3.3. Lesson: 범주화

Labels are a good way to communicate information such as the names of individual places, but they can’t be used for everything. For example, let us say that someone wants to know what each landuse area is used for. Using labels, you would get this:

라벨을 읽기 어려울 뿐만 아니라 맵 상에 수많은 토지이용구역이 있을 경우 혼잡하기까지 합니다.

이 강의의 목표: 벡터 데이터를 효율적으로 범주화하는 방법 배우기.

3.3.1. Follow Along: 명칭 데이터 범주화

Open the Layer Properties dialog for the landuse layer
Go to the Symbology tab
Single Symbol 이라는 드롭다운 메뉴를 클릭해서, Categorized 로 변경하십시오.
In the new panel, change the Value to landuse and the Color ramp to Random colors
Click the button labeled Classify
OK 를 클릭합니다.

결과는 다음과 같습니다.
Click the arrow (or plus sign) next to landuse in the Layers panel, you’ll see the categories explained:

Now our landuse polygons are colored and are classified so that areas with the same land use are the same color.
If you wish to, you can change the symbol of each landuse area by double-clicking the relevant color block in the Layers panel or in the Layer Properties dialog:

비어 있는 카테고리가 하나 있는 게 보이십니까?

This empty category is used to color any objects which do not have a landuse value defined or which have a NULL value. It can be useful to keep this empty category so that areas with a NULL value are still represented on the map. You may like to change the color to more obviously represent a blank or NULL value.

여러분이 힘들게 바꾼 변경 사항을 잃지 않도록 지금 맵을 저장하세요!

3.3.2. Try Yourself 고급 범주화

Use the knowledge you gained above to classify the buildings layer. Set the categorisation against the building field and use the Spectral color ramp.

참고

결과를 보려면 도심 지역으로 줌인해야 합니다.

3.3.3. Follow Along: 비율 범주화

범주화에는 명칭, 순서, 간격, 그리고 비율, 네 가지 유형이 있습니다.

In nominal classification, the categories that objects are classified into are name-based; they have no order. For example: town names, district codes, etc. Symbols that are used for nominal data should not imply any order or magnitude.

For points, we can use symbols of different shape.
For polygons, we can use different types of hatching or different colours (avoid mixing light and dark colours).
For lines, we can use different dash patterns, different colours (avoid mixing light and dark colours) and different symbols along the lines.

In ordinal classification, the categories are arranged in a certain order. For example, world cities are given a rank depending on their importance for world trade, travel, culture, etc. Symbols that are used for ordinal data should imply order, but not magnitude.

For points, we can use symbols with light to dark colours.
For polygons, we can use graduated colours (light to dark).
For lines, we can use graduated colours (light to dark).

In interval classification, the numbers are on a scale with positive, negative and zero values. For example: height above/below sea level, temperature in degrees Celsius. Symbols that are used for interval data should imply order and magnitude.

For points, we can use symbols with varying size (small to big).
For polygons, we can use graduated colours (light to dark) or add diagrams of varying size.
For lines, we can use thickness (thin to thick).

In ratio classification, the numbers are on a scale with only positive and zero values. For example: temperature above absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin), distance from a point, the average amount of traffic on a given street per month, etc. Symbols that are used for ratio data should imply order and magnitude.

For points, we can use symbols with varying size (small to big).
For polygons, we can use graduated colours (light to dark) or add diagrams of varying size.
For lines, we can use thickness (thin to thick).

In the example above, we used nominal classification to color each record in the landuse layer based on its landuse attribute. Now we will use ratio classification to classify the records by area.

We are going to reclassify the layer, so existing classes will be lost if not saved. To store the current classification:

Open the layer’s properties dialog
Click the Save Style … button in the Style drop-down menu.
Select Rename Current…, enter land usage and press OK.

The categories and their symbols are now saved in the layer’s properties.
Click now on the Add… entry of the Style drop-down menu and create a new style named ratio. This will store the new classification.
Close the Layer Properties dialog

We want to classify the landuse areas by size, but there is a problem: they don’t have a size field, so we’ll have to make one.

