.. only:: html |LS| Labels =============================================================================== Labels can be added to a map to show any information about an object. Any vector layer can have labels associated with it. These labels rely on the attribute data of a layer for their content. **The goal for this lesson:** To apply useful and good-looking labels to a layer. |basic| |FA| Using Labels ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- First, ensure that the |labeling| button is visible in the GUI: #. Go to the menu item :menuselection:`View --> Toolbars` #. Ensure that the :guilabel:`Label Toolbar` item has a check mark next to it. If it doesn't, click on the :guilabel:`Label Toolbar` item to activate it. #. Click on the ``places`` layer in the :guilabel:`Layers` panel so that it is highlighted #. Click on the |labeling| toolbar button to open the :guilabel:`Labels` tab of the :guilabel:`Layer Styling` panel #. Switch from :guilabel:`No Labels` to |labeling| :guilabel:`Single Labels` You'll need to choose which field in the attributes will be used for the labels. In the previous lesson, you decided that the ``name`` field was the most suitable one for this purpose. #. Select ``name`` from the Value list: .. figure:: img/select_label_with.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`Apply` The map should now have labels like this: .. image:: img/first_place_names.png :align: center |basic| |FA| Changing Label Options ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depending on the styles you chose for your map in earlier lessons, you might find that the labels are not appropriately formatted and either overlap or are too far away from their point markers. .. note:: Above, you used the |labeling| button in the :guilabel:`Label Toolbar` to open the :guilabel:`Layer Styling` panel. As with :guilabel:`Symbology`, the same label options are available via both the :guilabel:`Layer Styling` panel and the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog. Here, you'll use the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog. #. Open the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog by double-clicking on the ``places`` layer #. Select the |labeling| :guilabel:`Labels` tab #. Make sure :guilabel:`Text` is selected in the left-hand options list, then update the text formatting options to match those shown here: .. figure:: img/label_formatting_options.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`Apply` That font may be larger and more familiar to users, but its readability is still dependent on what layers are rendered beneath it. To solve this, let's take a look at the :guilabel:`Buffer` option. #. Select :guilabel:`Buffer` from the left-hand options list #. Select the checkbox next to :guilabel:`Draw text buffer`, then choose options to match those shown here: .. figure:: img/buffer_options.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`Apply` You'll see that this adds a colored buffer or border to the place labels, making them easier to pick out on the map: .. figure:: img/buffer_results.png :align: center Now we can address the positioning of the labels in relation to their point markers. #. Select :guilabel:`Placement` from the left-hand options list #. Select :guilabel:`Around point` and change the value of :guilabel:`Distance` to ``2.0`` Millimeters: .. figure:: img/offset_placement_settings.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`Apply` You'll see that the labels are no longer overlapping their point markers. |moderate| |FA| Using Labels Instead of Layer Symbology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In many cases, the location of a point doesn't need to be very specific. For example, most of the points in the ``places`` layer refer to entire towns or suburbs, and the specific point associated with such features is not that specific on a large scale. In fact, giving a point that is too specific is often confusing for someone reading a map. To name an example: on a map of the world, the point given for the European Union may be somewhere in Poland, for instance. To someone reading the map, seeing a point labeled *European Union* in Poland, it may seem that the capital of the European Union is therefore in Poland. So, to prevent this kind of misunderstanding, it's often useful to deactivate the point symbols and replace them completely with labels. In QGIS, you can do this by changing the position of the labels to be rendered directly over the points they refer to. #. Open the |labeling| :guilabel:`Labels` tab of the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog for the ``places`` layer #. Select the :guilabel:`Placement` option from the options list #. Click on the :guilabel:`Offset from point` button This will reveal the :guilabel:`Quadrant` options which you can use to set the position of the label in relation to the point marker. In this case, we want the label to be centered on the point, so choose the center quadrant: .. figure:: img/quadrant_offset_options.png :align: center #. Hide the point symbols by editing the layer :guilabel:`Symbology` as usual, and setting the size of the :guilabel:`Marker` size to ``0.0``: .. figure:: img/hide_point_marker.