The Map canvas widget is probably the most important widget within QGIS because it shows the map composed from overlaid map layers and allows interaction with the map and layers. The canvas shows always a part of the map defined by the current canvas extent. The interaction is done through the use of map tools: there are tools for panning, zooming, identifying layers, measuring, vector editing and others. Similar to other graphics programs, there is always one tool active and the user can switch between the available tools.
Map canvas is implemented as QgsMapCanvas class in qgis.gui module. The implementation is based on the Qt Graphics View framework. This framework generally provides a surface and a view where custom graphics items are placed and user can interact with them. We will assume that you are familiar enough with Qt to understand the concepts of the graphics scene, view and items. If not, please make sure to read the overview of the framework.
Whenever the map has been panned, zoomed in/out (or some other action triggers a refresh), the map is rendered again within the current extent. The layers are rendered to an image (using QgsMapRenderer class) and that image is then displayed in the canvas. The graphics item (in terms of the Qt graphics view framework) responsible for showing the map is QgsMapCanvasMap class. This class also controls refreshing of the rendered map. Besides this item which acts as a background, there may be more map canvas items. Typical map canvas items are rubber bands (used for measuring, vector editing etc.) or vertex markers. The canvas items are usually used to give some visual feedback for map tools, for example, when creating a new polygon, the map tool creates a rubber band canvas item that shows the current shape of the polygon. All map canvas items are subclasses of QgsMapCanvasItem which adds some more functionality to the basic QGraphicsItem objects.
요약하면 맵 캔버스 아키텍처는 다음 3가지 개념으로 이루어집니다.
맵 캔버스 — 맵을 보여주는 데 쓰입니다.
맵 캔버스는 다른 Qt 위젯들과 마찬가지로 위젯이므로, 생성, 표출은 물론 사용법도 간단합니다.
canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
canvas.show()
This produces a standalone window with map canvas. It can be also embedded into an existing widget or window. When using .ui files and Qt Designer, place a QWidget on the form and promote it to a new class: set QgsMapCanvas as class name and set qgis.gui as header file. The pyuic4 utility will take care of it. This is a very convenient way of embedding the canvas. The other possibility is to manually write the code to construct map canvas and other widgets (as children of a main window or dialog) and create a layout.
맵 캔버스의 초기값은 배경은 검은색, 안티알리아싱은 사용하지 않는 것입니다. 배경을 하얀색으로 설정하고 부드러운 렌더링을 위해 안티알리아싱을 활성화하려면 다음과 같이 하십시오.
canvas.setCanvasColor(Qt.white)
canvas.enableAntiAliasing(True)
(In case you are wondering, Qt comes from PyQt4.QtCore module and Qt.white is one of the predefined QColor instances.)
Now it is time to add some map layers. We will first open a layer and add it to the map layer registry. Then we will set the canvas extent and set the list of layers for canvas
layer = QgsVectorLayer(path, name, provider)
if not layer.isValid():
raise IOError, "Failed to open the layer"
# add layer to the registry
QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayer(layer)
# set extent to the extent of our layer
canvas.setExtent(layer.extent())
# set the map canvas layer set
canvas.setLayerSet([QgsMapCanvasLayer(layer)])
이 명령어들을 실행하면, 사용자가 불러온 레이어가 캔버스에 보일 것입니다.
The following example constructs a window that contains a map canvas and basic map tools for map panning and zooming. Actions are created for activation of each tool: panning is done with QgsMapToolPan, zooming in/out with a pair of QgsMapToolZoom instances. The actions are set as checkable and later assigned to the tools to allow automatic handling of checked/unchecked state of the actions – when a map tool gets activated, its action is marked as selected and the action of the previous map tool is deselected. The map tools are activated using setMapTool() method.
from qgis.gui import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import QAction, QMainWindow
from PyQt4.QtCore import SIGNAL, Qt, QString
class MyWnd(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, layer):
QMainWindow.__init__(self)
self.canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
self.canvas.setCanvasColor(Qt.white)
self.canvas.setExtent(layer.extent())
self.canvas.setLayerSet([QgsMapCanvasLayer(layer)])
self.setCentralWidget(self.canvas)
actionZoomIn = QAction(QString("Zoom in"), self)
actionZoomOut = QAction(QString("Zoom out"), self)
actionPan = QAction(QString("Pan"), self)
actionZoomIn.setCheckable(True)
actionZoomOut.setCheckable(True)
actionPan.setCheckable(True)
self.connect(actionZoomIn, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.zoomIn)
self.connect(actionZoomOut, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.zoomOut)
self.connect(actionPan, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.pan)
self.toolbar = self.addToolBar("Canvas actions")
self.toolbar.addAction(actionZoomIn)
self.toolbar.addAction(actionZoomOut)
self.toolbar.addAction(actionPan)
# create the map tools
self.toolPan = QgsMapToolPan(self.canvas)
self.toolPan.setAction(actionPan)
self.toolZoomIn = QgsMapToolZoom(self.canvas, False) # false = in
self.toolZoomIn.setAction(actionZoomIn)
self.toolZoomOut = QgsMapToolZoom(self.canvas, True) # true = out
self.toolZoomOut.setAction(actionZoomOut)
self.pan()
def zoomIn(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolZoomIn)
def zoomOut(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolZoomOut)
def pan(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolPan)
You can put the above code to a file, e.g. mywnd.py and try it out in Python console within QGIS. This code will put the currently selected layer into newly created canvas
import mywnd
w = mywnd.MyWnd(qgis.utils.iface.activeLayer())
w.show()
Just make sure that the mywnd.py file is located within Python search path (sys.path). If it isn’t, you can simply add it: sys.path.insert(0, '/my/path') — otherwise the import statement will fail, not finding the module.
