Această secțiune rezumă diferitele acțiuni care pot fi efectuate asupra straturilor vectoriale.
You can retrieve information about the fields associated with a vector layer by calling pendingFields() on a QgsVectorLayer instance:
# "layer" is a QgsVectorLayer instance
for field in layer.pendingFields():
print field.name(), field.typeName()
Note
Starting from QGIS 2.12 there is also a fields() in QgsVectorLayer which is an alias to pendingFields().
In QGIS desktop, features can be selected in different ways, the user can click on a feature, draw a rectangle on the map canvas or use an expression filter. Selected features are normally highlighted in a different color (default is yellow) to draw user’s attention on the selection. Sometimes can be useful to programmatically select features or to change the default color.
To change the selection color you can use setSelectionColor() method of QgsMapCanvas as shown in the following example:
iface.mapCanvas().setSelectionColor( QColor("red") )
To add add features to the selected features list for a given layer, you can call setSelectedFeatures() passing to it the list of features IDs:
# Get the active layer (must be a vector layer)
layer = iface.activeLayer()
# Get the first feature from the layer
feature = layer.getFeatures().next()
# Add this features to the selected list
layer.setSelectedFeatures([feature.id()])
To clear the selection, just pass an empty list:
layer.setSelectedFeatures([])
Iterating over the features in a vector layer is one of the most common tasks. Below is an example of the simple basic code to perform this task and showing some information about each feature. the layer variable is assumed to have a QgsVectorLayer object
iter = layer.getFeatures()
for feature in iter:
# retrieve every feature with its geometry and attributes
# fetch geometry
geom = feature.geometry()
print "Feature ID %d: " % feature.id()
# show some information about the feature
if geom.type() == QGis.Point:
x = geom.asPoint()
print "Point: " + str(x)
elif geom.type() == QGis.Line:
x = geom.asPolyline()
print "Line: %d points" % len(x)
elif geom.type() == QGis.Polygon:
x = geom.asPolygon()
numPts = 0
for ring in x:
numPts += len(ring)
print "Polygon: %d rings with %d points" % (len(x), numPts)
else:
print "Unknown"
# fetch attributes
attrs = feature.attributes()
# attrs is a list. It contains all the attribute values of this feature
print attrs
Attributes can be referred to by their name.
print feature['name']
Alternatively, attributes can be referred to by index. This is will be a bit faster than using the name. For example, to get the first attribute:
print feature[0]
if you only need selected features, you can use the selectedFeatures() method from vector layer:
selection = layer.selectedFeatures()
print len(selection)
for feature in selection:
# do whatever you need with the feature
Another option is the Processing features() method:
import processing
features = processing.features(layer)
for feature in features:
# do whatever you need with the feature
By default, this will iterate over all the features in the layer, in case there is no selection, or over the selected features otherwise. Note that this behavior can be changed in the Processing options to ignore selections.
If you want to iterate over a given subset of features in a layer, such as those within a given area, you have to add a QgsFeatureRequest object to the getFeatures() call. Here’s an example
request = QgsFeatureRequest()
request.setFilterRect(areaOfInterest)
for feature in layer.getFeatures(request):
# do whatever you need with the feature
With setLimit() you can limit the number of requested features. Here’s an example
request = QgsFeatureRequest()
request.setLimit(2)
for feature in layer.getFeatures(request):
# loop through only 2 features
If you need an attribute-based filter instead (or in addition) of a spatial one like shown in the examples above, you can build an QgsExpression object and pass it to the QgsFeatureRequest constructor. Here’s an example
# The expression will filter the features where the field "location_name"
# contains the word "Lake" (case insensitive)
exp = QgsExpression('location_name ILIKE \'%Lake%\'')
request = QgsFeatureRequest(exp)
See Expresii, filtrarea și calculul valorilor for the details about the syntax supported by QgsExpression.
Cererea poate fi utilizată pentru a defini datele cerute pentru fiecare entitate, astfel încât iteratorul să întoarcă toate entitățile, dar să returneze datele parțiale pentru fiecare dintre ele.
# Only return selected fields
request.setSubsetOfAttributes([0,2])
# More user friendly version
request.setSubsetOfAttributes(['name','id'],layer.pendingFields())
# Don't return geometry objects
request.setFlags(QgsFeatureRequest.NoGeometry)
Tip
Speed features request
If you only need a subset of the attributes or you don’t need the geometry information, you can significantly increase the speed of the features request by using QgsFeatureRequest.NoGeometry flag or specifying a subset of attributes (possibly empty) like shown in the example above.
