11. Expresii, filtrarea și calculul valorilor

Sugestie

Fragmentele de cod de pe această pagină necesită următoarele importuri, dacă vă aflați în afara consolei pyqgis:

from qgis.core import (
    edit,
    QgsExpression,
    QgsExpressionContext,
    QgsFeature,
    QgsFeatureRequest,
    QgsField,
    QgsFields,
    QgsVectorLayer,
    QgsPointXY,
    QgsGeometry,
    QgsProject,
    QgsExpressionContextUtils
)

QGIS has some support for parsing of SQL-like expressions. Only a small subset of SQL syntax is supported. The expressions can be evaluated either as boolean predicates (returning True or False) or as functions (returning a scalar value). See Expresii in the User Manual for a complete list of available functions.

Trei tipuri de bază sunt acceptate:

• — număr atât numere întregi cât și numere zecimale, de exemplu, 123, 3.14

• șir — acesta trebuie să fie cuprins între ghilimele simple: 'hello world'

• referință către coloană — atunci când se evaluează, referința este substituită cu valoarea reală a câmpului. Numele nu sunt protejate.

Următoarele operațiuni sunt disponibile:

• operatori aritmetici: +, -, *, /, ^

• paranteze: pentru forțarea priorității operatorului: (1 + 1) * 3

• plus și minus unari: -12, +5

• funcții matematice: sqrt, sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan

• funcții de conversie: to_int, to_real, to_string, to_date

• funcții geometrice: $area, $length

• funcții de manipulare a geometriei: $x, $y, $geometry, num_geometries, centroid

Și următoarele predicate sunt suportate:

• comparație: =, !=, >, >=, <, <=

• potrivirea paternurilor: LIKE (folosind % și _), ~ (expresii regulate)

• predicate logice: AND, OR, NOT

• verificarea valorii NULL: IS NULL, IS NOT NULL

Exemple de predicate:

• 1 + 2 = 3

• sin(angle) > 0

• 'Hello' LIKE 'He%'

• (x > 10 AND y > 10) OR z = 0

Exemple de expresii scalare:

• 2 ^ 10

• sqrt(val)

• $length + 1

11.1. Analizarea Expresiilor

The following example shows how to check if a given expression can be parsed correctly:

exp = QgsExpression('1 + 1 = 2')
assert(not exp.hasParserError())

exp = QgsExpression('1 + 1 = ')
assert(exp.hasParserError())

assert(exp.parserErrorString() == '\nsyntax error, unexpected end of file')

11.2. Evaluarea expresiilor

Expressions can be used in different contexts, for example to filter features or to compute new field values. In any case, the expression has to be evaluated. That means that its value is computed by performing the specified computational steps, which can range from simple arithmetic to aggregate expressions.

11.2.1. Expresii de bază

This basic expression evaluates a simple arithmetic operation:

exp = QgsExpression('2 * 3')
print(exp)
print(exp.evaluate())

<QgsExpression: '2 * 3'>
6

Expression can also be used for comparison, evaluating to 1 (True) or 0 (False)

exp = QgsExpression('1 + 1 = 2')
exp.evaluate()
# 1

11.2.2. Expresii cu entități

To evaluate an expression against a feature, a QgsExpressionContext object has to be created and passed to the evaluate function in order to allow the expression to access the feature’s field values.

The following example shows how to create a feature with a field called „Column” and how to add this feature to the expression context.

fields = QgsFields()
field = QgsField('Column')
fields.append(field)
feature = QgsFeature()
feature.setFields(fields)
feature.setAttribute(0, 99)

exp = QgsExpression('"Column"')
context = QgsExpressionContext()
context.setFeature(feature)
exp.evaluate(context)
# 99

The following is a more complete example of how to use expressions in the context of a vector layer, in order to compute new field values:

from qgis.PyQt.QtCore import QVariant

# create a vector layer
vl = QgsVectorLayer("Point", "Companies", "memory")
pr = vl.dataProvider()
pr.addAttributes([QgsField("Name", QVariant.String),
                  QgsField("Employees",  QVariant.Int),
                  QgsField("Revenue", QVariant.Double),
                  QgsField("Rev. per employee", QVariant.Double),
                  QgsField("Sum", QVariant.Double),
                  QgsField("Fun", QVariant.Double)])
vl.updateFields()

# add data to the first three fields
my_data = [
    {'x': 0, 'y': 0, 'name': 'ABC', 'emp': 10, 'rev': 100.1},
    {'x': 1, 'y': 1, 'name': 'DEF', 'emp': 2, 'rev': 50.5},
    {'x': 5, 'y': 5, 'name': 'GHI', 'emp': 100, 'rev': 725.9}]

for rec in my_data:
    f = QgsFeature()
    pt = QgsPointXY(rec['x'], rec['y'])
    f.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPointXY(pt))
    f.setAttributes([rec['name'], rec['emp'], rec['rev']])
    pr.addFeature(f)

vl.updateExtents()
QgsProject.instance().addMapLayer(vl)

# The first expression computes the revenue per employee.
# The second one computes the sum of all revenue values in the layer.
# The final third expression doesn’t really make sense but illustrates
# the fact that we can use a wide range of expression functions, such
# as area and buffer in our expressions:
expression1 = QgsExpression('"Revenue"/"Employees"')
expression2 = QgsExpression('sum("Revenue")')
expression3 = QgsExpression('area(buffer($geometry,"Employees"))')

# QgsExpressionContextUtils.globalProjectLayerScopes() is a convenience
# function that adds the global, project, and layer scopes all at once.
# Alternatively, those scopes can also be added manually. In any case,
# it is important to always go from “most generic” to “most specific”
# scope, i.e. from global to project to layer
context = QgsExpressionContext()
context.appendScopes(QgsExpressionContextUtils.globalProjectLayerScopes(vl))

with edit(vl):
    for f in vl.getFeatures():
        context.setFeature(f)
        f['Rev. per employee'] = expression1.evaluate(context)
        f['Sum'] = expression2.evaluate(context)
        f['Fun'] = expression3.evaluate(context)
        vl.updateFeature(f)

print(f['Sum'])

876.5

11.2.3. Filtering a layer with expressions

Următorul exemplu poate fi folosit pentru a filtra un strat și pentru a întoarce orice entitate care se potrivește unui predicat.

layer = QgsVectorLayer("Point?field=Test:integer",
                           "addfeat", "memory")

layer.startEditing()

for i in range(10):
    feature = QgsFeature()
    feature.setAttributes([i])
    assert(layer.addFeature(feature))
layer.commitChanges()

expression = 'Test >= 3'
request = QgsFeatureRequest().setFilterExpression(expression)

matches = 0
for f in layer.getFeatures(request):
   matches += 1

print(matches)

7

11.3. Handling expression errors

Expression-related errors can occur during expression parsing or evaluation:

exp = QgsExpression("1 + 1 = 2")
if exp.hasParserError():
   raise Exception(exp.parserErrorString())

value = exp.evaluate()
if exp.hasEvalError():
   raise ValueError(exp.evalErrorString())