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`Apply` and you'll see this result: .. figure:: img/hide_point_marker_results.png :align: center If you were to zoom out on the map, you would see that some of the labels disappear at larger scales to avoid overlapping. Sometimes this is what you want when dealing with datasets that have many points, but at other times you will lose useful information this way. There is another possibility for handling cases like this, which we'll cover in a later exercise in this lesson. For now, zoom out and click on the |showUnplacedLabel| button in the toolbar and see what happens. .. _backlink-label-tool-1: |moderate| |TY| Customize the Labels ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Reset the label and symbol settings to have a point marker and a label offset of ``2.0`` Millimeters. :ref:`Check your results ` * Set the map to the scale ``1:100000``. You can do this by typing it into the :guilabel:`Scale` box in the :guilabel:`Status Bar`. Modify your labels to be suitable for viewing at this scale. :ref:`Check your results ` |moderate| |FA| Labeling Lines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now that you know how labeling works, there's an additional problem. Points and polygons are easy to label, but what about lines? If you label them the same way as the points, your results would look like this: .. image:: img/bad_street_labels.png :align: center We will now reformat the ``roads`` layer labels so that they are easy to understand. #. Hide the ``places`` layer so that it doesn't distract you #. Activate |labeling| :guilabel:`Single Labels` for the ``roads`` layer as you did above for ``places`` #. Set the font :guilabel:`Size` to ``10`` so that you can see more labels #. Zoom in on the |majorUrbanName| town area #. In the :guilabel:`Labels` tab's :guilabel:`Placement` tab, choose the following settings: .. figure:: img/street_label_settings.png :align: center You'll probably find that the text styling has used default values and the labels are consequently very hard to read. Update the :guilabel:`Text` to use a dark-grey or black :guilabel:`Color` and the :guilabel:`Buffer` to use a light-yellow :guilabel:`Color`. The map will look somewhat like this, depending on scale: .. figure:: img/street_label_formatted.png :align: center You'll see that some of the road names appear more than once and that's not always necessary. To prevent this from happening: #. In the :guilabel:`Labels` tab of the :guilabel:`Layer Properties` dialog, choose the :guilabel:`Rendering` option and select :guilabel:`Merge connected lines to avoid duplicate labels` as shown: .. figure:: img/merge_lines_option.png :align: center #. Click :guilabel:`OK` Another useful function is to prevent labels being drawn for features too short to be of notice. #. In the same :guilabel:`Rendering` panel, set the value of :guilabel:`Suppress labeling of features smaller than ...` to ``5.00 mm`` and note the results when you click :guilabel:`Apply` Try out different :guilabel:`Placement` settings as well. As we've seen before, the :guilabel:`Horizontal` option is not a good idea in this case, so let's try the :guilabel:`Curved` option instead. #. Select the :guilabel:`Curved` option in the :guilabel:`Placement` panel of the :guilabel:`Layers` tab Here's the result: .. image:: img/final_street_labels.png :align: center As you can see, this hides some labels that were previously visible, because of the difficulty of making some of them follow twisting street lines while still being legible. It makes other labels much more useful since they track the roads rather than float in space between them. You can decide which of these options to use, depending on what you think seems more useful or what looks better. |hard| |FA| Data Defined Settings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #. Deactivate labeling for the ``roads`` layer #. Reactivate labeling for the ``places`` layer #. Open the attribute table for ``places`` via the |openTable| button It has one *field* which is of interest to us now: ``place`` which defines the type of urban area for each *record*. We can use this data to influence the label styles. #. Navigate to the :guilabel:`Text` panel in the ``places`` :guilabel:`Labels` panel #. Click the |dataDefined| button next to the Italic text button beneath :guilabel:`Style` and select :menuselection:`Edit...