Most vector data providers support editing of layer data. Sometimes they support just a subset of possible editing actions. Use the capabilities() function to find out what set of functionality is supported
caps = layer.dataProvider().capabilities()
# Check if a particular capability is supported:
caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.DeleteFeatures
# Print 2 if DeleteFeatures is supported
For a list of all available capabilities, please refer to the API Documentation of QgsVectorDataProvider
To print layer’s capabilities textual description in a comma separated list you can use capabilitiesString() as in the following example:
caps_string = layer.dataProvider().capabilitiesString()
# Print:
# u'Add Features, Delete Features, Change Attribute Values,
# Add Attributes, Delete Attributes, Create Spatial Index,
# Fast Access to Features at ID, Change Geometries,
# Simplify Geometries with topological validation'
Utilizând oricare dintre următoarele metode de editare a straturilor vectoriale, schimbările sunt efectuate direct în depozitul de date (un fișier, o bază de date etc). În cazul în care doriți să faceți doar schimbări temporare, treceți la secțiunea următoare, care explică efectuarea modifications with editing buffer.
Note
If you are working inside QGIS (either from the console or from a plugin), it might be necessary to force a redraw of the map canvas in order to see the changes you’ve done to the geometry, to the style or to the attributes:
# If caching is enabled, a simple canvas refresh might not be sufficient
# to trigger a redraw and you must clear the cached image for the layer
if iface.mapCanvas().isCachingEnabled():
layer.setCacheImage(None)
else:
iface.mapCanvas().refresh()
Create some QgsFeature instances and pass a list of them to provider’s addFeatures() method. It will return two values: result (true/false) and list of added features (their ID is set by the data store).
To set up the attributes you can either initialize the feature passing a QgsFields instance or call initAttributes() passing the number of fields you want to be added.
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.AddFeatures:
feat = QgsFeature(layer.pendingFields())
feat.setAttributes([0, 'hello'])
# Or set a single attribute by key or by index:
feat.setAttribute('name', 'hello')
feat.setAttribute(0, 'hello')
feat.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPoint(QgsPoint(123, 456)))
(res, outFeats) = layer.dataProvider().addFeatures([feat])
To delete some features, just provide a list of their feature IDs
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.DeleteFeatures:
res = layer.dataProvider().deleteFeatures([5, 10])
It is possible to either change feature’s geometry or to change some attributes. The following example first changes values of attributes with index 0 and 1, then it changes the feature’s geometry
fid = 100 # ID of the feature we will modify
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.ChangeAttributeValues:
attrs = { 0 : "hello", 1 : 123 }
layer.dataProvider().changeAttributeValues({ fid : attrs })
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.ChangeGeometries:
geom = QgsGeometry.fromPoint(QgsPoint(111,222))
layer.dataProvider().changeGeometryValues({ fid : geom })
Tip
Favor QgsVectorLayerEditUtils class for geometry-only edits
If you only need to change geometries, you might consider using the QgsVectorLayerEditUtils which provides some of useful methods to edit geometries (translate, insert or move vertex etc.).
Tip
Directly save changes using with based command
Using with edit(layer): the changes will be commited automatically calling commitChanges() at the end. If any exception occurs, it will rollBack() all the changes. See Modificarea straturi vectoriale prin editarea unui tampon de memorie.
Pentru a adăuga câmpuri (atribute), trebuie să specificați o listă de definiții pentru acestea. Pentru ștergerea de câmpuri e suficientă furnizarea unei liste de indecși pentru câmpuri.
from PyQt4.QtCore import QVariant
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.AddAttributes:
res = layer.dataProvider().addAttributes(
[QgsField("mytext", QVariant.String),
QgsField("myint", QVariant.Int)])
if caps & QgsVectorDataProvider.DeleteAttributes:
res = layer.dataProvider().deleteAttributes([0])
După adăugarea sau eliminarea câmpurilor din furnizorul de date, câmpurile stratului trebuie să fie actualizate, deoarece modificările nu se propagă automat.
layer.updateFields()
When editing vectors within QGIS application, you have to first start editing mode for a particular layer, then do some modifications and finally commit (or rollback) the changes. All the changes you do are not written until you commit them — they stay in layer’s in-memory editing buffer. It is possible to use this functionality also programmatically — it is just another method for vector layer editing that complements the direct usage of data providers. Use this option when providing some GUI tools for vector layer editing, since this will allow user to decide whether to commit/rollback and allows the usage of undo/redo. When committing changes, all changes from the editing buffer are saved to data provider.
