2.4. Lesson: Symbology

The symbology of a layer is its visual appearance on the map. The basic strength of GIS over other ways of representing data with spatial aspects is that with GIS, you have a dynamic visual representation of the data you’re working with.

Therefore, the visual appearance of the map (which depends on the symbology of the individual layers) is very important. The end user of the maps you produce will need to be able to easily see what the map represents. Equally as important, you need to be able to explore the data as you’re working with it, and good symbology helps a lot.

In other words, having proper symbology is not a luxury or just nice to have. In fact, it’s essential for you to use a GIS properly and produce maps and information that people will be able to use.

The goal for this lesson: To be able to create any symbology you want for any vector layer.

2.4.1. ★☆☆ Follow Along: Changing Colors

To change a layer’s symbology, open its Layer Properties. Let’s begin by changing the color of the landuse layer.

1. Right-click on the landuse layer in the layers list.

2. Select the menu item Properties… in the menu that appears.

   Note

   By default, you can also access a layer’s properties by double-clicking on the layer in the Layers list.

   Tip

   The button at the top of the Layers panel will open the Layer Styling panel. You can use this panel to change some properties of the layer: by default, changes will be applied immediately!

3. In the Layer Properties window, select the Symbology tab:

   

4. Click the color select button next to the Color label. A standard color dialog will appear.

5. Choose a gray color and click OK.

6. Click OK again in the Layer Properties window, and you will see the color change being applied to the layer.

2.4.2. ★☆☆ Try Yourself:

Change the color of the water layer to light blue. Try to use the Layer Styling panel instead of the Layer Properties menu.

Solution

• Verify that the colors are changing as you expect them to change.

• It is enough to select the water layer in the legend and then click on the ^{Open the Layer Styling panel} button. Change the color to one that fits the water layer.

If you want to work on only one layer at a time and don’t want the other layers to distract you, you can hide a layer by clicking in the checkbox next to its name in the layers list. If the box is blank, then the layer is hidden.

2.4.3. ★☆☆ Follow Along: Changing Symbol Structure

This is good stuff so far, but there’s more to a layer’s symbology than just its color. Next we want to eliminate the lines between the different land use areas so as to make the map less visually cluttered.

1. Open the Layer Properties window for the landuse layer.

   Under the Symbology tab, you will see the same kind of dialog as before. This time, however, you’re doing more than just quickly changing the color.

2. In the symbol layers tree, expand the Fill dropdown and select the Simple fill option.

3. Click on the Stroke style dropdown. At the moment, it should be showing a short line and the words Solid Line.

4. Change this to No Line.

   

5. Click OK.

Now the landuse layer won’t have any lines between areas.

2.4.4. ★☆☆ Try Yourself:

• Change the water layer’s symbology again so that it has a darker blue outline.

• Change the rivers layer’s symbology to a sensible representation of waterways.

Remember: you can use the ^{Open the Layer Styling panel} button and see all the changes instantly. That panel also allows you to undo individual changes while symbolizing a layer.

Answer

Your map should now look like this:

If you are a Beginner-level user, you may stop here.

• Use the method above to change the colors and styles for all the remaining layers.

• Try using natural colors for the objects. For example, a road should not be red or blue, but can be gray or black.

• Also feel free to experiment with different Fill style and Stroke style settings for the polygons.

2.4.5. ★★☆ Follow Along: Scale-Based Visibility

Sometimes you will find that a layer is not suitable for a given scale. For example, a dataset of all the continents may have low detail, and not be very accurate at street level. When that happens, you want to be able to hide the dataset at inappropriate scales.

In our case, we may decide to hide the buildings from view at small scales. This map, for example…

… is not very useful. The buildings are hard to distinguish at that scale.

To enable scale-based rendering:

1. Open the Layer Properties dialog for the buildings layer.

2. Activate the Rendering tab.

3. Enable scale-based rendering by clicking on the checkbox labeled Scale dependent visibility:

4. Change the Minimum value to 1:10000.

   

5. Click OK.

Test the effects of this by zooming in and out in your map, noting when the buildings layer disappears and reappears.

Note

You can use your mouse wheel to zoom in increments. Alternatively, use the zoom tools to zoom to a window:

2.4.6. ★★☆ Follow Along: Adding Symbol Layers

Now that you know how to change simple symbology for layers, the next step is to create more complex symbology. QGIS allows you to do this using symbol layers.

1. Go back to the landuse layer’s symbol properties panel (by clicking Simple fill in the symbol layers tree).

   In this example, the current symbol has no outline (i.e., it uses the No Line border style).

