend at full resolution.

In the print layout, the legend will be integrated at it's original (downloaded) dimension. Resolution of the legend graphic can be set in the item properties under Legend ► WMS LegendGraphic to match your printing requirements.

The legend will display contextual information based on your current scale. The WMS legend will be shown only if the WMS server has GetLegendGraphic capability and the layer has getCapability url specified, so you have to select a styling.

20.1.8. WMS Client Limitations

Not all possible WMS client functionality had been included in this version of QGIS. Some of the more noteworthy exceptions follow.

Editing WMS Layer Settings

Once you've completed the ^{Add WMS layer} procedure, there is no way to change the settings. A work-around is to delete the layer completely and start again.

WMS Servers Requiring Authentication

Currently, publicly accessible and secured WMS services are supported. The secured WMS servers can be accessed by public authentication. You can add the (optional) credentials when you add a WMS server. See section Selecting WMS/WMTS Servers for details.

小技巧

Accessing secured OGC-layers

If you need to access secured layers with secured methods other than basic authentication, you can use InteProxy as a transparent proxy, which does support several authentication methods. More information can be found in the InteProxy manual at https://inteproxy.wald.intevation.org.

小技巧

QGIS WMS Mapserver

Since Version 1.7.0, QGIS has its own implementation of a WMS 1.3.0 Mapserver. Read more about this in QGIS服务器指南/手册.

20.2. WCS Client

A Web Coverage Service (WCS) provides access to raster data in forms that are useful for client-side rendering, as input into scientific models, and for other clients. The WCS may be compared to the WFS and the WMS. As WMS and WFS service instances, a WCS allows clients to choose portions of a server's information holdings based on spatial constraints and other query criteria.

QGIS has a native WCS provider and supports both version 1.0 and 1.1 (which are significantly different), but currently it prefers 1.0, because 1.1 has many issues (i.e., each server implements it in a different way with various particularities).

The native WCS provider handles all network requests and uses all standard QGIS network settings (especially proxy). It is also possible to select cache mode ('always cache', 'prefer cache', 'prefer network', 'always network'), and the provider also supports selection of time position, if temporal domain is offered by the server.

警告

Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it's advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See 认证系统 for more details.

20.3. WFS and WFS-T Client

In QGIS, a WFS layer behaves pretty much like any other vector layer. You can identify and select features, and view the attribute table. QGIS supports WFS 1.0.0, 1.1.0, 2.0 and OGC API - Features (OAPIF), including editing (through WFS-T).

In general, adding a WFS layer is very similar to the procedure used with WMS. There are no default servers defined, so you have to add your own. You can find WFS servers by using the MetaSearch plugin or your favourite web search engine. There are a number of lists with public URLs, some of them maintained and some not.

Loading a WFS Layer

As an example, we use the Gateway Geomatics WFS server and display a layer. https://demo.gatewaygeomatics.com/cgi-bin/wfs_gateway?REQUEST=GetCapabilities&VERSION=1.0.0&SERVICE=WFS

To be able to load a WFS Layer, first create a connection to the WFS server:

1. Open the Data Source Manager dialog by pressing the ^{Open Data Source Manager} button

2. Enable the WFS/OGC API-Features tab

3. Click on New... to open the Create a New WFS Connection dialog

4. Enter Gateway Geomatics as name

5. Enter the URL (see above)

   

   图 20.4 Creating a connection to a WFS server

   备注

   In case of an OGC API - Features (OAPIF), the URL to provide should be the landing page, ie the main page from which it is possible to navigate to all the available service endpoints.

6. In the WFS settings dialog, you can:

   • Indicate the WFS version of the server. If unknown, press the Detect button to automatically retrieve it.

   • Define the maximum number of features retrieved in a single GetFetFeature request. If empty, no limit is set.

   • Invert axis orientation.

   • And depending on the WFS version:

     • Force to Ignore axis orientation (WFS 1.1/WFS 2.0)

     • Enable feature paging and specify the maximum number of features to retrieve with Page size. If no limit is defined, then the server default is applied.

   警告

   Entering username and password in the Authentication tab will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it's advisable to save your credentials in an Authentication configuration instead (Configurations tab). See 认证系统 for more details.

7. Press OK to create the connection.

Note that any proxy settings you may have set in your preferences are also recognized.

Now we are ready to load WFS layers from the above connection.

1. Choose 'Gateway Geomatics' from the Server Connections drop-down list.

2. Click Connect

3. Select the Parks layer in the list

4. You can also choose whether to:

   • Use title for layer name, showing the layer's title as defined on the server in the Layers panel instead of its Name

   • Only request features overlapping the view extent

   • Change the layer's CRS

   • or Build query to specify particular features to retrieve, by either using the corresponding button or double-clicking the target layer.

5. Click Add to add the layer to the map.

图 20.5 Adding a WFS layer

You'll notice the download progress is visualized in the lower left of the QGIS main window. Once the layer is loaded, you can identify and select a couple of features and view the attribute table.

备注

QGIS supports different versions of the WFS protocol, with background download and progressive rendering, on-disk caching of downloaded features and version autodetection.