To show some additional data on top of the map in canvas, use map canvas items. It is possible to create custom canvas item classes (covered below), however there are two useful canvas item classes for convenience: QgsRubberBand for drawing polylines or polygons, and QgsVertexMarker for drawing points. They both work with map coordinates, so the shape is moved/scaled automatically when the canvas is being panned or zoomed.
폴리라인을 표시하는 방법은 다음과 같습니다.
r = QgsRubberBand(canvas, False) # False = not a polygon
points = [QgsPoint(-1, -1), QgsPoint(0, 1), QgsPoint(1, -1)]
r.setToGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPolyline(points), None)
폴리곤을 표시하는 방법은 다음과 같습니다.
r = QgsRubberBand(canvas, True) # True = a polygon
points = [[QgsPoint(-1, -1), QgsPoint(0, 1), QgsPoint(1, -1)]]
r.setToGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPolygon(points), None)
폴리곤의 포인트들이 1차원 리스트가 아니라는 점에 주의하십시오. 실제로, 폴리곤의 포인트들은 폴리곤의 선형 폐곡선을 담고 있는 폐곡선 리스트입니다. 첫 번째 폐곡선은 외곽 경계선이고, 그 다음의 (있을 수도 있고 없을 수도 있는) 폐곡선은 폴리곤 내부의 구멍에 해당합니다.
고무줄을 사용자 지정 할 수 있습니다. 즉 색상 및 선 두께를 변경할 수도 있습니다.
r.setColor(QColor(0, 0, 255))
r.setWidth(3)
The canvas items are bound to the canvas scene. To temporarily hide them (and show again, use the hide() and show() combo. To completely remove the item, you have to remove it from the scene of the canvas
canvas.scene().removeItem(r)
(C++의 경우 아이템을 그냥 삭제하는 것도 가능하지만, 파이썬에서 del r 명령어는 참조만 삭제할 뿐 실제 오브젝트는 캔버스가 소유하고 있으므로 계속 남아 있을 것입니다.)
Rubber band can be also used for drawing points, however QgsVertexMarker class is better suited for this (QgsRubberBand would only draw a rectangle around the desired point). How to use the vertex marker
m = QgsVertexMarker(canvas)
m.setCenter(QgsPoint(0, 0))
This will draw a red cross on position [0,0]. It is possible to customize the icon type, size, color and pen width
m.setColor(QColor(0, 255, 0))
m.setIconSize(5)
m.setIconType(QgsVertexMarker.ICON_BOX) # or ICON_CROSS, ICON_X
m.setPenWidth(3)
For temporary hiding of vertex markers and removing them from canvas, the same applies as for the rubber bands.
You can write your custom tools, to implement a custom behaviour to actions performed by users on the canvas.
Map tools should inherit from the QgsMapTool class or any derived class, and selected as active tools in the canvas using the setMapTool() method as we have already seen.
다음 예시 코드는 캔버스 상에서 클릭과 드래그로 사각형 범위를 정의하도록 해주는 맵 도구입니다. 사각형이 정의되면, 콘솔에 그 범위 좌표를 출력합니다. 이전에 설명했던 고무줄 기능을 사용해서 확정되기 전의 사각형을 표시할 것입니다.
class RectangleMapTool(QgsMapToolEmitPoint):
def __init__(self, canvas):
self.canvas = canvas
QgsMapToolEmitPoint.__init__(self, self.canvas)
self.rubberBand = QgsRubberBand(self.canvas, QGis.Polygon)
self.rubberBand.setColor(Qt.red)
self.rubberBand.setWidth(1)
self.reset()
def reset(self):
self.startPoint = self.endPoint = None
self.isEmittingPoint = False
self.rubberBand.reset(QGis.Polygon)
def canvasPressEvent(self, e):
self.startPoint = self.toMapCoordinates(e.pos())
self.endPoint = self.startPoint
self.isEmittingPoint = True
self.showRect(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def canvasReleaseEvent(self, e):
self.isEmittingPoint = False
r = self.rectangle()
if r is not None:
print "Rectangle:", r.xMinimum(), r.yMinimum(), r.xMaximum(), r.yMaximum()
def canvasMoveEvent(self, e):
if not self.isEmittingPoint:
return
self.endPoint = self.toMapCoordinates(e.pos())
self.showRect(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def showRect(self, startPoint, endPoint):
self.rubberBand.reset(QGis.Polygon)
if startPoint.x() == endPoint.x() or startPoint.y() == endPoint.y():
return
point1 = QgsPoint(startPoint.x(), startPoint.y())
point2 = QgsPoint(startPoint.x(), endPoint.y())
point3 = QgsPoint(endPoint.x(), endPoint.y())
point4 = QgsPoint(endPoint.x(), startPoint.y())
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point1, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point2, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point3, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point4, True) # true to update canvas
self.rubberBand.show()
def rectangle(self):
if self.startPoint is None or self.endPoint is None:
return None
elif self.startPoint.x() == self.endPoint.x() or self.startPoint.y() == self.endPoint.y():
return None
return QgsRectangle(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def deactivate(self):
super(RectangleMapTool, self).deactivate()
self.emit(SIGNAL("deactivated()"))
맵 캔버스 아이템 생성 방법
import sys
from qgis.core import QgsApplication
from qgis.gui import QgsMapCanvas
def init():
a = QgsApplication(sys.argv, True)
QgsApplication.setPrefixPath('/home/martin/qgis/inst', True)
QgsApplication.initQgis()
return a
def show_canvas(app):
canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
canvas.show()
app.exec_()
app = init()
show_canvas(app)