   

2. Select the Fill level in the tree and click the ^{Add symbol layer} button. The dialog will change to look something like this, with a new symbol layer added:

   

   It may appear somewhat different in color, for example, but you’re going to change that anyway.

Now there’s a second symbol layer. Being a solid color, it will of course completely hide the previous kind of symbol. Plus, it has a Solid Line border style, which we don’t want. Clearly this symbol has to be changed.

Note

It’s important not to get confused between a map layer and a symbol layer. A map layer is a vector (or raster) that has been loaded into the map. A symbol layer is part of the symbol used to represent a map layer. This course will usually refer to a map layer as just a layer, but a symbol layer will always be called a symbol layer, to prevent confusion.

With the new Simple Fill symbol layer selected:

1. Set the border style to No Line, as before.

2. Change the fill style to something other than Solid or No brush. For example:

   

3. Click OK.

Now you can see your results and tweak them as needed. You can even add multiple extra symbol layers and create a kind of texture for your layer that way.

It’s fun! But it probably has too many colors to use in a real map…

2.4.7. ★★☆ Try Yourself:

Remembering to zoom in if necessary, create a simple, but not distracting texture for the buildings layer using the methods above.

Answer

Customize your buildings layer as you like, but remember that it has to be easy to tell different layers apart on the map.

Here’s an example:

2.4.8. ★★☆ Follow Along: Ordering Symbol Levels

When symbol layers are rendered, they are also rendered in a sequence, similar to the way the different map layers are rendered. This means that in some cases, having many symbol layers in one symbol can cause unexpected results.

1. Give the roads layer an extra symbol layer (using the method for adding symbol layers demonstrated above).

2. Give the base line a Stroke width of 1.5 and a black color.

3. Give the new, uppermost layer a thickness of 0.8 and a white color.

You’ll notice that this happens:

Well, roads have now a street like symbology, but you see that lines are overlapping each others at each cross. That’s not what we want at all!

To prevent this from happening, you can sort the symbol levels and thereby control the order in which the different symbol layers are rendered.

To change the order of the symbol layers:

1. Select the topmost Line layer in the symbol layers tree.

2. Click Advanced ► Symbol levels… in the bottom right-hand corner of the window.

   

   This will open a dialog like this:

   

3. Check Enable symbol levels. You can then set the layer order of each symbol by entering the corresponding level number. 0 is the bottom layer.

   In our case, we just want to activate the option, like this:

   

   This will render the white line above the thick black line borders:

4. Click OK twice to return to the map.

   The map will now look like this:

   

When you’re done, remember to save the symbol itself so as not to lose your work if you change the symbol again in the future. You can save your current symbol style by clicking the Save Style… button at the bottom of the Layer Properties dialog. We will be using the QGIS QML Style File format.

Save your style in the solution/styles/better_roads.qml folder. You can load a previously saved style at any time by clicking the Load Style… button. Before you change a style, keep in mind that any unsaved style you are replacing will be lost.

2.4.9. ★★☆ Try Yourself:

Change the appearance of the roads layer again.

Make the roads narrow and yellow, with a thin, pale gray outline and a thin black line in the middle. Remember that you may need to change the layer rendering order via the Advanced ► Symbol levels… dialog.

Answer

To make the required symbol, you need three symbol layers:

The lowest symbol layer is a broad, solid gray line. On top of it there is a slightly thinner solid yellow line and finally another thinner solid black line.

If your symbol layers resemble the above but you’re not getting the result you want:

1. Check that your symbol levels look something like this:

   

2. Now your map should look like this:

   

2.4.10. ★★★ Try Yourself:

Symbol levels also work for classified layers (i.e., layers having multiple symbols). Since we haven’t covered classification yet, you will work with some rudimentary pre-classified data.

1. Create a new project and add only the roads dataset.

2. Apply the style file advanced_levels_demo.qml provided in exercise_data/styles to the layer. This can be done through the Style ► Load Style… combobox at the bottom of the Layer Properties dialog.

3. Zoom in to the Swellendam area.

4. Using symbol layers, ensure that the outlines of layers flow into one another as per the image below:

   

Answer

1. Adjust your symbol levels to these values:

1. Experiment with different values to get different results.

2. Open your original map again before continuing with the next exercise.

2.4.11. ★★☆ Follow Along: Symbol layer types

In addition to setting fill colors and using predefined patterns, you can use different symbol layer types entirely. The only type we’ve been using up to now was the Simple Fill type. The more advanced symbol layer types allow you to customize your symbols even further.

