Expresiones¶

Basada en datos de capa y funciones predefinidas o definidas por el usuario, Expressions ofrece una forma poderosa de manipular el valor del atributo, la geometría y las variables para cambiar dinámicamente el estilo de la geometría, el contenido o la posición de la etiqueta, el valor del diagrama, la altura de un elemento de diseño, seleccionar algunas entidades, cree un campo virtual …

El constructor de cadena de Expresión ¶

El diálogo principal para construir expresiones, el :guilabel: Expression string builder está disponible desde muchas partes en QGIS y, en particular, se puede acceder mediante:

clickando el botón ;
selecting features con la herramienta ^{Select By Expression…};
editing attributes with e.g. the ^{Field calculator} tool;
manipular parámetros de simbología, etiqueta o elemento de diseño con la herramienta ^{Data defined override} (ver Configuración de anulación definida por datos);
construyendo una geometry generator symbol layer;
haciendo algún geoprocessing.

El cuadro de diálogo del generador de expresiones ofrece acceso a:

Expression tab que, gracias a una lista de funciones predefinidas, ayuda a escribir y verificar la expresión a usar;
Function Editor tab lo que ayuda a ampliar la lista de funciones mediante la creación de funciones personalizadas.

Algunos casos de uso de expresiones:

Desde la Calculadora de campos, calcule un campo «pop_density» utilizando los campos existentes «total_pop» y «area_km2»
```
"total_pop" / "area_km2"
```

Actualice el campo «density_level» con categorías de acuerdo con los valores «pop_density»

CASE WHEN "pop_density" < 50 THEN 'Low population density'
     WHEN "pop_density" >= 50 and "pop_density" < 150 THEN 'Medium population density'
     WHEN "pop_density" >= 150 THEN 'High population density'
END

Apply a categorized style to all the features according to whether their average house price is smaller or higher than 10000€ per square metre:
```
"price_m2" > 10000
```
Using the «Select By Expression…» tool, select all the features representing areas of “High population density” and whose average house price is higher than 10000€ per square metre:
```
"density_level" = 'High population density' and "price_m2" > 10000
```
Likewise, the previous expression could also be used to define which features should be labeled or shown in the map.

Using expressions offers you a lot of possibilities.

Truco

Use named parameters to improve the expression reading

Some functions require many parameters to be set. The expression engine supports the use of named parameters. This means that instead of writing the cryptic expression clamp( 1, 2, 9), you can use clamp( min:=1, value:=2, max:=9). This also allows arguments to be switched, e.g. clamp( value:=2, max:=9, min:=1). Using named parameters helps clarify what the arguments for an expression function refer to, which is helpful when you are trying to interpret an expression at a later date!

Lista de funciones ¶

The Expression tab provides the main interface to write expressions using functions, layer’s fields and values. It contains following widgets:

An expression editor area to type or paste expressions. Autocompletion is available to speed expression writing:
- Corresponding variables, function names and field names to the input text are shown below: use the Up and Down arrows to browse the items and press Tab to insert in the expression or simply click on the wished item.
- Function parameters are shown while filling them.
QGIS also checks the expression rightness and highlights all the errors using:
- Underline: for unknown functions, wrong or invalid arguments;
- Marker: for every other error (eg, missing parenthesis, unexpected character) at a single location.
Truco

Document your expression with comments

When using complex expression, it is good practice to add text either as a multiline comment or inline comments to help you remember.
```
/*
Labels each region with its highest (in altitude) airport(s)
and altitude, eg 'AMBLER : 264m' for the 'Northwest Artic' region
*/
with_variable(
  'airport_alti', -- stores the highest altitude of the region
  aggregate(
    'airports',
    'max',
    "ELEV", -- the field containing the altitude
    -- and limit the airports to the region they are within
    filter := within( $geometry, geometry( @parent ) )
  ),
    aggregate( -- finds airports at the same altitude in the region
      'airports',
      'concatenate',
      "NAME",
      filter := within( $geometry, geometry( @parent ) )
        and "ELEV" = @airport_alti
    )
    || ' : ' || @airport_alti || 'm'
    -- using || allows regions without airports to be skipped
)
```
Under the expression editor, an Output preview displays the result of the expression evaluated on the first feature of the layer. In case of error, it indicates it and you can access details with the provided hyperlink.
A function selector displays the list of functions, variables, fields… organized in groups. A search box is available to filter the list and quickly find a particular function or field. Double-clicking an item adds it to the expression editor.
A help panel displays help for each selected item in the function selector.

Truco

Press Ctrl+Click when hovering a function name in an expression to automatically display its help in the dialog.

A field’s values widget shown when a field is selected in the function selector helps to fetch features attributes. Double-clicking a value adds it to the expression editor.

Truco

The right panel, showing functions help or field values, can be collapsed (invisible) in the dialog. Press the Show Values or Show Help button to get it back.

The Expression tab¶

Aggregates Functions ¶

This group contains functions which aggregate values over layers and fields.

Función	Descripción
agregar	Returns an aggregate value calculated using features from another layer
array_agg	Returns an array of aggregated values from a field or expression
collect	Returns the multipart geometry of aggregated geometries from an expression
concatenar	Returns all aggregated strings from a field or expression joined by a delimiter
concatenate_unique	Returns all unique aggregated strings from a field or expression joined by a delimiter
Número	Returns the count of matching features
count_distinct	Returns the count of distinct values
count_missing	Returns the count of missing (null) values
iqr	Returns the calculated inter quartile range from a field or expression
mayoría	Returns the aggregate majority of values (most commonly occurring value) from a field or expression
max_length	Returns the maximum length of strings from a field or expression
máximo	Returns the aggregate maximum value from a field or expression
media	Returns the aggregate mean value from a field or expression
mediana	Returns the aggregate median value from a field or expression
min_length	Returns the minimum length of strings from a field or expression
mínimo	Returns the aggregate minimum value from a field or expression
minoría	Returns the aggregate minority of values (least commonly occurring value) from a field or expression
q1	Returns the calculated first quartile from a field or expression
q3	Devuelve el tercer cuartil calculado a partir de un campo o expresión
intervalo	Returns the aggregate range of values (maximum - minimum) from a field or expression
relation_aggregate	Returns an aggregate value calculated using all matching child features from a layer relation
stdev	Returns the aggregate standard deviation value from a field or expression
sum	Returns the aggregate summed value from a field or expression

