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5.2. Lesson: Feature Topology

Topologia reprezintă un aspect util de straturi de date vectoriale, deoarece minimizează erorile, cum ar fi suprapunerile sau lacunele.

De exemplu: dacă două entități au o frontieră comună, și editați granița cu ajutorul topologiei, atunci nu va trebui să editați mai întâi un element, apoi pe celălalt, și ulterior să aliniați cu atenție frontierele, astfel încât acestea să se potrivească. În schimb, puteți edita bordurile lor comune, ambele entități schimbându-se în același timp.

Scopul acestei lecții: De a înțelege topologia, cu ajutorul exemplelor.

5.2.1. ★★☆ Follow Along: Snapping

Snapping makes topological editing easier. This will allow your mouse cursor to snap to other objects while you digitize. To set snapping options:

1. Navigate to the menu entry Project ► Snapping Options….

2. Set up your Snapping options dialog to activate the landuse layer with Type vertex and tolerance 12 pixels:

   

3. Make sure that the box in the Avoid overlap column is checked.

4. Leave the dialog.

5. Select the landuse layer and enter edit mode ()

6. Check (under View ► Toolbars) that the Advanced Digitizing toolbar is enabled.

7. Focalizați această arie (activând straturile și etichetele, dacă este necesar):

   

8. Digitize this new (fictional) area shown in red:

   

9. When prompted, give it an OGC_FID of 999, but feel free to leave the other values unchanged.

   If you are careful while digitizing, and allow the cursor to snap to the vertices of adjoining areas, you’ll notice that there won’t be any gaps between your new area and the existing adjacent areas.

10. Note the ^undo and ^redo tools in the Advanced Digitizing toolbar.

5.2.2. ★★☆ Follow Along: Correct Topological Features

Topology features can sometimes need to be updated. In our study area, an area has been turned into forest, so the landuse layer need an update. We will therefore expand and join some forest features in this area:

Instead of creating new polygons to join the forest areas, we are going to use the Vertex Tool to edit and join existing polygons.

1. Enter edit mode (if it is not active already)

2. Selectați ^{Instrumentul Vertex}.

3. Choose an area of forest, select a vertex, and move it to an adjoining vertex so that the two forest features meet:

   

4. Click on the other vertices and snap them into place.

   Limitele topologic corecte vor arăta astfel:

   

   Continuați și alăturați mai multe zone zone folosind Instrumentul Vertex.

   You can also use the ^{Add Polygon Feature} tool to fill the gap between the two forest polygons. If you have enabled Avoid overlap, you don’t have to add every single vertex - they will be added automatically if your new polygon overlaps the existing ones.

   If you are using our example data, you should have a forest area looking something like this:

Nu vă faceți griji dacă ați îmbinat mai multe, mai puține sau zone diferite de pădure.

5.2.3. ★★☆ Follow Along: Tool: Simplify Feature

Continuing on the same layer, we will test the ^{Simplify Feature} tool:

1. Faceți clic pe el pentru a-l activa.

2. Click on one of the areas which you joined using either the Vertex Tool or Add Feature tool. You will see this dialog:

   

3. Modify the Tolerance and watch what happens:

   

   This allows you to reduce the number of vertices.

4. Clic pe OK

The advantage of this tool is that it provides you with a simple and intuitive interface for generalization. But notice that the tool ruins topology. The simplified polygon no longer shares boundaries with its adjacent polygons, as it should. So this tool is better suited for stand-alone features.

Înainte de a merge mai departe, setați poligonul înapoi la starea inițială, prin anularea ultimei modificări.

5.2.4. ★★☆ Try Yourself: Tool: Add Ring

The ^{Add Ring} tool allows you to add an interior ring to a polygon feature (cut a hole in the polygon), as long as the hole is completely contained within the polygon (touching the boundary is OK). For example, if you have digitized the outer boundaries of South Africa and you need to add a hole for Lesotho, you would use this tool.

If you experiment with the tool, you may notice that the snapping options can prevent you from creating a ring inside a polygon. So you are advised to turn off snapping before cutting a hole.

