3.2. Lesson: Labels

Labels can be added to a map to show any information about an object. Any vector layer can have labels associated with it. These labels rely on the attribute data of a layer for their content.

The goal for this lesson: To apply useful and good-looking labels to a layer.

3.2.1. ★☆☆ Follow Along: Using Labels

First, ensure that the button is visible in the GUI:

1. Go to the menu item View ► Toolbars

2. Ensure that the Label Toolbar item has a check mark next to it. If it doesn’t, click on the Label Toolbar item to activate it.

3. Click on the places layer in the Layers panel so that it is highlighted

4. Click on the toolbar button to open the Labels tab of the Layer Styling panel

5. Switch from No Labels to Single Labels

   You’ll need to choose which field in the attributes will be used for the labels. In the previous lesson, you decided that the name field was the most suitable one for this purpose.

6. Select name from the Value list:

   

7. Click Apply

The map should now have labels like this:

3.2.2. ★☆☆ Follow Along: Changing Label Options

Depending on the styles you chose for your map in earlier lessons, you might find that the labels are not appropriately formatted and either overlap or are too far away from their point markers.

Note

Above, you used the button in the Label Toolbar to open the Layer Styling panel. As with Symbology, the same label options are available via both the Layer Styling panel and the Layer Properties dialog. Here, you’ll use the Layer Properties dialog.

1. Open the Layer Properties dialog by double-clicking on the places layer

2. Select the Labels tab

3. Make sure Text is selected in the left-hand options list, then update the text formatting options to match those shown here:

   

4. Click Apply

   That font may be larger and more familiar to users, but its readability is still dependent on what layers are rendered beneath it. To solve this, let’s take a look at the Buffer option.

5. Select Buffer from the left-hand options list

6. Select the checkbox next to Draw text buffer, then choose options to match those shown here:

   

7. Click Apply

   You’ll see that this adds a colored buffer or border to the place labels, making them easier to pick out on the map:

   

   Now we can address the positioning of the labels in relation to their point markers.

8. Select Placement from the left-hand options list

9. Select Around point and change the value of Distance to 2.0 Millimeters:

   

10. Click Apply

    You’ll see that the labels are no longer overlapping their point markers.

3.2.3. ★★☆ Follow Along: Using Labels Instead of Layer Symbology

In many cases, the location of a point doesn’t need to be very specific. For example, most of the points in the places layer refer to entire towns or suburbs, and the specific point associated with such features is not that specific on a large scale. In fact, giving a point that is too specific is often confusing for someone reading a map.

To name an example: on a map of the world, the point given for the European Union may be somewhere in Poland, for instance. To someone reading the map, seeing a point labeled European Union in Poland, it may seem that the capital of the European Union is therefore in Poland.

So, to prevent this kind of misunderstanding, it’s often useful to deactivate the point symbols and replace them completely with labels.

In QGIS, you can do this by changing the position of the labels to be rendered directly over the points they refer to.

1. Open the Labels tab of the Layer Properties dialog for the places layer

2. Select the Placement option from the options list

3. Click on the Offset from point button

   This will reveal the Quadrant options which you can use to set the position of the label in relation to the point marker. In this case, we want the label to be centered on the point, so choose the center quadrant:

   

4. Hide the point symbols by editing the layer Symbology as usual, and setting the size of the Marker size to 0.0:

   

5. Click Apply and you’ll see this result:

   

If you were to zoom out on the map, you would see that some of the labels disappear at larger scales to avoid overlapping. Sometimes this is what you want when dealing with datasets that have many points, but at other times you will lose useful information this way. There is another possibility for handling cases like this, which we’ll cover in a later exercise in this lesson. For now, zoom out and click on the button in the toolbar and see what happens.

3.2.4. ★★☆ Try Yourself: Customize the Labels

• Reset the label and symbol settings to have a point marker and a label offset of 2.0 Millimeters.

Answer

Your map should now show the marker points and the labels should be offset by 2mm. The style of the markers and labels should allow both to be clearly visible on the map:

• Set the map to the scale 1:100000. You can do this by typing it into the Scale box in the Status Bar. Modify your labels to be suitable for viewing at this scale.