Ejemplos:

Return the maximum of the «passengers» field from features in the layer grouped by «station_class» field:
```
maximum("passengers", group_by:="station_class")
```
Calculate the total number of passengers for the stations inside the current atlas feature:
```
aggregate('rail_stations','sum',"passengers",
  intersects(@atlas_geometry, $geometry))
```

Return the mean of the «field_from_related_table» field for all matching child features using the “my_relation” relation from the layer:

relation_aggregate('my_relation', 'mean', "field_from_related_table")

o:

relation_aggregate(relation:='my_relation', aggregate := 'mean',
  expression := "field_from_related_table")

Array Functions ¶

This group contains functions to create and manipulate arrays (also known as list data structures). The order of values within the array matters, unlike the “map” data structure, where the order of key-value pairs is irrelevant and values are identified by their keys.

Función	Descripción
array	Returns an array containing all the values passed as parameter
array_all	Returns true if an array contains all the values of a given array
array_append	Returns an array with the given value added at the end
array_cat	Returns an array containing all the given arrays concatenated
array_contains	Returns true if an array contains the given value
array_distinct	Returns an array containing distinct values of the given array
array_filter	Returns an array with only the items for which an expression evaluates to true
array_find	Returns the index (0 for the first one) of a value within an array. Returns -1 if the value is not found.
array_first	Returns the first value of an array
array_foreach	Returns an array with the given expression evaluated on each item
array_get	Returns the Nth value (0 for the first one) of an array
array_insert	Returns an array with the given value added at the given position
array_intersect	Returns true if any element of array_1 exists in array_2
array_last	Returns the last element of an array
array_length	Returns the number of elements of an array
array_prepend	Returns an array with the given value added at the beginning
array_remove_all	Returns an array with all the entries of the given value removed
array_remove_at	Returns an array with the given index removed
array_reverse	Returns the given array with array values in reversed order
array_slice	Returns the values of the array from the start_pos argument up to and including the end_pos argument
array_sort	Returns the provided array with its elements sorted
array_to_string	Concatenates array elements into a string separated by a delimiter and using optional string for empty values
generate_series	Creates an array containing a sequence of numbers
regexp_matches	Returns an array of all strings captured by capturing groups, in the order the groups themselves appear in the supplied regular expression against a string
string_to_array	Splits string into an array using supplied delimiter and optional string for empty values

Funciones de Color ¶

This group contains functions for manipulating colors.

Función	Descripción
color_cmyk	Devuelve una representación en forma de cadena de un color en base a sus componentes cian, magenta, amarillo y negro
color_cmyka	Returns a string representation of a color based on its cyan, magenta, yellow, black and alpha (transparency) components
color_grayscale_average	Applies a grayscale filter and returns a string representation from a provided color
color_hsl	Returns a string representation of a color based on its hue, saturation, and lightness attributes
color_hsla	Devuelve una representación en forma de cadena de un color en base a sus atributos de matiz, saturación, luminosidad y canal alfa (transparencia).
color_hsv	Returns a string representation of a color based on its hue, saturation, and value attributes
color_hsva	Devuelve una representación en forma de cadena de un color en base a sus atributos de matiz, saturación, valor y canal alfa (transparencia)
color_mix_rgb	Returns a string representing a color mixing the red, green, blue, and alpha values of two provided colors based on a given ratio
color_part	Devuelve un componente específico de la cadena de un color, por ejemplo el componente rojo o el alfa
color_rgb	Returns a string representation of a color based on its red, green, and blue components
color_rgba	Returns a string representation of a color based on its red, green, blue, and alpha (transparency) components
create_ramp	Returns a gradient ramp from a map of color strings and steps
más oscuro	Devuelve una cadena de color más oscura (o más clara)
más claro	Devuelve una cadena de color más clara (o más oscura)
project_color	Devuelve un color del esquema de color del proyecto
ramp_color	Devuelve una cadena que representa un color de una rampa de color
set_color_part	Sets a specific color component for a color string, eg the red component or alpha component

Conditional Functions ¶

Este grupo contiene funciones para menejar comprobaciones condicionales en expresiones.

Función	Descripción
CASE WHEN … THEN … END	Evalúa una expresión y devuelve un resultado si es verdadera. Puede probar múltiples condiciones
CASE WHEN … THEN … ELSE … END	Evalúa una expresión y devuelva un resultado diferente sea verdadero o falso. Puede probar múltiples condiciones
coalesce	Devuelve el primer valor no-NULO de la lista de expresión
si	Prueba una condición y devuelve un resultado diferente dependiendo de la comprobación condicional
nullif(value1, value2)	Returns a null value if value1 equals value2 otherwise it returns value1. This can be used to conditionally substitute values with NULL.
try	Tries an expression and returns its value if error-free, an alternative value (if provided) or Null if an error occurs

Algún ejemplo:

Send back a value if the first condition is true, else another value:

CASE WHEN "software" LIKE '%QGIS%' THEN 'QGIS' ELSE 'Other' END

Funciones de conversión ¶

This group contains functions to convert one data type to another (e.g., string to integer, integer to string).