` to open the :guilabel:`Expression String Builder`: .. figure:: img/expression_string_builder.png :align: center #. Under :menuselection:`Fields and Values`, double click on ``place`` and then click :guilabel:`All Unique`. This will list all unique values of the ``place`` field of this layer. Add a ``=`` in the text editor and then double click on ``town``. Alternatively, you can type: ``"place" = 'town'`` directly in the text editor. #. Click :guilabel:`OK` twice: .. figure:: img/expression_builder_settings.png :align: center Notice that the labels for all places whose ``place`` field matches ``town`` are displayed in italics. .. image:: img/italic_label_result.png :align: center .. _backlink-label-data-defined-1: |hard| |TY| Using Data Defined Settings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. note:: We're jumping ahead a bit here to demonstrate some advanced labeling settings. At the advanced level, it's assumed that you'll know what the following means. If you don't, feel free to leave out this section and come back later when you've covered the requisite materials. #. Open the Attribute Table for ``places`` #. Enter edit mode by clicking the |toggleEditing| button #. Add a new column with the |newAttribute| button #. Configure it like this: .. figure:: img/font_size_column.png :align: center #. Use this to set custom font sizes for each different type of place (each key in the ``place`` field) :ref:`Check your results ` |hard| Further Possibilities With Labeling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We can't cover every option in this course, but be aware that the :guilabel:`Label` tab has many other useful functions. You can set scale-based rendering, alter the rendering priority for labels in a layer, and set every label option using layer attributes. You can even set the rotation, XY position, and other properties of a label (if you have attribute fields allocated for the purpose), then edit these properties using the tools adjacent to the main :guilabel:`Layer Labeling Options` button: |labeling| |showPinnedLabels| |pinLabels| |showHideLabels| |moveLabel| |rotateLabel| |changeLabelProperties| (These tools will be active if the required attribute fields exist and you are in edit mode.) Feel free to explore more possibilities of the labeling system. |IC| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- You've learned how to use layer attributes to create dynamic labels. This can make your map a lot more informative and stylish! |WN| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now that you know how attributes can make a visual difference for your map, how about using them to change the symbology of objects themselves? That's the topic for the next lesson! .. Substitutions definitions - AVOID EDITING PAST THIS LINE This will be automatically updated by the find_set_subst.py script. If you need to create a new substitution manually, please add it also to the substitutions.txt file in the source folder. .. |FA| replace:: Follow Along: .. |IC| replace:: In Conclusion .. |LS| replace:: Lesson: .. |TY| replace:: Try Yourself .. |WN| replace:: What's Next? .. |basic| image:: /static/global/basic.png .. |changeLabelProperties| image:: /static/common/mActionChangeLabelProperties.png :width: 1.5em .. |newAttribute| image:: /static/common/mActionNewAttribute.png :width: 1.5em .. |dataDefined| image:: /static/common/mIconDataDefine.png :width: 1.5em .. |hard| image:: /static/global/hard.png .. |labeling| image:: /static/common/labelingSingle.png :width: 1.5em .. |majorUrbanName| replace:: Swellendam .. |moderate| image:: /static/global/moderate.png .. |moveLabel| image:: /static/common/mActionMoveLabel.png :width: 1.5em .. |openTable| image:: /static/common/mActionOpenTable.png :width: 1.5em .. |pinLabels| image:: /static/common/mActionPinLabels.png :width: 1.5em .. |rotateLabel| image:: /static/common/mActionRotateLabel.png :width: 1.5em .. |showHideLabels| image:: /static/common/mActionShowHideLabels.png :width: 1.5em .. |showPinnedLabels| image:: /static/common/mActionShowPinnedLabels.png :width: 1.5em .. |showUnplacedLabel| image:: /static/common/mActionShowUnplacedLabel.png :width: 1.5em .. |toggleEditing| image:: /static/common/mActionToggleEditing.png :width: 1.5em