Each type of vector (point, line and polygon) has its own set of symbol layer types. First we will look at the types available for points.

Point Symbol Layer Types

1. Uncheck all the layers except for places.

2. Change the symbol properties for the places layer:

   

3. You can access the various symbol layer types by selecting the Simple marker layer in the symbol layers tree, then click the Symbol layer type dropdown:

   

4. Investigate the various options available to you, and choose a symbol with styling you think is appropriate.

5. If in doubt, use a round Simple marker with a white border and pale green fill, with a Size of 3.00 and a Stroke width of 0.5.

Line Symbol Layer Types

To see the various options available for line data:

1. Change the Symbol layer type for the roads layer’s topmost symbol layer to Marker line:

   

2. Select the Simple marker layer in the symbol layers tree. Change the symbol properties to match this dialog:

   

3. Select the Marker line layer and change the interval to 1.00:

   

4. Ensure that the symbol levels are correct (via the Advanced ► Symbol levels dialog we used earlier) before applying the style.

Once you have applied the style, take a look at its results on the map. As you can see, these symbols change direction along with the road but don’t always bend along with it. This is useful for some purposes, but not for others. If you prefer, you can change the symbol layer in question back to the way it was before.

Polygon Symbol Layer Types

To see the various options available for polygon data:

1. Change the Symbol layer type for the water layer, as before for the other layers.

2. Investigate what the different options on the list can do.

3. Choose one of them that you find suitable.

4. If in doubt, use the Point pattern fill with the following options:

   

   

5. Add a new symbol layer with a normal Simple fill.

6. Make it the same light blue with a darker blue border.

7. Move it underneath the point pattern symbol layer with the Move down button:

   

As a result, you have a textured symbol for the water layer, with the added benefit that you can change the size, shape and distance of the individual dots that make up the texture.

2.4.12. ★★☆ Try Yourself:

Apply a green transparent fill color to the protected_areas layer, and change the outline to look like this:

Answer

Here are examples of the symbol structure:

2.4.13. ★★★ Follow Along: Geometry generator symbology

You can use the Geometry generator symbology with all layer types (points, lines and polygons). The resulting symbol depends directly on the layer type.

Very briefly, the Geometry generator symbology allows you to run some spatial operations within the symbology itself. For example you can run a real centroid spatial operation on a polygon layer without creating a point layer.

Moreover, you have all the styling options to change the appearance of the resulting symbol.

Let’s give it a try!

1. Select the water layer.

2. Click on Simple fill and change the Symbol layer type to Geometry generator.

   

3. Before to start writing the spatial query we have to choose the Geometry Type in output. In this example we are going to create centroids for each feature, so change the Geometry Type to Point / Multipoint.

4. Now let’s write the query in the query panel:

   centroid($geometry)
   

   

5. When you click on OK you will see that the water layer is rendered as a point layer! We have just run a spatial operation within the layer symbology itself, isn’t that amazing?

   

With the Geometry generator symbology you can really go over the edge of normal symbology.

★★★ Try Yourself:

Geometry generator are just another symbol level. Try to add another Simple fill underneath the Geometry generator one.

Change also the appearance of the Simple marker of the Geometry generator symbology.

The final result should look like this:

Answer

1. Click on the button to add another Symbol level.

2. Move the new symbol at the bottom of the list clicking the button.

3. Choose a good color to fill the water polygons.

4. Click on Marker of the Geometry generator symbology and change the circle with another shape as your wish.

5. Try experimenting other options to get more useful results.

2.4.14. ★★★ Follow Along: Creating a Custom SVG Fill

Note

To do this exercise, you will need to have the free vector editing software Inkscape installed.

1. Start the Inkscape program. You will see the following interface:

   

   You should find this familiar if you have used other vector image editing programs, like Corel.

   First, we’ll change the canvas to a size appropriate for a small texture.

2. Click on the menu item File ► Document Properties. This will give you the Document Properties dialog.

3. Change the Units to px.

4. Change the Width and Height to 100.

5. Close the dialog when you are done.

6. Click on the menu item View ► Zoom ► Page to see the page you are working with.

7. Select the Circle tool:

   

8. Click and drag on the page to draw an ellipse. To make the ellipse turn into a circle, hold the Ctrl button while you’re drawing it.