Función	Descripción
to_date	Convierte una cadena de texto en un objeto fecha
to_datetime	Converts a string into a datetime object
to_dm	Converts a coordinate to degree, minute
to_dms	Converts coordinate to degree, minute, second
to_int	Convierte una cadena de texto a número entero
to_interval	Converts a string to an interval type (can be used to take days, hours, months, etc. of a date)
to_real	Convierte una cadena de texto en número real
to_string	Convierte un número en cadena.
to_time	Converts a string into a time object

Funciones personalizadas ¶

This group contains functions created by the user. See Editor de Funciones for more details.

Funciones de Fecha y Hora ¶

Este grupo contiene funciones para manipular datos de fecha y hora.

Función	Descripción
edad	Returns as an interval the difference between two dates or datetimes
día	Extracts the day from a date or datetime, or the number of days from an interval
day_of_week	Returns a number corresponding to the day of the week for a specified date or datetime
epoch	Returns the interval in milliseconds between the unix epoch and a given date value
hora	Extracts the hour from a datetime or time, or the number of hours from an interval
minuto	Extracts the minute from a datetime or time, or the number of minutes from an interval
mes	Extracts the month part from a date or datetime, or the number of months from an interval
now	Returns current date and time
segundo	Extracts the second from a datetime or time, or the number of seconds from an interval
semana	Extrae el número de la semana de una fecha o el número de semanas de un intervalo.
year	Extracts the year part from a date or datetime, or the number of years from an interval

This group also shares several functions with the Funciones de conversión ( to_date, to_time, to_datetime, to_interval) and Funciones de cadena (format_date) groups.

Algún ejemplo:

Get today’s month and year in the «month_number/year» format:
```
format_date(now(),'MM/yyyy')
-- Returns '03/2017'
```

Besides these functions, subtracting dates, datetimes or times using the - (minus) operator will return an interval.

Adding or subtracting an interval to dates, datetimes or times, using the + (plus) and - (minus) operators, will return a datetime.

Get the number of days until QGIS 3.0 release:

to_date('2017-09-29') - to_date(now())
-- Returns <interval: 203 days>

The same with time:

to_datetime('2017-09-29 12:00:00') - to_datetime(now())
-- Returns <interval: 202.49 days>

Get the datetime of 100 days from now:

now() + to_interval('100 days')
-- Returns <datetime: 2017-06-18 01:00:00>

Nota

Storing date and datetime and intervals on fields

The ability to store date, time and datetime values directly on fields may depend on the data source’s provider (e.g., Shapefile accepts date format, but not datetime or time format). The following are some suggestions to overcome this limitation:

date, Datetime and time can be stored in text type fields after using the to_format() function.
Intervals can be stored in integer or decimal type fields after using one of the date extraction functions (e.g., day() to get the interval expressed in days)

Campos y Valores ¶

Contains a list of fields from the layer.

Double-click a field name to have it added to your expression. You can also type the field name (preferably inside double quotes) or its alias.

To retrieve fields values to use in an expression, select the appropriate field and, in the shown widget, choose between 10 Samples and All Unique. Requested values are then displayed and you can use the Search box at the top of the list to filter the result. Sample values can also be accessed via right-clicking on a field.

To add a value to the expression you are writing, double-click on it in the list. If the value is of a string type, it should be simple quoted, otherwise no quote is needed.

Files and Paths Functions ¶

This group contains functions which manipulate file and path names.

Función	Descripción
base_file_name	Returns the base name of the file without the directory or file suffix.
file_exists	Returns true if a file path exists.
file_name	Returns the name of a file (including the file extension), excluding the directory.
file_path	Returns the directory component of a file path, without the file name
file_size	Returns the size (in bytes) of a file.
file_suffix	Returns the file extension from a file path.
is_directory	Returns true if a path corresponds to a directory.
is_file	Returns true if a path corresponds to a file.

Funciones Concordancia aproximada ¶

This group contains functions for fuzzy comparisons between values.

Función	Descripción
hamming_distance	Returns the number of characters at corresponding positions within the input strings where the characters are different
levensheim	Returns the minimum number of character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one string to another. Measure the similarity between two strings
longest_common_substring	Returns the longest common substring between two strings
soundex	Returns the Soundex representation of a string

Funciones Generales ¶

This group contains general assorted functions.

Función	Descripción
env	Gets an environment variable and returns its content as a string. If the variable is not found, `NULL` will be returned.
eval	Evaluates an expression which is passed in a string. Useful to expand dynamic parameters passed as context variables or fields.
is_layer_visible	Returns true if a specified layer is visible
layer_property	Returns a property of a layer or a value of its metadata. It can be layer name, crs, geometry type, feature count…
var	Returns the value stored within a specified variable. See variable functions below
with_variable	Creates and sets a variable for any expression code that will be provided as a third argument. Useful to avoid repetition in expressions where the same value needs to be used more than once.

Funciones de Geometría ¶

This group contains functions that operate on geometry objects (e.g., length, area).

