20. Подготовка данных для занятий

Примечание

Этот процесс направлен на пользователей, уже имеющих опыт с QGIS, которые хотят создать локализованные наборы данных для их курса. Стандартные наборы данных предоставляются вместе с руководством, но Вы можете заменить их собственными, следуя этим инструкциям.

The sample data provided with the Training Manual refers to the town of Swellendam and its surroundings. Swellendam is located about 2 hours“ east of Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa. The dataset contains feature names in both English and Afrikaans.

Каждый может без проблем использовать эти данные, но при желании Вы можете использовать данные для Вашей страны или города в модулях 3-7.2. Дальнейшие модули используют более сложные источники данных, которых для Вашего региона может просто не оказаться.

Примечание

Эти инструкции подразумевают, что у Вы уже хорошо знаете QGIS, и не предлагаются в качестве учебного материала.

20.1. hard Try Yourself Create OSM based vector Files

Если Вы желаете заменить стандартный набор данных локализованым набором для Вашего курса, это можно легко сделать инструментами QGIS. Выбранный Вами регион должен включать городские и сельские зоны с дорогами, границы участков (таких как заповедники и фермы) и водоёмы.

  1. Откройте новый проект QGIS

  2. Select Layer ► Data Source Manager to open the Data Source Manager dialog

  3. In the Browser tab, expand the XYZ Tiles drop-down menu and double-click the OpenStreetMap item.

    ../../../_images/browser_xyztiles.png

    A map of the world is now visible on the map canvas.

  4. Close the Data Source Manager dialog

  5. Move to the area you’d like to use as study area

    ../../../_images/swellendam_neighborhood.png

Now that we have the area we’ll extract the data from, let’s enable the extraction tools.

  1. Go to Plugins ► Manage/Install Plugins…

  2. In the All tab, type QuickOSM in the search box

  3. Select the QuickOSM plugin, press Install Plugin and then Close the dialog.

    ../../../_images/quickosm_plugin_download.png

  4. Execute the new plugin from Vector ► QuickOSM ► QuickOSM… menu

  5. In the Quick query tab, select building in the Key drop-down menu

  6. Leave the Value field empty, meaning that you are querying all buildings.

  7. Select Canvas Extent in the next drop-down menu

  8. Expand the Advanced group below and uncheck all geometry types on the right except Multipolygons.

  9. Press Run query

    ../../../_images/building_query_builder.png

    A new building layer is added to the Layers panel, showing buildings in the selected extent.

  10. Proceed as above to extract other data:

    1. Key = landuse and Multipolygons geometry type.

    2. Key = boundary, Value = protected_area and Multipolygons geometry type.

    3. Key = natural, Value = water and Multipolygons geometry type.

    4. Key = highway and check Lines and Multilines geometry types.

    5. Key = waterway, Value = river and check Lines and Multilines geometry types.

    6. Key = place and Points geometry type.

This process adds the layers as temporary files (indicated by the indicatorMemory icon next to their name).

../../../_images/osm_data_loaded.png

You can sample the data your region contains in order to see what kind of results your region will yield.

We now need to save the resulting data to use during your course. We’ll be using ESRI Shapefile, GeoPackage and SpatiaLite formats depending on the data.

To convert the place temporary layer to another format:

  1. Click the indicatorMemory icon next to the place layer to open the Save Scratch Layer dialog.

    Примечание

    If you need to change any of the temporary layer’s properties (CRS, extent, fields…), use the Export ► Save Features as… contextual menu instead, and ensure the Add saved file to map option is checked. This adds a new layer.

  2. Select the ESRI Shapefile format

  3. Use the … button to browse to the exercise_data/shapefile/ folder and save the file as places.shp.

    ../../../_images/save_osm_place.png

  4. Press OK

    In the Layers panel, the temporary place layer is replaced with the saved places shapefile layer and the temporary icon next to it removed.

  5. Double-click the layer to open its Layer Properties ► Source tab and update the Layer name property to match the file name.

  6. Repeat the process for other layers, renaming them as follows:

    • natural_water into water

    • waterway_river into rivers

    • boundary_protected_area into protected_areas

    Each resulting data set should be saved in the exercise_data/shapefile/ directory.

The next step is to create a GeoPackage file from the building layer to use during the course:

  1. Click the indicatorMemory icon next to the building layer

  2. Select the GeoPackage format

  3. Save the file as training_data.gpkg under the exercise_data/ folder

  4. By default, the Layer name is filled as the file name. Replace it with buildings.

    ../../../_images/save_osm_building.png

  5. Press OK

  6. Rename the layer in its properties dialog

  7. Repeat the process with the highway layer, saving it as roads in the same GeoPackage database.

The last step is to save the remaining temporary file as a SpatiaLite file.

  1. Click the indicatorMemory icon next to the landuse layer

  2. Select the SpatiaLite format

  3. Save the file as landuse.sqlite under the exercise_data/ folder. By default, the Layer name is filled as the file name. Do not change it.

    ../../../_images/save_osm_landuse.png

  4. Press OK

You should now have a map which looks something like this (the symbology will certainly be very different, because QGIS randomly assigns colors when layers are added to the map):

../../../_images/post_osm_import.png

The important thing is that you have 7 vector layers matching those shown above and that all those layers have some data.

20.2. hard Try Yourself Создание файлов цифровой модели местности

For modules Module: Модуль: Создание векторных данных and Модуль: Растры, you’ll also need raster images (SRTM DEM) which cover the region you have selected for your course.

The CGIAR-CGI provides some SRTM DEM you can download from https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/srtmdata/.

You’ll need images which cover the entire region you have chosen to use. To find the extent coordinates, in QGIS , zoomToLayer zoom to the extent of the largest layer and pick the values in the extents Extents box of the status bar. Keep the GeoTiff format. Once the form is filled, click on the Click here to Begin Search >> button and download the file(s).

Once you have downloaded the required file(s), they should be saved in the exercise_data directory, under raster/SRTM subfolders.

20.3. hard Try Yourself Create imagery tiff Files

In Module Module: Модуль: Создание векторных данных, Идем дальше: Источник данных lesson shows close-up images of three school sports fields which students are asked to digitize. You’ll therefore need to reproduce these images using your new SRTM DEM tiff file(s). There is no obligation to use school sports fields: any three school land-use types can be used (e.g. different school buildings, playgrounds or car parks).

For reference, the image in the example data is:

../../../_images/field_outlines.png

20.4. basic Try Yourself Замените обозначения

Having created your localised dataset, the final step is to replace the tokens in the substitutions.txt file so that the appropriate names will appear in your localised version of the Training Manual.

Обозначения, которые Вам нужно заменить, таковы:

  • majorUrbanName: this defaults to «Swellendam». Replace with the name of the major town in your region.

  • schoolAreaType1: this defaults to «athletics field». Replace with the name of the largest school area type in your region.

  • largeLandUseArea: this defaults to «Bontebok National Park». Replace with the name of a large landuse polygon in your region.

  • srtmFileName: this defaults to srtm_41_19.tif. Replace this with the filename of your SRTM DEM file.

  • localCRS: this defaults to WGS 84 / UTM 34S. You should replace this with the correct CRS for your region.