Answer

One possible solution has this final product:

To arrive at this result:

• Use a font size of 10

• Use an around point placement distance of 1.5 mm

• Use a marker size of 3.0 mm

• In addition, this example uses the Wrap on character option:

  

• Enter a space in this field and click Apply to achieve the same effect. In our case, some of the place names are very long, resulting in names with multiple lines which is not very user friendly. You might find this setting to be more appropriate for your map.

3.2.5. ★★☆ Follow Along: Labeling Lines

Now that you know how labeling works, there’s an additional problem. Points and polygons are easy to label, but what about lines? If you label them the same way as the points, your results would look like this:

We will now reformat the roads layer labels so that they are easy to understand.

1. Hide the places layer so that it doesn’t distract you

2. Activate Single Labels for the roads layer as you did above for places

3. Set the font Size to 10 so that you can see more labels

4. Zoom in on the Swellendam town area

5. In the Labels tab’s Placement tab, choose the following settings:

   

   You’ll probably find that the text styling has used default values and the labels are consequently very hard to read. Update the Text to use a dark-grey or black Color and the Buffer to use a light-yellow Color.

   The map will look somewhat like this, depending on scale:

   

   You’ll see that some of the road names appear more than once and that’s not always necessary. To prevent this from happening:

6. In the Labels tab of the Layer Properties dialog, choose the Rendering option and select Merge connected lines to avoid duplicate labels as shown:

   

7. Click OK

   Another useful function is to prevent labels being drawn for features too short to be of notice.

8. In the same Rendering panel, set the value of Suppress labeling of features smaller than … to 5.00 mm and note the results when you click Apply

   Try out different Placement settings as well. As we’ve seen before, the Horizontal option is not a good idea in this case, so let’s try the Curved option instead.

9. Select the Curved option in the Placement panel of the Labels tab

Here’s the result:

As you can see, this hides some labels that were previously visible, because of the difficulty of making some of them follow twisting street lines while still being legible. It makes other labels much more useful since they track the roads rather than float in space between them. You can decide which of these options to use, depending on what you think seems more useful or what looks better.

3.2.6. ★★★ Follow Along: Data Defined Settings

1. Deactivate labeling for the roads layer

2. Reactivate labeling for the places layer

3. Open the attribute table for places via the button

   It has one field which is of interest to us now: place which defines the type of urban area for each record. We can use this data to influence the label styles.

4. Navigate to the Text panel in the places Labels panel

5. Click the button next to the Italic text button beneath Style and select Edit… to open the Expression String Builder:

   

6. Under Fields and Values, double click on place and then click All Unique. This will list all unique values of the place field of this layer. Add a = in the text editor and then double click on town.

   Alternatively, you can type: "place" = 'town' directly in the text editor.

7. Click OK twice:

   

Notice that the labels for all places whose place field matches town are displayed in italics.

3.2.7. ★★★ Try Yourself: Using Data Defined Settings

Note

We’re jumping ahead a bit here to demonstrate some advanced labeling settings. At the advanced level, it’s assumed that you’ll know what the following means. If you don’t, feel free to leave out this section and come back later when you’ve covered the requisite materials.

1. Open the Attribute Table for places

2. Enter edit mode by clicking the button

3. Add a new column with the button

4. Configure it like this:

   

5. Use this to set custom font sizes for each different type of place (each key in the place field)

Answer

1. Still in edit mode, set the FONT_SIZE values to whatever you prefer. The example uses 16 for towns, 14 for suburbs, 12 for localities, and 10 for hamlets.

2. Remember to save changes and exit edit mode

3. Return to the Text formatting options for the places layer and select FONT_SIZE in the Attribute field of the font size data defined override dropdown:

   

Your results, if using the above values, should be this:

3.2.8. ★★★ Further Possibilities With Labeling

We can’t cover every option in this course, but be aware that the Label tab has many other useful functions. You can set scale-based rendering, alter the rendering priority for labels in a layer, and set every label option using layer attributes. You can even set the rotation, XY position, and other properties of a label (if you have attribute fields allocated for the purpose), then edit these properties using the tools adjacent to the main Layer Labeling Options button:

(These tools will be active if the required attribute fields exist and you are in edit mode.)

Feel free to explore more possibilities of the labeling system.

3.2.9. In Conclusion

You’ve learned how to use layer attributes to create dynamic labels. This can make your map a lot more informative and stylish!

3.2.10. What’s Next?

Now that you know how attributes can make a visual difference for your map, how about using them to change the symbology of objects themselves? That’s the topic for the next lesson!