Función	Descripción
$area	Returns the area size of the current feature
$geometry	Returns the geometry of the current feature (can be used for processing with other functions)
$length	Returns the length of the current line feature
$perimeter	Returns the perimeter of the current polygon feature
$x	Returns the X coordinate of the current feature
$x_at(n)	Returns the X coordinate of the nth node of the current feature’s geometry
$y	Returns the Y coordinate of the current feature
$y_at(n)	Returns the Y coordinate of the nth node of the current feature’s geometry
angle_at_vertex	Returns the bisector angle (average angle) to the geometry for a specified vertex on a linestring geometry. Angles are in degrees clockwise from north
area	Devuelve el perímetro de un objeto de geometría poligonal. Los cálculos están en el Sistema de Referencia Espacial de esta geometría
azimut	Returns the north-based azimuth as the angle in radians measured clockwise from the vertical on point_a to point_b
contorno	Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of the geometry (ie the topological boundary of the geometry - see also Contorno).
límites	Returns a geometry which represents the bounding box of an input geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry (see also Recuadros delimitadores)
bounds_height	Returns the height of the bounding box of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry
bounds_width	Devuelve la anchura del recuadro delimitador de una geometría. Los cálculos están en el Sistema de Referencia Espacial de esta geometría
buffer	Returns a geometry that represents all points whose distance from this geometry is less than or equal to distance. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry (see also Buffer)
buffer_by_m	Creates a buffer along a line geometry where the buffer diameter varies according to the M values at the line vertices (see also Variable ancho del buffer (por valor M)Ancura de buffer variable (por valor de M))
centroid	Returns the geometric center of a geometry (see also Centroides)
closest_point	Returns the point on a geometry that is closest to a second geometry
collect_geometries	Collects a set of geometries into a multi-part geometry object (see also Coleccionar geometrías)
combinar	Devuelve la combinación de dos geometrías
contains(a,b)	Returns 1 (true) if and only if no points of b lie in the exterior of a, and at least one point of the interior of b lies in the interior of a
convex_hull	Returns the convex hull of a geometry (this represents the minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set) (see also Casco convexo)
cruza	Returns 1 (true) if the supplied geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common
difference(a,b)	Returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry a that does not intersect with geometry b (see also Difference)
inconexo	Returns 1 (true) if the geometries do not share any space together
distance	Returns the minimum distance (based on Spatial Reference System) between two geometries in projected units
distance_to_vertex	Returns the distance along the geometry to a specified vertex
end_point	Returns the last node from a geometry (see also Extráe vértices específicos)
extend	Extends the start and end of a linestring geometry by a specified amount (see also Extender líneas)
exterior_ring	Returns a line string representing the exterior ring of a polygon geometry, or null if the geometry is not a polygon
extrude(geom,x,y)	Returns an extruded version of the input (Multi-) Curve or (Multi-)Linestring geometry with an extension specified by X and Y
flip_coordinates	Returns a copy of the geometry with the X and Y coordinates swapped (see also Intercmbiar coordenadas X e Y)
force_rhr	Forces a geometry to respect the Right-Hand-Rule (see also Fuerza la regla de la mano derecha)
geom_from_gml	Returns a geometry created from a GML representation of geometry
geom_from_wkt	Returns a geometry created from a well-known text (WKT) representation
geom_to_wkt	Returns the well-known text (WKT) representation of the geometry without SRID metadata
geometry	Devuelve la geometría de un objeto
geometry_n	Returns the nth geometry from a geometry collection, or null if the input geometry is not a collection
hausdorff_distance	Returns basically a measure of how similar or dissimilar two geometries are, with a lower distance indicating more similar geometries
inclination	Returns the inclination measured from the zenith (0) to the nadir (180) on point_a to point_b
interior_ring_n	Returns the geometry of the nth interior ring from a polygon geometry, or null if the geometry is not a polygon
intersección	Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of two geometries (see also Intersection)
intersecta	Tests whether a geometry intersects another. Returns 1 (true) if the geometries spatially intersect (share any portion of space) and 0 if they don’t
intersects_bbox	Tests whether a geometry’s bounding box overlaps another geometry’s bounding box. Returns 1 (true) if the geometries spatially intersect (share any portion of space) their bounding box, or 0 if they don’t
is_closed	Returns true if a line string is closed (start and end points are coincident), false if a line string is not closed, or null if the geometry is not a line string
longitud	Returns length of a line geometry feature (or length of a string)
line_interpolate_angle	Returns the angle parallel to the geometry at a specified distance along a linestring geometry. Angles are in degrees clockwise from north.
line_interpolate_point	Returns the point interpolated by a specified distance along a linestring geometry. (see also Interpolar puntos en línea)
line_locate_point	Returns the distance along a linestring corresponding to the closest position the linestring comes to a specified point geometry.
line_merge	Returns a (Multi-)LineString geometry, where any connected LineStrings from the input geometry have been merged into a single linestring.
line_substring	Returns the portion of a line or curve geometry falling betweeen specified start and end distances (measured from the beginning of the line) (see also Subcadena de línea)
m	Returns the M value of a point geometry
make_circle	Creates a circular geometry based on center point and radius
make_ellipse	Creates an elliptical geometry based on center point, axes and azimuth
make_line	Creates a line geometry from a series or an array of point geometries
make_point(x,y,z,m)	Returns a point geometry from X and Y (and optional Z or M) values
make_point_m(x,y,m)	Returns a point geometry from X and Y coordinates and M values
make_polygon	Crea una geometría de polígono a partir de un anillo exterior y series opcionales de geometrías interiores de anillo
make_rectangle_3points	Creates a rectangle from 3 points
make_regular_polygon	Creates a regular polygon
make_square	Creates a square from a diagonal
make_triangle	Creates a triangle polygon
minimal_circle	Returns the minimal enclosing circle of an input geometry (see also Cícrculos mínimos cercantes)
nodes_to_points	Returns a multipoint geometry consisting of every node in the input geometry (see also Extraer vértices)
num_geometries	Devuelve el número de geometrías en una colección de geometrías o nulo si la geometría de entrada no es una colección
num_interior_rings	Devuelve el número de anillos interiores de un polígono o una colección de geometrías o nulo si la geometría de entrada no es un polígono o una colección
num_points	Devuelve el número de vértices de una geometría.
num_rings	Devuelve el número de anillos (incluidos los anillos exteriores) de un polígono o una colección de geometrías o nulo si la geometría de entrada no es un polígono o una colección
offset_curve	Returns a geometry formed by offsetting a linestring geometry to the side. Distances are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry. (see also Compensado de líneas)
order_parts	Ordena las partes de una MultiGeometría por los criterios dados
oriented_bbox	Returns a geometry representing the minimal oriented bounding box of an input geometry (see also Cuador delimitador mínimo orientado)
solapa	Comprueba si una geometría solapa con otra. Devuelve 1(verdadero) si las geometrías comparten espacio, son de la misma dimensión, pero no están contenidas en la otra.
perímetro	Devuelve el perímetro de un objeto de geometría poligonal. Los cálculos están en el Sistema de Referencia Espacial de esta geometría.
point_n	Returns a specific node from a geometry (see also Extráe vértices específicos)
point_on_surface	Returns a point guaranteed to lie on the surface of a geometry (see also Punto en la superficie)
pole_of_inaccessibility	Calculates the approximate pole of inaccessibility for a surface, which is the most distant internal point from the boundary of the surface (see also Polo de inaccesibilidad)
proyecto	Returns a point projected from a start point using a distance, a bearing (azimuth) and an elevation in radians (see also Proyección de puntos (Cartesiano))
relate	Prueba o devuelve la representación del Modelo de Intersección 9 Extendido Dimensional (DE-9IM) de la relación entre dos geometrías.
invertir	Reverses the direction of a line string by reversing the order of its vertices (see also Línea de dirección reversible)
segments_to_lines	Returns a multi line geometry consisting of a line for every segment in the input geometry (see also Explotar lineas)
shortest_line	Returns the shortest line joining two geometries. The resultant line will start at geometry 1 and end at geometry 2
simplify	Simplifies a geometry by removing nodes using a distance based threshold (see also Simplificar)
simplify_vw	Simplifies a geometry by removing nodes using an area based threshold (see also Simplificar)
single_sided_buffer	Returns a geometry formed by buffering out just one side of a linestring geometry. Distances are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry (see also Buffer a un solo lado)
smooth	Smooths a geometry by adding extra nodes which round off corners in the geometry (see also Suavizar)
start_point	Returns the first node from a geometry (see also Extráe vértices específicos)
sym_difference	Returns a geometry that represents the portions of two geometries that do not intersect (see also Symmetrical difference)
tapered_buffer	Creates a buffer along a line geometry where the buffer diameter varies evenly over the length of the line (see also Tapered buffers)
toca	Tests whether a geometry touches another. Returns 1 (true) if the geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect
Transformar	Returns the geometry transformed from the source CRS to the destination CRS (see also Reproject layer)
Convertir	Returns a translated version of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of the geometry (see also Traslado)
unión	Devuelve una geometría que representa el conjunto unión de los puntos de las geometrías.
wedge_buffer	Returns a wedge shaped buffer originating from a point geometry given an angle and radii (see also Crear buffer de cuñas)
entre(a,b)	Tests whether a geometry is within another. Returns 1 (true) if geometry a is completely inside geometry b
x	Returns the X coordinate of a point geometry, or the X coordinate of the centroid for a non-point geometry
x_max	Returns the maximum X coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry
x_min	Returns the minimum X coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry
y	Returns the Y coordinate of a point geometry, or the Y coordinate of the centroid for a non-point geometry
y_max	Returns the maximum Y coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry
y_min	Returns the minimum Y coordinate of a geometry. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this geometry
z	Returns the Z coordinate of a point geometry