To find out whether a layer is in editing mode, use isEditable() — the editing functions work only when the editing mode is turned on. Usage of editing functions
from PyQt4.QtCore import QVariant
# add two features (QgsFeature instances)
layer.addFeatures([feat1,feat2])
# delete a feature with specified ID
layer.deleteFeature(fid)
# set new geometry (QgsGeometry instance) for a feature
layer.changeGeometry(fid, geometry)
# update an attribute with given field index (int) to given value (QVariant)
layer.changeAttributeValue(fid, fieldIndex, value)
# add new field
layer.addAttribute(QgsField("mytext", QVariant.String))
# remove a field
layer.deleteAttribute(fieldIndex)
In order to make undo/redo work properly, the above mentioned calls have to be wrapped into undo commands. (If you do not care about undo/redo and want to have the changes stored immediately, then you will have easier work by editing with data provider.) How to use the undo functionality
layer.beginEditCommand("Feature triangulation")
# ... call layer's editing methods ...
if problem_occurred:
layer.destroyEditCommand()
return
# ... more editing ...
layer.endEditCommand()
The beginEditCommand() will create an internal “active” command and will record subsequent changes in vector layer. With the call to endEditCommand() the command is pushed onto the undo stack and the user will be able to undo/redo it from GUI. In case something went wrong while doing the changes, the destroyEditCommand() method will remove the command and rollback all changes done while this command was active.
To start editing mode, there is startEditing() method, to stop editing there are commitChanges() and rollBack() — however normally you should not need these methods and leave this functionality to be triggered by the user.
De asemenea, puteți utiliza expresia with edit(layer) - pentru a încorpora într-un bloc de cod semantic, pentru commit și rollback, așa cum se arată în exemplul de mai jos:
with edit(layer):
feat = layer.getFeatures().next()
feat[0] = 5
layer.updateFeature(feat)
This will automatically call commitChanges() in the end. If any exception occurs, it will rollBack() all the changes. In case a problem is encountered within commitChanges() (when the method returns False) a QgsEditError exception will be raised.
Indecșii spațiali pot îmbunătăți dramatic performanța codului dvs, în cazul în care este nevoie să interogați frecvent un strat vectorial. Imaginați-vă, de exemplu, că scrieți un algoritm de interpolare, și că, pentru o anumită locație, trebuie să aflați cele mai apropiate 10 puncte dintr-un strat, în scopul utilizării acelor puncte în calculul valorii interpolate. Fără un index spațial, singura modalitate pentru QGIS de a găsi cele 10 puncte, este de a calcula distanța tuturor punctelor față de locația specificată și apoi de a compara aceste distanțe. Această sarcină poate fi mare consumatoare de timp, mai ales în cazul în care trebuie să fie repetată pentru mai multe locații. Dacă pentru stratul respectiv există un index spațial, operațiunea va fi mult mai eficientă.
Gândiți-vă la un strat fără index spațial ca la o carte de telefon în care numerele de telefon nu sunt ordonate sau indexate. Singura modalitate de a afla numărul de telefon al unei anumite persoane este de a citi toate numerele, începând cu primul, până când îl găsiți.
Indecșii spațiali nu sunt creați în mod implicit pentru un strat QGIS vectorial, dar îi puteți genera cu ușurință. Iată ce trebuie să faceți:
create spatial index — the following code creates an empty index
index = QgsSpatialIndex()
add features to index — index takes QgsFeature object and adds it to the internal data structure. You can create the object manually or use one from previous call to provider’s nextFeature()
index.insertFeature(feat)
alternatively, you can load all features of a layer at once using bulk loading
index = QgsSpatialIndex(layer.getFeatures())
o dată ce ați introdus valori în indexul spațial, puteți efectua unele interogări
# returns array of feature IDs of five nearest features
nearest = index.nearestNeighbor(QgsPoint(25.4, 12.7), 5)
# returns array of IDs of features which intersect the rectangle
intersect = index.intersects(QgsRectangle(22.5, 15.3, 23.1, 17.2))
You can write vector layer files using QgsVectorFileWriter class. It supports any other kind of vector file that OGR supports (shapefiles, GeoJSON, KML and others).
There are two possibilities how to export a vector layer:
from an instance of QgsVectorLayer
error = QgsVectorFileWriter.writeAsVectorFormat(layer, "my_shapes.shp", "CP1250", None, "ESRI Shapefile")
if error == QgsVectorFileWriter.NoError:
print "success!"
error = QgsVectorFileWriter.writeAsVectorFormat(layer, "my_json.json", "utf-8", None, "GeoJSON")
if error == QgsVectorFileWriter.NoError:
print "success again!"