9. Right-click on the circle you just created and open its Fill and Stroke options. You can modify its rendering, such as:

   1. Change the Fill color to a somehow pale grey-blue,

   2. Assign to the border a darker color in Stroke paint tab,

   3. And reduce the border thickness under Stroke style tab.

   

10. Draw a line using the Pencil tool:

    1. Click once to start the line. Hold Ctrl to make it snap to increments of 15 degrees.

    2. Move the pointer horizontally and place a point with a simple click.

    3. Click and snap to the vertex of the line and trace a vertical line, ended by a simple click.

    4. Now join the two end vertices.

    5. Change the color and width of the triangle symbol to match the circle’s stroke and move it around as necessary, so that you end up with a symbol like this one:

    

11. If the symbol you get satisfies you, then save it as landuse_symbol under the directory that the course is in, under exercise_data/symbols, as SVG file.

In QGIS:

1. Open the Layer Properties for the landuse layer.

2. In the Symbology tab, change the symbol structure by changing the Symbol Layer Type to SVG Fill shown below.

3. Click the … button and then Select File… to select your SVG image.

   It’s added to the symbol tree and you can now customize its different characteristics (colors, angle, effects, units…).

   

Once you validate the dialog, features in landuse layer should now be covered by a set of symbols, showing a texture like the one on the following map. If textures are not visible, you may need to zoom in the map canvas or set in the layer properties a bigger Texture width.

2.4.15. ★★☆ Follow Along: Masking

Masking feature allows you to mask some symbol layer using another symbol layer or label.

In the following exercise, we want to configure rendering so that polygon labels will mask the black part of lines layer.

1. Load the selective_masking.qgs from dataset in directory exercise_data/masking.

2. Open the Layer Properties window for the polys layer.

   Under the Labels tab, you will see that Single Labels have already been defined.

3. From the Labels tab, select the Mask (and not Masks in general category list)

4. Enable label mask by checking the Enable mask option

   A message tells you that the now defined label mask shape can be later selected as a mask source to mask other symbol layers. Let’s do that.

5. Click OK

6. Open the Layer Properties window for the lines layer.

7. Go to the Masks tab

8. Click on the black line part of lines checkbox from masked symbol layers

   A message warns you that you have to select both masking and masked symbol layers to be able to save masking configuration. Again, let’s do that.

9. Click on polys Label mask checkbox

   The message disappears, you can now safely save your configuration.

   

10. Click OK

You can see now that labels are masking the black part of lines, leaving only the yellow part.

2.4.16. ★★☆ Follow Along: Masking using points symbols

We want now to mask the black part of lines using only black planes that represent the points layer (i.e. B52 and Jet points categories). For the sake of visibility, you can switch off polys layer visibility.

1. Open the Layer Properties window for the points layer.

   Under the Symbology tab, you will see that a Categorized renderer has been defined with 3 different symbols depending on the Class field value.

2. Double click on B52 plane icon, within the Symbol column

   

3. Click the ^{Add symbol layer} button and select the Mask Symbol layer type

   A new hierarchy Mask (symbol layer) > Marker (symbol) > Simple Marker (symbol layer) appear below the root symbol Marker.

   

   Now, let’s define a mask that is identical to our plane marker but a little bit bigger.

4. Select the newly created Simple Marker symbol layer and change its Symbol layer type to SVG marker

5. Set the SVG file path to be the same as the already existing SVG marker, and the size to be bigger (24 millimeters is a pretty good choice for this use case).

   Mask color doesn’t matter here, only the shape is used in masking. Symbol layer order is also irrelevant in that situation.

   You should get something like that:

   

6. Repeat the same operations on Jet symbol.

7. Click OK

8. Open the Layer Properties window for the lines layer.

9. Go to the Masks tab.

   The black line part of lines checkbox from masked symbol layers is already checked from our previous configuration.

10. Uncheck the Label mask polys checkbox and check both B52 and Jet Mask symbol layer

11. Click OK

You now see that black planes are masking the black part of lines, with only the yellow part visible.

2.4.17. In Conclusion

Changing the symbology for the different layers has transformed a collection of vector files into a legible map. Not only can you see what’s happening, it’s even nice to look at!

2.4.18. Further Reading

Examples of Beautiful Maps

2.4.19. What’s Next?

Changing symbols for whole layers is useful, but the information contained within each layer is not yet available to someone reading these maps. What are the streets called? Which administrative regions do certain areas belong to? What are the relative surface areas of the farms? All of this information is still hidden. The next lesson will explain how to represent this data on your map.

Note

Did you remember to save your map recently?