Algún ejemplo:

Return the X coordinate of the current feature’s centroid:
```
x( $geometry )
```

Send back a value according to feature’s area:

CASE WHEN $area > 10 000 THEN 'Larger' ELSE 'Smaller' END

You can manipulate the current geometry using the variable $geometry to create a buffer or get a point on the geometry’s surface:
```
buffer( $geometry, 10 )
point_on_surface( $geometry )
```

Given a point feature, generate a closed line (using make_line) around the point’s geometry:

make_line(
  -- using an array of points placed around the original
  array_foreach(
    -- list of angles for placing the projected points (every 90°)
    array:=generate_series( 0, 360, 90 ),
    -- translate the point 20 units in the given direction (angle)
    expression:=project( $geometry, distance:=20, azimuth:=radians( @element ) )
  )
)

Layout Functions ¶

This group contains functions to manipulate print layout items properties.

Función	Descripción
item_variables	Returns a map of variables from a layout item inside this print layout

An example:

Get the scale of the “Map 0” in the current print layout:
```
map_get( item_variables('Map 0'), 'map_scale')
```

Map Layers ¶

This group contains a list of the available layers in the current project. This offers a convenient way to write expressions referring to multiple layers, such as when performing aggregates, attribute or spatial queries.

It also provides some convenient functions to manipulate layers.

Función	Descripción
decode_uri	Takes a layer and decodes the uri of the underlying data provider. Available information depends on the data provider type.

Maps Functions ¶

This group contains functions to create or manipulate keys and values of map data structures (also known as dictionary objects, key-value pairs, or associative arrays). Unlike the list data structure where values order matters, the order of the key-value pairs in the map object is not relevant and values are identified by their keys.

Función	Descripción
from_json	Loads a json-formatted string
hstore_to_map	Creates a map from a hstore-formatted string
json_to_map	Creates a map from a json-formatted string
map	Returns a map containing all the keys and values passed as pair of parameters
map_akeys	Returns all the keys of a map as an array
map_avals	Returns all the values of a map as an array
map_concat	Returns a map containing all the entries of the given maps. If two maps contain the same key, the value of the second map is taken.
map_delete	Returns a map with the given key and its corresponding value deleted
map_exist	Returns true if the given key exists in the map
map_get	Returns the value of a map, given it’s key
map_insert	Returns a map with an added key/value
map_to_hstore	Merges map elements into a hstore-formatted string
map_to_json	Merges map elements into a json-formatted string
to_json	Creates a json-formatted string from a map, an array or other value

Funciones Matemáticas ¶

Este grupo contiene funciones matemáticas,por ejemplo raíz cuadrada, seno y coseno

