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21. Answer Sheet

21.1. Results For Adding Your First Layer

21.1.1. basic Preparation

You should see a lot of lines, symbolizing roads. All these lines are in the vector layer that you just loaded to create a basic map.

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21.2. Results For An Overview of the Interface

21.2.1. basic Overview (Part 1)

Refer back to the image showing the interface layout and check that you remember the names and functions of the screen elements.

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21.2.2. basic Overview (Part 2)

  1. Save as
  2. Zoom to layer
  3. Help
  4. Rendering on/off
  5. Measure line

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21.3. Results For Working with Vector Data

21.3.1. basic Shapefiles

There should be five layers on your map:

  • places
  • water
  • buildings
  • rivers and
  • roads.

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21.3.2. basic Databases

All the vector layers should be loaded into the map. It probably won’t look nice yet though (we’ll fix the ugly colors later).

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21.4. Results For Symbology

21.4.1. basic Colors

  • Verify that the colors are changing as you expect them to change.
  • It is enough to change only the water layer for now. An example is below, but may look different depending on the color you chose.
../../../_images/answer_water_blue.png

Примечание

If you want to work on only one layer at a time and don’t want the other layers to distract you, you can hide a layer by clicking in the check box next to its name in the Layers list. If the box is blank, then the layer is hidden.

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21.4.2. basic Symbol Structure

Your map should now look like this:

../../../_images/answer_symbology1.png

If you are a Beginner-level user, you may stop here.

  • Use the method above to change the colors and styles for all the remaining layers.
  • Try using natural colors for the objects. For example, a road should not be red or blue, but can be gray or black.
  • Also feel free to experiment with different Fill Style and Border Style settings for the polygons.

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21.4.3. moderate Symbol Layers

  • Customize your buildings layer as you like, but remember that it has to be easy to tell different layers apart on the map.

Here’s an example:

../../../_images/answer_buildings_symbology.png

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21.4.4. moderate Symbol Levels

To make the required symbol, you need two symbol layers:

../../../_images/answer_road_symbology.png

The lowest symbol layer is a broad, solid yellow line. On top of it there is a slightly thinner solid gray line.

  • If your symbol layers resemble the above but you’re not getting the result you want, check that your symbol levels look something like this:

    ../../../_images/answer_road_symbol_levels.png
  • Now your map should look like this:

    ../../../_images/target_road_symbology.png

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21.4.5. hard Symbol Levels

  • Adjust your symbol levels to these values:
../../../_images/answer_road_symbol_layers.png
  • Experiment with different values to get different results.
  • Open your original map again before continuing with the next exercise.

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21.5. Results For Attribute Data

21.5.1. basic Attribute Data

The NAME field is the most useful to show as labels. This is because all its values are unique for every object and are very unlikely to contain NULL values. If your data contains some NULL values, do not worry as long as most of your places have names.

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21.6. Results For The Label Tool

21.6.1. moderate Label Customization (Part 1)

Your map should now show the marker points and the labels should be offset by 2.0 mm: The style of the markers and labels should allow both to be clearly visible on the map:

../../../_images/customised_labels_one.png

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21.6.2. moderate Label Customization (Part 2)

One possible solution has this final product:

../../../_images/possible_outcome_map.png

To arrive at this result:

  • Use a font size of 10, a Label distance of 1,5 mm, Symbol width and Symbol size of 3.0 mm.

  • In addition, this example uses the Wrap label on character option:

    ../../../_images/wrap_character_settings.png
  • Enter a space in this field and click Apply to achieve the same effect. In our case, some of the place names are very long, resulting in names with multiple lines which is not very user friendly. You might find this setting to be more appropriate for your map.

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21.6.3. hard Using Data Defined Settings

  • Still in edit mode, set the FONT_SIZE values to whatever you prefer. The example uses 16 for towns, 14 for suburbs, 12 for localities and 10 for hamlets.

  • Remember to save changes and exit edit mode.