The third parameter specifies output text encoding. Only some drivers need this for correct operation - shapefiles are one of those — however in case you are not using international characters you do not have to care much about the encoding. The fourth parameter that we left as None may specify destination CRS — if a valid instance of QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem is passed, the layer is transformed to that CRS.
For valid driver names please consult the supported formats by OGR — you should pass the value in the “Code” column as the driver name. Optionally you can set whether to export only selected features, pass further driver-specific options for creation or tell the writer not to create attributes — look into the documentation for full syntax.
directly from features
from PyQt4.QtCore import QVariant
# define fields for feature attributes. A QgsFields object is needed
fields = QgsFields()
fields.append(QgsField("first", QVariant.Int))
fields.append(QgsField("second", QVariant.String))
""" create an instance of vector file writer, which will create the vector file.
Arguments:
1. path to new file (will fail if exists already)
2. encoding of the attributes
3. field map
4. geometry type - from WKBTYPE enum
5. layer's spatial reference (instance of
QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem) - optional
6. driver name for the output file """
writer = QgsVectorFileWriter("my_shapes.shp", "CP1250", fields, QGis.WKBPoint, None, "ESRI Shapefile")
if writer.hasError() != QgsVectorFileWriter.NoError:
print "Error when creating shapefile: ", w.errorMessage()
# add a feature
fet = QgsFeature()
fet.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPoint(QgsPoint(10,10)))
fet.setAttributes([1, "text"])
writer.addFeature(fet)
# delete the writer to flush features to disk
del writer
Memory provider is intended to be used mainly by plugin or 3rd party app developers. It does not store data on disk, allowing developers to use it as a fast backend for some temporary layers.
Furnizorul suportă câmpuri de tip string, int sau double.
The memory provider also supports spatial indexing, which is enabled by calling the provider’s createSpatialIndex() function. Once the spatial index is created you will be able to iterate over features within smaller regions faster (since it’s not necessary to traverse all the features, only those in specified rectangle).
A memory provider is created by passing "memory" as the provider string to the QgsVectorLayer constructor.
Constructorul are, de asemenea, un URI care definește unul din următoarele tipuri de geometrie a stratului: "Point", "LineString", "Polygon", "MultiPoint", "MultiLineString" sau "MultiPolygon".
URI poate specifica, de asemenea, sistemul de coordonate de referință, câmpurile, precum și indexarea furnizorului de memorie. Sintaxa este:
Specificați dacă furnizorul va utiliza un index spațial.
Specificați un atribut al stratului. Atributul are un nume și, opțional, un tip (integer, double sau string), lungime și precizie. Pot exista mai multe definiții de câmp.
Următorul exemplu de URI încorporează toate aceste opțiuni
"Point?crs=epsg:4326&field=id:integer&field=name:string(20)&index=yes"
Următorul exemplu de cod ilustrează crearea și popularea unui furnizor de memorie
from PyQt4.QtCore import QVariant
# create layer
vl = QgsVectorLayer("Point", "temporary_points", "memory")
pr = vl.dataProvider()
# add fields
pr.addAttributes([QgsField("name", QVariant.String),
QgsField("age", QVariant.Int),
QgsField("size", QVariant.Double)])
vl.updateFields() # tell the vector layer to fetch changes from the provider
# add a feature
fet = QgsFeature()
fet.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPoint(QgsPoint(10,10)))
fet.setAttributes(["Johny", 2, 0.3])
pr.addFeatures([fet])
# update layer's extent when new features have been added
# because change of extent in provider is not propagated to the layer
vl.updateExtents()
În cele din urmă, să verificăm dacă totul a mers bine
# show some stats
print "fields:", len(pr.fields())
print "features:", pr.featureCount()
e = layer.extent()
print "extent:", e.xMiniminum(), e.yMinimum(), e.xMaximum(), e.yMaximum()
# iterate over features
f = QgsFeature()
features = vl.getFeatures()
for f in features:
print "F:", f.id(), f.attributes(), f.geometry().asPoint()
Când un strat vector este randat, aspectul datelor este dat de render și de simbolurile asociate stratului. Simbolurile sunt clase care au grijă de reprezentarea vizuală a tuturor entităților, în timp ce un render determină ce simbol va fi folosit doar pentru anumite entități.