Función	Descripción
abs	Devuelve el valor absoluto de un número
arcos	Devuelve la inversa del coseno de un valor en radianes
arcsen	Devuelve la inversa del seno de un valor en radianes
atan	Returns the inverse tangent of a value in radians
atan2(y,x)	Returns the inverse tangent of Y/X by using the signs of the two arguments to determine the quadrant of the result
azimuth(a,b)	Returns the north-based azimuth as the angle in radians measured clockwise from the vertical on point a to point b
ceil	Rounds a number upwards
clamp	Restricts an input value to a specified range
cos	Returns the cosine of an angle in radians
grados	Convierte de radianes a grados
exp	Devuelve la exponencial de un valor
floor	Rounds a number downwards
inclination	Returns the inclination measured from the zenith (0) to the nadir (180) on point_a to point_b.
ln	Returns the natural logarithm of the passed expression
log	Returns the value of the logarithm of the passed value and base
log10	Returns the value of the base 10 logarithm of the passed expression
máx	Returns the largest not null value in a set of values
mín	Returns the smallest not null value in a set of values
pi	Returns the value of pi for calculations
radianes	Convierte de grados a radianes
rand	Returns the random integer within the range specified by the minimum and maximum argument (inclusive)
randf	Returns the random float within the range specified by the minimum and maximum argument (inclusive)
round	Rounds to number of decimal places
scale_exp	Transforma un valor dado de un dominio de entrada a un rango de salida usando una curva exponencial
scale_linear	Transforma un valor dado de un dominio de entrada a un rango de salida usando interpolación lineal
sen	Returns the sine of an angle in radians
raíz cuadrada	Returns the square root of a value
tan	Returns the tangent of an angle in radians

Operadores ¶

This group contains operators (e.g., +, -, *). Note that for most of the mathematical functions below, if one of the inputs is NULL then the result is NULL.

Función	Descripción
a + b	Addition of two values (a plus b)
a - b	Subtraction of two values (a minus b).
a * b	Multiplication of two values (a multiplied by b)
a / b	División de dos valores (a dividido entre b)
a % b	Remainder of division of a by b (eg, 7 % 2 = 1, or 2 fits into 7 three times with remainder 1)
a ^ b	Power of two values (for example, 2^2=4 or 2^3=8)
a < b	Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is less than the right value (a is smaller than b)
a <= b	Compares two values and evaluates to 1 if the left value is less than or equal to the right value
a <> b	Compara dos valores y evalúa a 1 si no son iguales
a = b	Compara dos valores y evalúa a 1 si son iguales.
a != b	a and b are not equal
a > b	Compara dos valores y evalúa como 1 si el valor izquierdo es mayor que el valor derecho (a es mayor que b)
a >= b	Compara dos valores y evalúa a 1 si el valor de la izquierda es mayor que o igual que el valor de la derecha
a ~ b	a matches the regular expression b
\|\|	Joins two values together into a string. If one of the values is NULL the result will be NULL
“\n”	Inserta una nueva línea en una cadena
LIKE	Devuelve 1 si el primer parámetro coincide con el patrón provisto
ILIKE	Returns 1 if the first parameter matches case-insensitive the supplied pattern (ILIKE can be used instead of LIKE to make the match case-insensitive)
a IS b	Tests whether two values are identical. Returns 1 if a is the same as b
a OR b	Returns 1 when condition a or condition b is true
a AND b	Returns 1 when conditions a and b are true
NOT	Niega una condición
«Column_name»	Value of the field Column_name, take care to not be confused with simple quote, see below
“cadena”	a string value, take care to not be confused with double quote, see above
NULL	valor nulo
a IS NULL	a no tiene valor
a IS NOT NULL	a tiene valor
a IN (value[,value])	a esta debajo de los valores listados
a NOT IN (valor[,valor])	a no está debajo de los valores listados

Algún ejemplo:

Une una cadena de texto y un valor de un nombre de columna:
```
'My feature''s id is: ' || "gid"
```
Test if the «description» attribute field starts with the “Hello” string in the value (note the position of the % character):
```
"description" LIKE 'Hello%'
```

Processing Functions ¶

This group contains functions that operate on processing algorithms.

Función	Descripción
parameter	Returns the value of a processing algorithm input parameter

Rasters Functions ¶

This group contains functions to operate on raster layer.

Función	Descripción
raster_statistic	Returns statistics from a raster layer
raster_value	Returns the raster band value at the provided point

Record and Attributes Functions ¶

Este grupo contiene funciones que operan sobre identificadores de registros.

Función	Descripción
$currentfeature	Devuelve el objeto espacial que está siendo evaluado. Se puede usar con la función “attribute” para evaluar los valores de atributo del objeto actual.
$id	Devuelve el ID del objeto de la fila actual
atributo	Devuelve el valor del atributo especificado de un objeto
attributes	Returns a map of all attributes from a feature, with field names as map keys
get_feature	Devuelve el primer objeto de una capa que coincide con un valor de atributo dado
get_feature_by_id	Returns the feature of a layer matching the given feature ID
is_selected	Returns if a feature is selected
num_selected	Returns the number of selected features on a given layer
represent_value	Returns the configured representation value for a field value (convenient with some widget types)
sql_fetch_and_increment	Manage autoincrementing values in SQLite databases
uuid	Generates a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) for each row. Each UUID is 38 characters long.

Algún ejemplo:

Return the first feature in layer «LayerA» whose field «id» has the same value as the field «name» of the current feature (a kind of jointure):
```
get_feature( 'layerA', 'id', attribute( $currentfeature, 'name') )
```

Calculate the area of the joined feature from the previous example:

area( geometry( get_feature( 'layerA', 'id', attribute( $currentfeature, 'name') ) ) )

Funciones de cadena ¶

Este grupo contiene funciones que operan sobre cadenas, por ejemplo reemplazar, convertir a mayúsculas.