  • Return to the Text formatting options for the places layer and select FONT_SIZE in the Attribute field of the font size data override dropdown:

    ../../../_images/font_size_override.png

    Your results, if using the above values, should be this:

    ../../../_images/font_override_results.png

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21.7. Results For Classification

21.7.1. moderate Refine the Classification

  • Use the same method as in the first exercise of the lesson to get rid of the borders:

    ../../../_images/gradient_map_no_pen.png

The settings you used might not be the same, but with the values Classes = 6 and Mode = Natural Breaks (Jenks) (and using the same colors, of course), the map will look like this:

../../../_images/gradient_map_new_mode.png

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21.8. Results For Creating a New Vector Dataset

21.8.1. basic Digitizing

The symbology doesn’t matter, but the results should look more or less like this:

../../../_images/routes_layer_result.png

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21.8.2. moderate Topology: Add Ring Tool

The exact shape doesn’t matter, but you should be getting a hole in the middle of your feature, like this one:

../../../_images/ring_tool_result.png
  • Undo your edit before continuing with the exercise for the next tool.

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21.8.3. moderate Topology: Add Part Tool

  • First select the Bontebok National Park:
../../../_images/park_selected.png
  • Now add your new part:
../../../_images/new_park_area.png
  • Undo your edit before continuing with the exercise for the next tool.

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21.8.4. hard Merge Features

  • Use the Merge Selected Features tool, making sure to first select both of the polygons you wish to merge.
  • Use the feature with the OGC_FID of 1 as the source of your attributes (click on its entry in the dialog, then click the Take attributes from selected feature button):

Примечание

If you’re using a different dataset, it is highly likely that your
original polygon’s OGC_FID will not be 1. Just choose the feature which has an OGC_FID.
../../../_images/merge_feature_dialog.png

Примечание

Using the Merge Attributes of Selected Features tool will keep the geometries distinct, but give them the same attributes.

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21.8.5. moderate Forms

For the TYPE, there is obviously a limited amount of types that a road can be, and if you check the attribute table for this layer, you’ll see that they are predefined.

  • Set the widget to Value Map and click Load Data from Layer.

  • Select roads in the Label dropdown and highway for both the Value and Description options:

    ../../../_images/value_map_settings.png
  • Click Ok three times.

  • If you use the Identify tool on a street now while edit mode is active, the dialog you get should look like this:

    ../../../_images/highway_as_value_map.png

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21.9. Results For Vector Analysis

21.9.1. moderate Extract Your Layers from OSM Data

For the purpose of this exercise, the OSM layers which we are interested in are multipolygons and lines. The multipolygons layer contains the data we need in order to produce the houses, schools and restaurants layers. The lines layer contains the roads dataset.

The Query Builder is found in the layer properties:

../../../_images/query_builder.png

Using the Query Builder against the multipolygons layer, create the following queries for the houses, schools, restaurants and residential layers:

../../../_images/houses_query.png ../../../_images/schools_query.png ../../../_images/restaurants_query.png

Once you have entered each query, click OK. You’ll see that the map updates to show only the data you have selected. Since you need to use again the multipolygons data from the OSM dataset, at this point, you can use one of the following methods:

  • Rename the filtered OSM layer and re-import the layer from osm_data.osm, OR
  • Duplicate the filtered layer, rename the copy, clear the query and create your new query in the Query Builder.

Примечание

Although OSM’s building field has a house value, the coverage in your area - as in ours - may not be complete. In our test region, it is therefore more accurate to exclude all buildings which are defined as anything other than house. You may decide to simply include buildings which are defined as house and all other values that have not a clear meaning like yes.

To create the roads layer, build this query against OSM’s lines layer:

../../../_images/roads_query.png

You should end up with a map which looks similar to the following:

../../../_images/osm_queries_result.png

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21.9.2. basic Distance from High Schools

  • Your buffer dialog should look like this:

    ../../../_images/schools_buffer_setup.png

    The Buffer distance is 1000 meters (i.e., 1 kilometer).

  • The Segments to approximate value is set to 20. This is optional, but it’s recommended, because it makes the output buffers look smoother. Compare this:

    ../../../_images/schools_buffer_5.png

    To this:

    ../../../_images/schools_buffer_20.png

The first image shows the buffer with the Segments to approximate value set to 5 and the second shows the value set to 20. In our example, the difference is subtle, but you can see that the buffer’s edges are smoother with the higher value.