The renderer for a given layer can obtained as shown below:
renderer = layer.rendererV2()
Și cu acea referință, să explorăm un pic
print "Type:", rendererV2.type()
There are several known renderer types available in QGIS core library:
Tipul |
Clasa |
Descrierea |
|---|---|---|
| singleSymbol | QgsSingleSymbolRendererV2 | Asociază tuturor entităților același simbol |
| categorizedSymbol | QgsCategorizedSymbolRendererV2 | Asociază entităților un simbol diferit, în funcție de categorie |
| graduatedSymbol | QgsGraduatedSymbolRendererV2 | Asociază fiecărei entități un simbol diferit pentru fiecare gamă de valori |
There might be also some custom renderer types, so never make an assumption there are just these types. You can query QgsRendererV2Registry singleton to find out currently available renderers:
print QgsRendererV2Registry.instance().renderersList()
# Print:
[u'singleSymbol',
u'categorizedSymbol',
u'graduatedSymbol',
u'RuleRenderer',
u'pointDisplacement',
u'invertedPolygonRenderer',
u'heatmapRenderer']
Este posibilă obținerea conținutului renderului sub formă de text — lucru util pentru depanare
print rendererV2.dump()
You can get the symbol used for rendering by calling symbol() method and change it with setSymbol() method (note for C++ devs: the renderer takes ownership of the symbol.)
You can change the symbol used by a particular vector layer by calling setSymbol() passing an instance of the appropriate symbol instance. Symbols for point, line and polygon layers can be created by calling the createSimple() function of the corresponding classes QgsMarkerSymbolV2, QgsLineSymbolV2 and QgsFillSymbolV2.
The dictionary passed to createSimple() sets the style properties of the symbol.
For example you can replace the symbol used by a particular point layer by calling setSymbol() passing an instance of a QgsMarkerSymbolV2 as in the following code example:
symbol = QgsMarkerSymbolV2.createSimple({'name': 'square', 'color': 'red'})
layer.rendererV2().setSymbol(symbol)
nume: indică forma markerului, aceasta putând fi oricare dintre următoarele:
cerc
pătrat
dreptunghi
diamant
triunghi
triunghi echilateral
stea
stea_regulată
săgeată
vârf_de_săgeată_plin
To get the full list of properties for the first symbol layer of a simbol instance you can follow the example code:
print layer.rendererV2().symbol().symbolLayers()[0].properties()
# Prints
{u'angle': u'0',
u'color': u'0,128,0,255',
u'horizontal_anchor_point': u'1',
u'name': u'circle',
u'offset': u'0,0',
u'offset_map_unit_scale': u'0,0',
u'offset_unit': u'MM',
u'outline_color': u'0,0,0,255',
u'outline_style': u'solid',
u'outline_width': u'0',
u'outline_width_map_unit_scale': u'0,0',
u'outline_width_unit': u'MM',
u'scale_method': u'area',
u'size': u'2',
u'size_map_unit_scale': u'0,0',
u'size_unit': u'MM',
u'vertical_anchor_point': u'1'}
This can be useful if you want to alter some properties:
# You can alter a single property...
layer.rendererV2().symbol().symbolLayer(0).setName('square')
# ... but not all properties are accessible from methods,
# you can also replace the symbol completely:
props = layer.rendererV2().symbol().symbolLayer(0).properties()
props['color'] = 'yellow'
props['name'] = 'square'
layer.rendererV2().setSymbol(QgsMarkerSymbolV2.createSimple(props))
You can query and set attribute name which is used for classification: use classAttribute() and setClassAttribute() methods.
Pentru a obține o listă de categorii
for cat in rendererV2.categories():
print "%s: %s :: %s" % (cat.value().toString(), cat.label(), str(cat.symbol()))
Where value() is the value used for discrimination between categories, label() is a text used for category description and symbol() method returns assigned symbol.
The renderer usually stores also original symbol and color ramp which were used for the classification: sourceColorRamp() and sourceSymbol() methods.
Acest render este foarte similar cu renderul cu simbol clasificat, descris mai sus, dar în loc de o singură valoare de atribut per clasă el lucrează cu intervale de valori, putând fi, astfel, utilizat doar cu atribute numerice.
Pentru a afla mai multe despre gamele utilizate în render
for ran in rendererV2.ranges():
print "%f - %f: %s %s" % (
ran.lowerValue(),
ran.upperValue(),
ran.label(),
str(ran.symbol())
)
puteți folosi din nou classAttribute() pentru a afla numele atributului de clasificare, metodele sourceSymbol() și sourceColorRamp(). În plus, există metoda mode() care determină modul în care au fost create gamele: folosind intervale egale, cuantile sau o altă metodă.