Función	Descripción
char	Devuelve el carácter asociado con un código unicode
concat	Concatenates several strings to one
format	Da formato a una cadena usando los argumentos proporcionados.
format_date	Formats a date type or string into a custom string format
format_number	Devuelve un número formateado con el separador local de miles (también trunca el número al número de decimales indicado)
left(string, n)	Returns a substring that contains the n leftmost characters of the string
longitud	Returns length of a string (or length of a line geometry feature)
lower	Convierte una cadena a letras minúsculas.
lpad	Returns a string padded on the left to the specified width, using the fill character
regexp_match	Returns the first matching position matching a regular expression within a string, or 0 if the substring is not found
regexp_replace	Devuelve una cadena en la que se ha remplazado la expresión regular proporcionada
regexp_substr	Devuelve la parte de una cadena que coincide con una expresión regular proporcionada
remplazar	Returns a string with the supplied string, array, or map of strings replaced by a string, an array of strings or paired values
right(cadena, n)	Devuelve una subcadena que contiene los n caracteres más a la derecha de la cadena.
rpad	Returns a string padded on the right to the specified width, using the fill character
strpos	Returns the first matching position of a substring within another string, or 0 if the substring is not found
substr	Devuelve una parte de una cadena.
Título	Convierte todas las palabras de una cadena a formato de título (todas las palabras en minúscula con la primera letra en mayúscula)
trim	Elimina todos los espacios en blanco (espacios, tabuladores, etc.) de comienzo y final de una cadena.
upper	Convierte una cadena a letras mayúsculas.
wordwrap	Returns a string wrapped to a maximum/minimum number of characters

About fields concatenation

You can concatenate strings or field values using either || or + operators or the concat function, with some special characteristics:

The + operator also means sum up expression, so if you have an integer (field or numeric value) operand, this can be error prone and you better use the others:
```
'My feature''s id is: ' + "gid" => triggers an error as gid is an integer
```

When any of the arguments is a NULL value, either || or + will return a NULL value. To return the other arguments regardless the NULL value, you may want to use the concat function:

"country_name" || NULL => NULL
concat('My feature''s id is: ', NULL) => My feature's id is
concat("firstname", "nickname", "lastname") => Chuck Norris (if empty nickname)
"firstname" + "nickname" + "lastname" => NULL (if one field is empty)

For other cases, do at your convenience:

'My country is ' + "country_name" + ' (' + "country_code" + ')'
'My country is ' || "country_name" || ' (' || "country_code" || ')'
concat('My country is ', "country_name", ' (', "country_code", ')')
# All the above return: My country is France (FR)

Variables Functions ¶

This group contains dynamic variables related to the application, the project file and other settings. It means that some functions may not be available according to the context:

from the ^{Select by expression} dialog
desde ^{Calculadora de campos} dialog
desde el diálogo de propiedades de la capa
from the print layout

To use these functions in an expression, they should be preceded by @ character (e.g, @row_number). Are concerned:

Función	Descripción
algorithm_id	Returns the unique ID of an algorithm
atlas_feature	Devuelve el objeto del atlas actual (como objeto espacial)
atlas_featureid	Devuelve el ID de objeto del atlas actual.
atlas_featurenumber	Returns the current atlas feature number in the layout
atlas_filename	Devuelve el nombre de archivo del atlas actual.
atlas_geometry	Devuelve la geometría de objeto del atlas actual
atlas_layerid	Returns the current atlas coverage layer ID
atlas_layername	Returns the current atlas coverage layer name
atlas_pagename	Devuelve el nombre de la página del atlas actual
atlas_totalfeatures	Devuelve el número total de objetos en el atlas.
canvas_cursor_point	Returns the last cursor position on the canvas in the project’s geographical coordinates
cluster_color	Returns the color of symbols within a cluster, or NULL if symbols have mixed colors
cluster_size	Returns the number of symbols contained within a cluster
current_feature	Returns the feature currently being edited in the attribute form or table row
current_geometry	Returns the geometry of the feature currently being edited in the form or the table row
fullextent_maxx	Maximum x value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_maxy	Maximum y value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_minx	Minimum x value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
fullextent_miny	Minimum y value from full canvas extent (including all layers)
geometry_part_count	Returns the number of parts in rendered feature’s geometry
geometry_part_num	Returns the current geometry part number for feature being rendered
geometry_point_count	Returns the number of points in the rendered geometry’s part
geometry_point_num	Returns the current point number in the rendered geometry’s part
grid_axis	Devuelve el eje de la anotación de la cuadrícula actual (ej.: “x” para longitud, “y” para latitud).
grid_number	Devuelve el valor de anotación de la cuadrícula actual.
item_id	Returns the layout item user ID (not necessarily unique)
item_uuid	Returns the layout item unique ID
layer	Returns the current layer
layer_id	Devuelve el ID de la capa actual
layer_name	Devuelve el nombre de la capa actual
layout_dpi	Devulve la resolución de la composición (DPI).
layout_name	Returns the layout name
layout_numpages	Returns the number of pages in the layout
layout_page	Returns the page number of the current item in the layout
layout_pageheight	Returns the active page height in the layout (in mm)
layout_pagewidth	Returns the active page width in the layout (in mm)
legend_column_count	Returns the number of columns in the legend
legend_filter_by_map	Indicates if the content of the legend is filtered by the map
legend_filter_out_atlas	Indicates if the atlas is filtered out of the legend
legend_split_layers	Indicates if layers can be split in the legend
legend_title	Returns the title of the legend
legend_wrap_string	Returns the character(s) used to wrap the legend text
map_crs	Returns the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_acronym	Returns the acronym of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_definition	Returns the full definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_description	Returns the name of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_ellipsoid	Returns the acronym of the ellipsoid of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_proj4	Returns the Proj4 definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_crs_wkt	Returns the WKT definition of the Coordinate reference system of the current map
map_extent	Returns the geometry representing the current extent of the map
map_extent_center	Returns the point feature at the center of the map
map_extent_height	Devuelve la altura actual del mapa
map_extent_width	Devuelve el ancho actual del mapa
map_id	Returns the ID of current map destination. This will be “canvas” for canvas renders, and the item ID for layout map renders
map_layer_ids	Returns the list of map layer IDs visible in the map
map_layers	Returns the list of map layers visible in the map
map_rotation	Devuelve la rotación actual del mapa
map_scale	Devuelve la escala actual del mapa
map_units	Returns the units of map measurements
notification_message	Content of the notification message sent by the provider (available only for actions triggered by provider notifications).
parent	Refers to the current feature in the parent layer, providing access to its attributes and geometry when filtering an aggregate function
project_abstract	Returns the project abstract, taken from project metadata
project_area_units	Returns the area unit for the current project, used when calculating areas of geometries
project_author	Returns the project author, taken from project metadata
project_basename	Returns the basename of current project’s filename (without path and extension)
project_creation_date	Returns the project creation date, taken from project metadata
project_crs	Returns the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_crs_definition	Returns the full definition of the Coordinate reference system of the project
project_distance_units	Returns the distance unit for the current project, used when calculating lengths of geometries and distances
project_ellipsoid	Returns the name of the ellipsoid of the current project, used when calculating geodetic areas or lengths of geometries
project_filename	Returns the filename of the current project
project_folder	Returns the folder of the current project
project_home	Returns the home path of the current project
project_identifier	Returns the project identifier, taken from the project’s metadata
project_keywords	Returns the project keywords, taken from the project’s metadata
project_path	Returns the full path (including file name) of the current project
project_title	Devuelve el Título del proyecto actual.
qgis_locale	Returns the current language of QGIS
qgis_os_name	Devuelve el nombre del sistema operativo, ej. “Windows”, “Linux” o “OSX”.
qgis_platform	Devuelve la plataforma de QGIS, ej. “Escritorio” o “Servidor”.
qgis_release_name	Devuelve el nombre de la versión actual de QGIS
qgis_short_version	Returns current QGIS version short string
qgis_version	Devuelve la versión actual de QGIS como cadena
qgis_version_no	Devuelve la versión actual de QGIS como número
snapping_results	Gives access to snapping results while digitizing a feature (only available in add feature)
scale_value	Returns current scale bar distance value
symbol_angle	Devuelve el ángulo del símbolo usado para representar el objeto (solo válido para símbolos de marcador).
symbol_color	Returns the color of the symbol used to render the feature
symbol_count	Returns the number of features represented by the symbol (in the layout legend)
symbol_id	Returns the Internal ID of the symbol (in the layout legend)
symbol_label	Returns the label for the symbol (either a user defined label or the default autogenerated label - in the layout legend)
user_account_name	Devuelve el nombre de la cuenta del sistema operativo del usuario actual.
user_full_name	Devuelve el nombre de usuario del sistema operativo del usuario actual.
row_number	Guarda el número de la fila actual.
Valor	Devuelve el valor actual
with_variable	Allows setting a variable for usage within an expression and avoid recalculating the same value repeatedly