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21.9.3. basic Distance from Restaurants

To create the new houses_restaurants_500m layer, we go through a two step process:

  • First, create a buffer of 500m around the restaurants and add the layer to the map:

    ../../../_images/restaurants_buffer.png ../../../_images/restaurants_buffer_result.png
  • Next, select buildings within that buffer area:

    ../../../_images/select_within_restaurants.png
  • Now save that selection to our new houses_restaurants_500m layer:

    ../../../_images/save_selection_restaurants.png

Your map should now show only those buildings which are within 50m of a road, 1km of a school and 500m of a restaurant:

../../../_images/restaurant_buffer_result.png

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21.10. Results For Raster Analysis

21.10.1. basic Calculate Aspect

  • Set your DEM (Terrain analysis) dialog up like this:

    ../../../_images/answer_dem_aspect.png

Your result:

../../../_images/answer_aspect_result.png

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21.10.2. moderate Calculate Slope (less than 2 and 5 degrees)

  • Set your Raster calculator dialog up like this:

    ../../../_images/answer_raster_calculator_slope.png
  • For the 5 degree version, replace the 2 in the expression and file name with 5.

Your results:

  • 2 degrees:

    ../../../_images/answer_2degree_result.png
  • 5 degrees:

    ../../../_images/answer_5degree_result.png

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21.11. Results For Completing the Analysis

21.11.1. moderate Raster to Vector

  • Open the Query Builder by right-clicking on the all_terrain layer in the Layers list, select the General tab.
  • Then build the query "suitable" = 1.
  • Click OK to filter out all the polygons where this condition isn’t met.

When viewed over the original raster, the areas should overlap perfectly:

../../../_images/polygonize_raster.png
  • You can save this layer by right-clicking on the all_terrain layer in the Layers list and choosing Save As..., then continue as per the instructions.

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21.11.2. moderate Inspecting the Results

You may notice that some of the buildings in your new_solution layer have been “sliced” by the Intersect tool. This shows that only part of the building - and therefore only part of the property - lies on suitable terrain. We can therefore sensibly eliminate those buildings from our dataset

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21.11.3. moderate Refining the Analysis

At the moment, your analysis should look something like this:

../../../_images/new_solution_example.png

Consider a circular area, continuous for 100 meters in all directions.

../../../_images/circle_100.png

If it is greater than 100 meters in radius, then subtracting 100 meters from its size (from all directions) will result in a part of it being left in the middle.

../../../_images/circle_with_remainder.png

Therefore, you can run an interior buffer of 100 meters on your existing suitable_terrain vector layer. In the output of the buffer function, whatever remains of the original layer will represent areas where there is suitable terrain for 100 meters beyond.

To demonstrate:

  • Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Buffer(s) to open the Buffer(s) dialog.

  • Set it up like this:

    ../../../_images/suitable_terrain_buffer.png
  • Use the suitable_terrain layer with 10 segments and a buffer distance of -100. (The distance is automatically in meters because your map is using a projected CRS.)

  • Save the output in exercise_data/residential_development/ as suitable_terrain_continuous100m.shp.

  • If necessary, move the new layer above your original suitable_terrain layer.

Your results will look like something like this:

../../../_images/suitable_buffer_results.png
  • Now use the Select by Location tool (Vector ‣ Research Tools ‣ Select by location).

  • Set up like this:

    ../../../_images/select_by_location.png
  • Select features in new_solution that intersect features in suitable_terrain_continuous100m.shp.

This is the result:

../../../_images/buffer_select_result.png

The yellow buildings are selected. Although some of the buildings fall partly outside the new suitable_terrain_continuous100m layer, they lie well within the original suitable_terrain layer and therefore meet all of our requirements.

  • Save the selection under exercise_data/residential_development/ as final_answer.shp.