1. Disable snapping for the landuse layer using the ^{Enable Snapping} button (or use the shortcut s).

2. Use the ^{Add Ring} tool to create a hole in the middle of a polygon geometry.

3. Draw a polygon over the target feature, as if you were using the ^{Add polygon} tool.

4. When you right-click, the hole will be visible.

5. Remove the hole you just created using the ^{Delete Ring} tool. Click inside the hole to delete it.

Răspuns

The exact shape doesn’t matter, but you should be getting a hole in the middle of your feature, like this one:

• Undo your edit before continuing with the exercise for the next tool.

5.2.5. ★★☆ Try Yourself: Tool: Add Part

The ^{Add Part} tool allows you to add a new part to a feature, that is not directly connected to the main feature. For example, if you have digitized the boundaries of mainland South Africa, but you haven’t yet added the Prince Edward Islands, you would use this tool to create them.

1. Select the polygon to which you wish to add the part by using the ^{Select Features by area or single click} tool.

2. Use the Add Part tool to add an outlying area.

3. Delete the part you just created using the ^{Delete Part} tool.

   Notă

   Click inside the part to delete it.

Răspuns

1. First select the Bontebok National Park:

   

2. Now add your new part:

   

3. Undo your edit before continuing with the exercise for the next tool.

5.2.6. ★★☆ Follow Along: Tool: Reshape Features

The ^{Reshape Features} tool is used to extend a polygon feature or cut away a part of it (along the boundary).

Extindere:

1. Select the polygon using the ^{Select Features by area or single click} tool.

2. Left-click inside the polygon to start drawing.

3. Draw a shape outside the polygon. The last vertex should be back inside the polygon.

4. Right-click to finish the shape:

   

   Acest lucru va genera un rezultat similar cu:

   

Cut away a part:

1. Select the polygon using the ^{Select Features by area or single click} tool.

2. Faceți clic în afara poligonului.

3. Draw a shape inside the polygon. The last vertex must be back outside the polygon.

4. Right-click outside the polygon:

   

   Iată rezultatul:

   

5.2.7. ★★☆ Try Yourself: Tool: Split Features

The ^{Split Features} tool is similar to the ^{Reshape Features} tool, except that it does not delete either of the two parts. Instead, it keeps them both.

We will use the tool to split a corner from a polygon.

1. First, select the landuse layer and re-enable snapping for it.

2. Select the ^{Split Features} tool and click on a vertex to begin drawing a line.

3. Draw the bounding line.

4. Click a vertex on the „opposite” side of the polygon you wish to split and right-click to complete the line:

   

5. At this point, it may seem as if nothing has happened. But remember that the landuse layer is rendered without border lines, so the new division line will not be shown.

6. Use the ^{Select Features by area or single click} tool to select the part you just split out; the new feature will now be highlighted:

   

5.2.8. ★★★ Try Yourself: Tool: Merge Features

Now we will re-join the feature you just split out to the remaining part of the polygon:

1. Experiment with the ^{Merge Selected Features} and ^{Merge Attributes of Selected Features} tools.

2. Notați diferențele.

Răspuns

• Use the Merge Selected Features tool, making sure to first select both of the polygons you wish to merge.

• Use the feature with the OGC_FID of 1 as the source of your attributes (click on its entry in the dialog, then click the Take attributes from selected feature button):

If you’re using a different dataset, it is highly likely that your original polygon’s OGC_FID will not be 1. Just choose the feature which has an OGC_FID.

Using the Merge Attributes of Selected Features tool will keep the geometries distinct, but give them the same attributes.

5.2.9. În concluzie

Editarea topologică este un instrument puternic, care vă permite să creați și să modificați obiectele rapid și ușor, asigurându-vă în același timp că ele rămân corecte din punct de vedere topologic.

5.2.10. Ce urmează?

Now you know how to digitize the shape of the objects easily, but adding attributes is still a bit of a headache! Next we will show you how to use forms, making attribute editing simpler and more effective.