Open the Attributes Table for the landuse layer.
Enter edit mode by clicking the ^{Toggle editing} button
Add a new column of decimal type, called AREA, using the ^{New field} button:
OK 를 클릭합니다.

The new field will be added (at the far right of the table; you may need to scroll horizontally to see it). However, at the moment it is not populated, it just has a lot of NULL values.

To solve this problem, we will need to calculate the areas.
1. Open the field calculator with the button.
  
  You will get this dialog:
2. Check the Update existing fields
3. Select AREA in the fields drop-down menu
4. Under the Expression tab, expand the Geometry functions group in the list and find $area
5. Double-click on it so that it appears in the Expression field
6. OK 를 클릭합니다.
7. Scroll to the AREA field in the attribute table and you will notice that it is populated with values (you may need to click the column header to refresh the data).
참고

These areas respect the project’s area unit settings, so they may be in square meters or square degrees.
Press to save the edits and exit the edit mode with ^{Toggle editing}
Close the attribute table

Now that we have the data, let’s use them to render the landuse layer.

Open the Layer properties dialog’s Symbology tab for the landuse layer
Change the classification style from Categorized to Graduated
Change the Value to AREA
Under Color ramp, choose the option Create New Color Ramp…:
Choose Gradient (if it’s not selected already) and click OK. You will see this:

이 창을 이용해서, 적은 면적을 Color 1 로, 큰 면적을 Color 2 로 나타낼 것입니다.
Choose appropriate colors

이 예제에서는 다음과 비슷한 결과가 나옵니다.
OK 를 클릭합니다.
You can save the colour ramp by selecting Save Color Ramp… under the Color ramp tab. Choose an appropriate name for the colour ramp and click Save. You will now be able to select the same colour ramp easily under All Color Ramps.
Click Classify

Now you will have something like this:

다른 항목은 그대로 놔둡니다.
Click OK:

../../../_images/gradient_result_map.png

3.3.4. Try Yourself 범주화 개선

여러분의 범주화를 이해하기 쉽도록 Mode 및 Classes 의 값을 변경해보십시오.

Answer

The settings you used might not be the same, but with the values Classes = 6 and Mode = Natural Breaks (Jenks) (and using the same colors, of course), the map will look like this:

../../../_images/gradient_map_new_mode.png

3.3.5. Follow Along: 규칙 기반 범주화

범주화에 복수의 기준을 결합하는 것이 유용할 경우가 많지만, 아쉽게도 일반 범주화에서는 단일 기준만 적용됩니다. 이런 경우 규칙 기반 범주화를 쓸 수 있습니다.

In this lesson, we will represent the landuse layer in a way to easily identify Swellendam city from the other residential area, and from the other types of landuse (based on their area).

Open the Layer Properties dialog for the landuse layer
Switch to the Symbology tab
Switch the classification style to Rule-based

QGIS will automatically show the rules that represent the current classification implemented for this layer. For example, after completing the exercise above, you may see something like this:
Click and drag to select all the rules
Use the ^{Remove selected rules} button to remove all of the existing rules

Let’s now add our custom rules.

Click the ^{Add rule} button
The Edit rule dialog then appears
Enter Swellendam city as Label
Click the button next to the Filter text area to open the Expression String Builder
Enter the criterion "name" = 'Swellendam' and validate
Back to the Edit rule dialog, assign it a darker grey-blue color in order to indicate the town’s importance in the region and remove the border
OK 를 클릭하십시오.
Repeat the steps above to add the following rules:
1. Other residential label with the criterion "landuse" = 'residential' AND "name" <> 'Swellendam' (or "landuse" = 'residential' AND "name" != 'Swellendam'). Choose a pale blue-grey Fill color
2. Big non residential areas label with the criterion "landuse" <> 'residential' AND "AREA" >= 605000. Choose a mid-green color.
  
  These filters are exclusive, in that they exclude areas on the map (non-residential areas which are smaller than 605000 (square meters) are not included in any of the rules).
3. We will catch the remaining features using a new rule labeled Small non residential areas. Instead of a filter expression, Check the Else. Give this category a suitable pale green color.
Your rules should now look like this:
Apply this symbology