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21.12. Results For WMS

21.12.1. basic Adding Another WMS Layer

Your map should look like this (you may need to re-order the layers):

../../../_images/geology_layer_result.png

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21.12.2. moderate Adding a New WMS Server

  • Use the same approach as before to add the new server and the appropriate layer as hosted on that server:

    ../../../_images/add_ogc_server.png ../../../_images/add_bluemarble_layer.png
  • If you zoom into the Swellendam area, you’ll notice that this dataset has a low resolution:

../../../_images/low_resolution_dataset.png

Therefore, it’s better not to use this data for the current map. The Blue Marble data is more suitable at global or national scales.

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21.12.3. moderate Finding a WMS Server

You may notice that many WMS servers are not always available. Sometimes this is temporary, sometimes it is permanent. An example of a WMS server that worked at the time of writing is the World Mineral Deposits WMS at http://apps1.gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/worldmin_en-ca_ows. It does not require fees or have access constraints, and it is global. Therefore, it does satisfy the requirements. Keep in mind, however, that this is merely an example. There are many other WMS servers to choose from.

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21.13. Results For Database Concepts

21.13.1. basic Address Table Properties

For our theoretical address table, we might want to store the following properties:

House Number
Street Name
Suburb Name
City Name
Postcode
Country

When creating the table to represent an address object, we would create columns to represent each of these properties and we would name them with SQL-compliant and possibly shortened names:

house_number
street_name
suburb
city
postcode
country

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21.13.2. basic Normalising the People Table

The major problem with the people table is that there is a single address field which contains a person’s entire address. Thinking about our theoretical address table earlier in this lesson, we know that an address is made up of many different properties. By storing all these properties in one field, we make it much harder to update and query our data. We therefore need to split the address field into the various properties. This would give us a table which has the following structure:

id |     name      | house_no |  street_name   |    city    |   phone_no
 --+---------------+----------+----------------+------------+-----------------
 1 | Tim Sutton    |     3    | Buirski Plein  | Swellendam | 071 123 123
 2 | Horst Duester |     4    | Avenue du Roix | Geneva     | 072 121 122

Примечание

In the next section, you will learn about Foreign Key relationships which could be used in this example to further improve our database’s structure.

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21.13.3. moderate Further Normalisation of the People Table

Our people table currently looks like this:

id |     name     | house_no | street_id |  phone_no
---+--------------+----------+-----------+-------------
 1 | Horst Duster |        4 |         1 | 072 121 122

The street_id column represents a ‘one to many’ relationship between the people object and the related street object, which is in the streets table.

One way to further normalise the table is to split the name field into first_name and last_name:

id | first_name | last_name  | house_no | street_id |  phone_no
---+------------+------------+----------+-----------+------------
 1 |    Horst   |   Duster   |     4    |     1     | 072 121 122

We can also create separate tables for the town or city name and country, linking them to our people table via ‘one to many’ relationships:

id | first_name | last_name | house_no | street_id | town_id | country_id
---+------------+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+------------
 1 |    Horst   |   Duster  |     4    |     1     |    2    |     1

An ER Diagram to represent this would look like this:

../../../_images/er-people-normalised-example.png

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21.13.4. moderate Create a People Table

The SQL required to create the correct people table is:

create table people (id serial not null primary key,
                     name varchar(50),
                     house_no int not null,
                     street_id int not null,
                     phone_no varchar null );

The schema for the table (enter \d people) looks like this:

Table "public.people"

Column     |         Type          |                      Modifiers
-----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------
id         | integer               | not null default
           |                       | nextval('people_id_seq'::regclass)
name       | character varying(50) |
house_no   | integer               | not null
street_id  | integer               | not null
phone_no   | character varying     |
Indexes:
  "people_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

Примечание

For illustration purposes, we have purposely omitted the fkey constraint.

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21.13.5. basic The DROP Command

The reason the DROP command would not work in this case is because the people table has a Foreign Key constraint to the streets table. This means that dropping (or deleting) the streets table would leave the people table with references to non-existent streets data.

Примечание

It is possible to ‘force’ the streets table to be deleted by using the CASCADE command, but this would also delete the people and any other table which had a relationship to the streets table. Use with caution!