Dacă doriți să creați propriul render cu simbol gradual, puteți face acest lucru așa cum este ilustrat în fragmentul de mai jos (care creează un simplu aranjament cu două clase)
from qgis.core import *
myVectorLayer = QgsVectorLayer(myVectorPath, myName, 'ogr')
myTargetField = 'target_field'
myRangeList = []
myOpacity = 1
# Make our first symbol and range...
myMin = 0.0
myMax = 50.0
myLabel = 'Group 1'
myColour = QtGui.QColor('#ffee00')
mySymbol1 = QgsSymbolV2.defaultSymbol(myVectorLayer.geometryType())
mySymbol1.setColor(myColour)
mySymbol1.setAlpha(myOpacity)
myRange1 = QgsRendererRangeV2(myMin, myMax, mySymbol1, myLabel)
myRangeList.append(myRange1)
#now make another symbol and range...
myMin = 50.1
myMax = 100
myLabel = 'Group 2'
myColour = QtGui.QColor('#00eeff')
mySymbol2 = QgsSymbolV2.defaultSymbol(
myVectorLayer.geometryType())
mySymbol2.setColor(myColour)
mySymbol2.setAlpha(myOpacity)
myRange2 = QgsRendererRangeV2(myMin, myMax, mySymbol2 myLabel)
myRangeList.append(myRange2)
myRenderer = QgsGraduatedSymbolRendererV2('', myRangeList)
myRenderer.setMode(QgsGraduatedSymbolRendererV2.EqualInterval)
myRenderer.setClassAttribute(myTargetField)
myVectorLayer.setRendererV2(myRenderer)
QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayer(myVectorLayer)
For representation of symbols, there is QgsSymbolV2 base class with three derived classes:
Every symbol consists of one or more symbol layers (classes derived from QgsSymbolLayerV2). The symbol layers do the actual rendering, the symbol class itself serves only as a container for the symbol layers.
Having an instance of a symbol (e.g. from a renderer), it is possible to explore it: type() method says whether it is a marker, line or fill symbol. There is a dump() method which returns a brief description of the symbol. To get a list of symbol layers
for i in xrange(symbol.symbolLayerCount()):
lyr = symbol.symbolLayer(i)
print "%d: %s" % (i, lyr.layerType())
To find out symbol’s color use color() method and setColor() to change its color. With marker symbols additionally you can query for the symbol size and rotation with size() and angle() methods, for line symbols there is width() method returning line width.
Dimensiunea și lățimea sunt în milimetri, în mod implicit, iar unghiurile sunt în grade.
As said before, symbol layers (subclasses of QgsSymbolLayerV2) determine the appearance of the features. There are several basic symbol layer classes for general use. It is possible to implement new symbol layer types and thus arbitrarily customize how features will be rendered. The layerType() method uniquely identifies the symbol layer class — the basic and default ones are SimpleMarker, SimpleLine and SimpleFill symbol layers types.
You can get a complete list of the types of symbol layers you can create for a given symbol layer class like this
from qgis.core import QgsSymbolLayerV2Registry
myRegistry = QgsSymbolLayerV2Registry.instance()
myMetadata = myRegistry.symbolLayerMetadata("SimpleFill")
for item in myRegistry.symbolLayersForType(QgsSymbolV2.Marker):
print item
Output
EllipseMarker
FontMarker
SimpleMarker
SvgMarker
VectorField
QgsSymbolLayerV2Registry class manages a database of all available symbol layer types.
To access symbol layer data, use its properties() method that returns a key-value dictionary of properties which determine the appearance. Each symbol layer type has a specific set of properties that it uses. Additionally, there are generic methods color(), size(), angle(), width() with their setter counterparts. Of course size and angle is available only for marker symbol layers and width for line symbol layers.