Algún ejemplo:

Return the X coordinate of a map item center to insert into a label in layout:
```
x( map_get( item_variables( 'map1'), 'map_extent_center' ) )
```

Return for each feature in the current layer the number of overlapping airports features:

aggregate( layer:='airport', aggregate:='count', expression:="code",
               filter:=intersects( $geometry, geometry( @parent ) ) )

Get the object_id of the first snapped point of a line:

with_variable(
  'first_snapped_point',
  array_first( @snapping_results ),
  attribute(
    get_feature_by_id(
      map_get( @first_snapped_point, 'layer' ),
      map_get( @first_snapped_point, 'feature_id' )
    ),
    'object_id'
  )
)

Funciones recientes ¶

This group contains recently used functions. Depending on the context of its usage (feature selection, field calculator, generic), any applied expression is added to the corresponding list (up to ten expressions), sorted from the more recent to the less one. This helps to quickly retrieve and reapply any previously used expression.

Editor de Funciones ¶

With the Function Editor tab, you are able to write your own functions in Python language. This provides a handy and comfortable way to address particular needs that would not be covered by the predefined functions.

La pestaña Editor de funciones¶

To create a new function:

Press the ^{New File} button.
Enter a name to use in the form that pops up and press OK.

A new item of the name you provide is added in the left panel of the Function Editor tab; this is a Python .py file based on QGIS template file and stored in the /python/expressions folder under the active user profile directory.
The right panel displays the content of the file: a python script template. Update the code and its help according to your needs.
Press the Save and Load Functions button. The function you wrote is added to the functions tree in the Expression tab, by default under the Custom group.
Enjoy your new function.
If the function requires improvements, enable the Function Editor tab, do the changes and press again the Save and Load Functions button to make them available in the file, hence in any expression tab.

Custom Python functions are stored under the user profile directory, meaning that at each QGIS startup, it will auto load all the functions defined with the current user profile. Be aware that new functions are only saved in the /python/expressions folder and not in the project file. If you share a project that uses one of your custom functions you will need to also share the .py file in the /python/expressions folder.

Here’s a short example on how to create your own functions:

from qgis.core import *
from qgis.gui import *

@qgsfunction(args='auto', group='Custom')
def my_sum(value1, value2, feature, parent):
    """
    Calculates the sum of the two parameters value1 and value2.
    <h2>Example usage:</h2>
    <ul>
      <li>my_sum(5, 8) -> 13</li>
      <li>my_sum("field1", "field2") -> 42</li>
    </ul>
    """
    return value1 + value2

The short example creates a function my_sum that will give you a function with two values. When using the args='auto' function argument the number of function arguments required will be calculated by the number of arguments the function has been defined with in Python (minus 2 - feature, and parent).

This function can then be used in expressions:

Custom Function added to the Expression tab¶

Se puede encontrar más información sobre cómo crear código Python en:ref:PyQGIS-Developer-Cookbook.