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21.13.6. basic Insert a New Street

The SQL command you should use looks like this (you can replace the street name with a name of your choice):

insert into streets (name) values ('Low Road');

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21.13.7. moderate Add a New Person With Foreign Key Relationship

Here is the correct SQL statement:

insert into streets (name) values('Main Road');
insert into people (name,house_no, street_id, phone_no)
  values ('Joe Smith',55,2,'072 882 33 21');

If you look at the streets table again (using a select statement as before), you’ll see that the id for the Main Road entry is 2.

That’s why we could merely enter the number 2 above. Even though we’re not seeing Main Road written out fully in the entry above, the database will be able to associate that with the street_id value of 2.

Примечание

If you have already added a new street object, you might find that the new Main Road has an ID of 3 not 2.

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21.13.8. moderate Return Street Names

Here is the correct SQL statement you should use:

select count(people.name), streets.name
from people, streets
where people.street_id=streets.id
group by streets.name;

Result:

count |    name
------+-------------
    1 | Low Street
    2 | High street
    1 | Main Road
(3 rows)

Примечание

You will notice that we have prefixed field names with table names (e.g. people.name and streets.name). This needs to be done whenever the field name is ambiguous (i.e. not unique across all tables in the database).

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21.14. Results For Spatial Queries

21.14.1. basic The Units Used in Spatial Queries

The units being used by the example query are degrees, because the CRS that the layer is using is WGS 84. This is a Geographic CRS, which means that its units are in degrees. A Projected CRS, like the UTM projections, is in meters.

Remember that when you write a query, you need to know which units the layer’s CRS is in. This will allow you to write a query that will return the results that you expect.

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21.14.2. basic Creating a Spatial Index

CREATE INDEX cities_geo_idx
  ON cities
  USING gist (the_geom);

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21.15. Results For Geometry Construction

21.15.1. moderate Creating Linestrings

alter table streets add column the_geom geometry;
alter table streets add constraint streets_geom_point_chk check
     (st_geometrytype(the_geom) = 'ST_LineString'::text OR the_geom IS NULL);
insert into geometry_columns values ('','public','streets','the_geom',2,4326,
     'LINESTRING');
create index streets_geo_idx
  on streets
  using gist
  (the_geom);

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21.15.2. moderate Linking Tables

delete from people;
alter table people add column city_id int not null references cities(id);

(capture cities in QGIS)

insert into people (name,house_no, street_id, phone_no, city_id, the_geom)
   values ('Faulty Towers',
           34,
           3,
           '072 812 31 28',
           1,
           'SRID=4326;POINT(33 33)');

insert into people (name,house_no, street_id, phone_no, city_id, the_geom)
   values ('IP Knightly',
           32,
           1,
           '071 812 31 28',
           1,F
           'SRID=4326;POINT(32 -34)');

insert into people (name,house_no, street_id, phone_no, city_id, the_geom)
   values ('Rusty Bedsprings',
           39,
           1,
           '071 822 31 28',
           1,
           'SRID=4326;POINT(34 -34)');

If you’re getting the following error message:

ERROR:  insert or update on table "people" violates foreign key constraint
        "people_city_id_fkey"
DETAIL: Key (city_id)=(1) is not present in table "cities".

then it means that while experimenting with creating polygons for the cities table, you must have deleted some of them and started over. Just check the entries in your cities table and use any id which exists.

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21.16. Results For Simple Feature Model

21.16.1. moderate Populating Tables

create table cities (id serial not null primary key,
                     name varchar(50),
                     the_geom geometry not null);
 alter table cities
 add constraint cities_geom_point_chk
 check (st_geometrytype(the_geom) = 'ST_Polygon'::text );

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21.16.2. moderate Populate the Geometry_Columns Table

insert into geometry_columns values
      ('','public','cities','the_geom',2,4326,'POLYGON');

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21.16.3. hard Adding Geometry

select people.name,
       streets.name as street_name,
       st_astext(people.the_geom) as geometry
from   streets, people
where  people.street_id=streets.id;

Result:

     name     | street_name |   geometry
--------------+-------------+---------------
 Roger Jones  | High street |
 Sally Norman | High street |
 Jane Smith   | Main Road   |
 Joe Bloggs   | Low Street  |
 Fault Towers | Main Road   | POINT(33 -33)
(5 rows)

As you can see, our constraint allows nulls to be added into the database.

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