Imaginați-vă că ați dori să personalizați modul în care se randează datele. Vă puteți crea propria dvs. clasă de strat de simbol, care va desena entitățile exact așa cum doriți. Iată un exemplu de marker care desenează cercuri roșii cu o rază specificată
class FooSymbolLayer(QgsMarkerSymbolLayerV2):
def __init__(self, radius=4.0):
QgsMarkerSymbolLayerV2.__init__(self)
self.radius = radius
self.color = QColor(255,0,0)
def layerType(self):
return "FooMarker"
def properties(self):
return { "radius" : str(self.radius) }
def startRender(self, context):
pass
def stopRender(self, context):
pass
def renderPoint(self, point, context):
# Rendering depends on whether the symbol is selected (QGIS >= 1.5)
color = context.selectionColor() if context.selected() else self.color
p = context.renderContext().painter()
p.setPen(color)
p.drawEllipse(point, self.radius, self.radius)
def clone(self):
return FooSymbolLayer(self.radius)
The layerType() method determines the name of the symbol layer, it has to be unique among all symbol layers. Properties are used for persistence of attributes. clone() method must return a copy of the symbol layer with all attributes being exactly the same. Finally there are rendering methods: startRender() is called before rendering first feature, stopRender() when rendering is done. And renderPoint() method which does the rendering. The coordinates of the point(s) are already transformed to the output coordinates.
For polylines and polygons the only difference would be in the rendering method: you would use renderPolyline() which receives a list of lines, resp. renderPolygon() which receives list of points on outer ring as a first parameter and a list of inner rings (or None) as a second parameter.
De obicei, este convenabilă adăugarea unui GUI pentru setarea atributelor tipului de strat pentru simboluri, pentru a permite utilizatorilor să personalizeze aspectul: în exemplul de mai sus, putem lăsa utilizatorul să seteze raza cercului. Codul de mai jos implementează un astfel de widget
class FooSymbolLayerWidget(QgsSymbolLayerV2Widget):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QgsSymbolLayerV2Widget.__init__(self, parent)
self.layer = None
# setup a simple UI
self.label = QLabel("Radius:")
self.spinRadius = QDoubleSpinBox()
self.hbox = QHBoxLayout()
self.hbox.addWidget(self.label)
self.hbox.addWidget(self.spinRadius)
self.setLayout(self.hbox)
self.connect(self.spinRadius, SIGNAL("valueChanged(double)"), \
self.radiusChanged)
def setSymbolLayer(self, layer):
if layer.layerType() != "FooMarker":
return
self.layer = layer
self.spinRadius.setValue(layer.radius)
def symbolLayer(self):
return self.layer
def radiusChanged(self, value):
self.layer.radius = value
self.emit(SIGNAL("changed()"))
Acest widget poate fi integrat în fereastra de proprietăți a simbolului. În cazul în care tipul de strat simbol este selectat în fereastra de proprietăți a simbolului, se creează o instanță a stratului simbol și o instanță a widget-ului stratului simbol. Apoi, se apelează metoda setSymbolLayer() pentru a aloca stratul simbol widget-ului. În acea metodă, widget-ul ar trebui să actualizeze UI pentru a reflecta atributele stratului simbol. Funcția symbolLayer() este utilizată la preluarea stratului simbol din fereastra de proprietăți, în scopul folosirii sale pentru simbol.
La fiecare schimbare de atribute, widget-ul ar trebui să emită semnalul changed() pentru a permite ferestrei de proprietăți să-și actualizeze previzualizarea simbolului.
Acum mai lipsește doar liantul final: pentru a face QGIS conștient de aceste noi clase. Acest lucru se face prin adăugarea stratului simbol la registru. Este posibilă utilizarea stratului simbol, de asemenea, fără a-l adăuga la registru, dar unele funcționalități nu vor fi disponibile: de exemplu, încărcarea de fișiere de proiect cu straturi simbol personalizate sau incapacitatea de a edita atributele stratului în GUI.
Va trebui să creăm metadate pentru stratul simbolului
class FooSymbolLayerMetadata(QgsSymbolLayerV2AbstractMetadata):
def __init__(self):
QgsSymbolLayerV2AbstractMetadata.__init__(self, "FooMarker", QgsSymbolV2.Marker)
def createSymbolLayer(self, props):
radius = float(props[QString("radius")]) if QString("radius") in props else 4.0
return FooSymbolLayer(radius)
def createSymbolLayerWidget(self):
return FooSymbolLayerWidget()
QgsSymbolLayerV2Registry.instance().addSymbolLayerType(FooSymbolLayerMetadata())
You should pass layer type (the same as returned by the layer) and symbol type (marker/line/fill) to the constructor of parent class. createSymbolLayer() takes care of creating an instance of symbol layer with attributes specified in the props dictionary. (Beware, the keys are QString instances, not “str” objects). And there is createSymbolLayerWidget() method which returns settings widget for this symbol layer type.
Ultimul pas este de a adăuga acest strat simbol la registru — și am încheiat.
