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29.3. QGIS Python console

As you will see later in this chapter, QGIS has been designed with a plugin architecture. Plugins can be written in Python, a very famous language in the geospatial world.

QGIS brings a Python API (see PyQGIS Developer Cookbook for some code sample) to let the user interact with its objects (layers, feature or interface). QGIS also has a Python console.

The QGIS Python Console is an interactive shell for Python command executions. It also has a Python file editor that allows you to edit and save your Python scripts. Both console and editor are based on PyQScintilla2 package. To open the console go to Plugins ► Python Console (Ctrl+Alt+P).

29.3.1. The Interactive Console

The console is a Python interpreter that allows you to execute Python commands. Modules from QGIS (analysis, core, gui, server, processing, 3d) and Qt (QtCore, QtGui, QtNetwork, QtWidgets, QtXml) as well as Python’s math, os, re and sys modules are already imported and can be used directly.

The interactive console is composed of a toolbar, an input area and an output one.

Fig. 29.15 The Python Console

29.3.1.1. Barra de Ferramentas

The toolbar proposes the following tools:

• ^{Clear Console} to wipe the output area;

• ^{Run Command} available in the input area: same as pressing Enter;

• ^{Show Editor}: toggles The Code Editor visibility;

• ^Options…: opens a dialog to configure console properties;

• ^Help… provides a menu to access various documentation:

  • Python Console Help (the current page)

  • PyQGIS API documentation

  • PyQGIS Cookbook

• ^{Dock Code Editor} to dock or undock the panel in QGIS interface

29.3.1.2. Input area

The Console input area main features are:

• Code completion, highlighting syntax and calltips for the following APIs:

  • Python

  • PyQGIS

  • PyQt5

  • QScintilla2

  • osgeo-gdal-ogr

• Ctrl+Alt+Space to view the auto-completion list if enabled in the Python Console settings;

• Execute code snippets from the input area by typing and pressing Enter or Run Command;

• Execute code snippets from the output area using the Enter Selected from the contextual menu or pressing Ctrl+E;

• Browse the command history from the input area using the Up and Down arrow keys and execute the command you want;

• Ctrl+Shift+Space to view the command history: double-clicking a row will execute the command. The Command History dialog can also be accessed from context menu of input area;

• Save and clear the command history. The history will be saved into the console_history.txt file under the active user profile folder;

• Type the following special commands:

  • ? to show a help of the Python Console

  • _api to open QGIS C++ API documentation or _api(object) for a specific object documentation (in QGIS C++ API or Qt API documentation)

  • _pyqgis to open QGIS Python API documentation or _pyqgis(object) for a specific object documentation (in QGIS Python API or Qt API documentation)

  • _cookbook to open PyQGIS Cookbook.

  • ! followed by a command to execute Shell commands from the Python Console. The console will start a subprocess, and forward its output to the Python Console Output. While the subprocess is running, the Python Console Input switches to STDIN mode and forwards entered character to the child process. This makes it possible to send confirmation when the child program asks for it. When the Console is in STDIN mode, pressing Ctrl+C kills the subprocess. It is also possible to affect the result of a command to a variable with the syntax var = !cmd

    >>> !echo QGIS Rocks!
    QGIS Rocks
    
    >>> !gdalinfo --version
    GDAL 3.6.2, released 2023/01/02
    
    >>> !pip install black
    # Install black python formatter using pip (if available)
    
    >>> sql_formats = !ogrinfo --formats | grep SQL
    >>> sql_formats
    ['SQLite -vector- (rw+v): SQLite / Spatialite', '  MSSQLSpatial -vector- (rw+): Microsoft SQL Server Spatial Database', '  PostgreSQL -vector- (rw+): PostgreSQL/PostGIS', '  MySQL -vector- (rw+): MySQL', '  PGDUMP -vector- (w+v): PostgreSQL SQL dump']
    

Dica

Reuse executed commands from the output panel

You can execute code snippets from the output panel by selecting some text and pressing Ctrl+E. No matter if selected text contains the interpreter prompt (>>>, ...).

29.3.2. The Code Editor

Use the ^{Show Editor} button to enable the editor widget. It allows editing and saving Python files and offers advanced functionalities to manage your code (comment and uncomment code, check syntax, share the code via GitHub and much more). Main features are:

• Code completion, highlighting syntax and calltips for the following APIs:

  • Python

  • PyQGIS

  • PyQt5

  • QScintilla2

  • osgeo-gdal-ogr

• Ctrl+Space to view the auto-completion list.

• Sharing code snippets via GitHub.

• Ctrl+4 Syntax check.

• Search bar (open it with the default Desktop Environment shortcut, usually Ctrl+F):

  • Use the default Desktop Environment shortcut to find next/previous (Ctrl+G and Shift+Ctrl+G);

  • Automatically find first match when typing in find box;

  • Set initial find string to selection when opening find;

  • Pressing Esc closes the find bar.

• Object inspector: a class and function browser;

• Go to an object definition with a mouse click (from Object inspector);

• Execute code snippets with the Run Selected command in contextual menu;

• Execute the whole script with the Run Script command (this creates a byte-compiled file with the extension .pyc).

Nota

Running partially or totally a script from the Code Editor outputs the result in the Console output area.

Fig. 29.16 The Python Console editor

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Save the options

To save the state of console’s widgets you have to close the Python Console from the close button. This allows you to save the geometry to be restored to the next start.