Ar putea fi utilă crearea unei noi implementări de render, dacă doriți să personalizați regulile de selectare a simbolurilor pentru randarea entităților. Unele cazuri de utilizare: simbolul să fie determinat de o combinație de câmpuri, dimensiunea simbolurilor să depindă în funcție de scara curentă, etc
Urmatorul cod prezintă o simplă randare personalizată, care creează două simboluri de tip marker și apoi alege aleatoriu unul dintre ele pentru fiecare entitate
import random
class RandomRenderer(QgsFeatureRendererV2):
def __init__(self, syms=None):
QgsFeatureRendererV2.__init__(self, "RandomRenderer")
self.syms = syms if syms else [QgsSymbolV2.defaultSymbol(QGis.Point), QgsSymbolV2.defaultSymbol(QGis.Point)]
def symbolForFeature(self, feature):
return random.choice(self.syms)
def startRender(self, context, vlayer):
for s in self.syms:
s.startRender(context)
def stopRender(self, context):
for s in self.syms:
s.stopRender(context)
def usedAttributes(self):
return []
def clone(self):
return RandomRenderer(self.syms)
The constructor of parent QgsFeatureRendererV2 class needs renderer name (has to be unique among renderers). symbolForFeature() method is the one that decides what symbol will be used for a particular feature. startRender() and stopRender() take care of initialization/finalization of symbol rendering. usedAttributes() method can return a list of field names that renderer expects to be present. Finally clone() function should return a copy of the renderer.
Like with symbol layers, it is possible to attach a GUI for configuration of the renderer. It has to be derived from QgsRendererV2Widget. The following sample code creates a button that allows user to set symbol of the first symbol
class RandomRendererWidget(QgsRendererV2Widget):
def __init__(self, layer, style, renderer):
QgsRendererV2Widget.__init__(self, layer, style)
if renderer is None or renderer.type() != "RandomRenderer":
self.r = RandomRenderer()
else:
self.r = renderer
# setup UI
self.btn1 = QgsColorButtonV2()
self.btn1.setColor(self.r.syms[0].color())
self.vbox = QVBoxLayout()
self.vbox.addWidget(self.btn1)
self.setLayout(self.vbox)
self.connect(self.btn1, SIGNAL("clicked()"), self.setColor1)
def setColor1(self):
color = QColorDialog.getColor(self.r.syms[0].color(), self)
if not color.isValid(): return
self.r.syms[0].setColor(color);
self.btn1.setColor(self.r.syms[0].color())
def renderer(self):
return self.r
The constructor receives instances of the active layer (QgsVectorLayer), the global style (QgsStyleV2) and current renderer. If there is no renderer or the renderer has different type, it will be replaced with our new renderer, otherwise we will use the current renderer (which has already the type we need). The widget contents should be updated to show current state of the renderer. When the renderer dialog is accepted, widget’s renderer() method is called to get the current renderer — it will be assigned to the layer.
Ultimul bit lipsă este cel al metadatelor renderului și înregistrarea în registru, altfel încărcarea straturilor cu renderul nu va funcționa, iar utilizatorul nu va fi capabil să-l selecteze din lista de rendere. Să finalizăm exemplul nostru de RandomRenderer
class RandomRendererMetadata(QgsRendererV2AbstractMetadata):
def __init__(self):
QgsRendererV2AbstractMetadata.__init__(self, "RandomRenderer", "Random renderer")
def createRenderer(self, element):
return RandomRenderer()
def createRendererWidget(self, layer, style, renderer):
return RandomRendererWidget(layer, style, renderer)
QgsRendererV2Registry.instance().addRenderer(RandomRendererMetadata())
În mod similar cu straturile simbol, constructorul de metadate abstracte așteaptă numele renderului, nume vizibil pentru utilizatori și numele opțional al pictogramei renderului. Metoda createRenderer() transmite instanța QDomElement care poate fi folosită pentru a restabili starea renderului din arborele DOM. Metoda createRendererWidget() creează widget-ul de configurare. Aceasta nu trebuie să fie prezent sau ar putea returna None, dacă renderul nu vine cu GUI-ul.
To associate an icon with the renderer you can assign it in QgsRendererV2AbstractMetadata constructor as a third (optional) argument — the base class constructor in the RandomRendererMetadata __init__() function becomes
QgsRendererV2AbstractMetadata.__init__(self,
"RandomRenderer",
"Random renderer",
QIcon(QPixmap("RandomRendererIcon.png", "png")))
The icon can be associated also at any later time using setIcon() method of the metadata class. The icon can be loaded from a file (as shown above) or can be loaded from a Qt resource (PyQt4 includes .qrc compiler for Python).
DE EFECTUAT: