The Map canvas widget is probably the most important widget within QGIS because it shows the map composed from overlaid map layers and allows interaction with the map and layers. The canvas shows always a part of the map defined by the current canvas extent. The interaction is done through the use of map tools: there are tools for panning, zooming, identifying layers, measuring, vector editing and others. Similar to other graphics programs, there is always one tool active and the user can switch between the available tools.
Map canvas is implemented as QgsMapCanvas class in qgis.gui module. The implementation is based on the Qt Graphics View framework. This framework generally provides a surface and a view where custom graphics items are placed and user can interact with them. We will assume that you are familiar enough with Qt to understand the concepts of the graphics scene, view and items. If not, please make sure to read the overview of the framework.
Whenever the map has been panned, zoomed in/out (or some other action triggers a refresh), the map is rendered again within the current extent. The layers are rendered to an image (using QgsMapRenderer class) and that image is then displayed in the canvas. The graphics item (in terms of the Qt graphics view framework) responsible for showing the map is QgsMapCanvasMap class. This class also controls refreshing of the rendered map. Besides this item which acts as a background, there may be more map canvas items. Typical map canvas items are rubber bands (used for measuring, vector editing etc.) or vertex markers. The canvas items are usually used to give some visual feedback for map tools, for example, when creating a new polygon, the map tool creates a rubber band canvas item that shows the current shape of the polygon. All map canvas items are subclasses of QgsMapCanvasItem which adds some more functionality to the basic QGraphicsItem objects.
Таким образом, архитектурно карта состоит из трёх элементов:
карта — для отображения данных
Map canvas is a widget like any other Qt widget, so using it is as simple as creating and showing it
canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
canvas.show()
This produces a standalone window with map canvas. It can be also embedded into an existing widget or window. When using .ui files and Qt Designer, place a QWidget on the form and promote it to a new class: set QgsMapCanvas as class name and set qgis.gui as header file. The pyuic4 utility will take care of it. This is a very convenient way of embedding the canvas. The other possibility is to manually write the code to construct map canvas and other widgets (as children of a main window or dialog) and create a layout.
By default, map canvas has black background and does not use anti-aliasing. To set white background and enable anti-aliasing for smooth rendering
canvas.setCanvasColor(Qt.white)
canvas.enableAntiAliasing(True)
(In case you are wondering, Qt comes from PyQt4.QtCore module and Qt.white is one of the predefined QColor instances.)
Now it is time to add some map layers. We will first open a layer and add it to the map layer registry. Then we will set the canvas extent and set the list of layers for canvas
layer = QgsVectorLayer(path, name, provider)
if not layer.isValid():
raise IOError, "Failed to open the layer"
# add layer to the registry
QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayer(layer)
# set extent to the extent of our layer
canvas.setExtent(layer.extent())
# set the map canvas layer set
canvas.setLayerSet([QgsMapCanvasLayer(layer)])
После выполнения этих команд на карте должен отобразиться загруженный слой.
The following example constructs a window that contains a map canvas and basic map tools for map panning and zooming. Actions are created for activation of each tool: panning is done with QgsMapToolPan, zooming in/out with a pair of QgsMapToolZoom instances. The actions are set as checkable and later assigned to the tools to allow automatic handling of checked/unchecked state of the actions – when a map tool gets activated, its action is marked as selected and the action of the previous map tool is deselected. The map tools are activated using setMapTool() method.
from qgis.gui import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import QAction, QMainWindow
from PyQt4.QtCore import SIGNAL, Qt, QString
class MyWnd(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, layer):
QMainWindow.__init__(self)
self.canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
self.canvas.setCanvasColor(Qt.white)
self.canvas.setExtent(layer.extent())
self.canvas.setLayerSet([QgsMapCanvasLayer(layer)])
self.setCentralWidget(self.canvas)
actionZoomIn = QAction(QString("Zoom in"), self)
actionZoomOut = QAction(QString("Zoom out"), self)
actionPan = QAction(QString("Pan"), self)
actionZoomIn.setCheckable(True)
actionZoomOut.setCheckable(True)
actionPan.setCheckable(True)
self.connect(actionZoomIn, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.zoomIn)
self.connect(actionZoomOut, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.zoomOut)
self.connect(actionPan, SIGNAL("triggered()"), self.pan)
self.toolbar = self.addToolBar("Canvas actions")
self.toolbar.addAction(actionZoomIn)
self.toolbar.addAction(actionZoomOut)
self.toolbar.addAction(actionPan)
# create the map tools
self.toolPan = QgsMapToolPan(self.canvas)
self.toolPan.setAction(actionPan)
self.toolZoomIn = QgsMapToolZoom(self.canvas, False) # false = in
self.toolZoomIn.setAction(actionZoomIn)
self.toolZoomOut = QgsMapToolZoom(self.canvas, True) # true = out
self.toolZoomOut.setAction(actionZoomOut)
self.pan()
def zoomIn(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolZoomIn)
def zoomOut(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolZoomOut)
def pan(self):
self.canvas.setMapTool(self.toolPan)
You can put the above code to a file, e.g. mywnd.py and try it out in Python console within QGIS. This code will put the currently selected layer into newly created canvas
import mywnd
w = mywnd.MyWnd(qgis.utils.iface.activeLayer())
w.show()
Just make sure that the mywnd.py file is located within Python search path (sys.path). If it isn’t, you can simply add it: sys.path.insert(0, '/my/path') — otherwise the import statement will fail, not finding the module.
To show some additional data on top of the map in canvas, use map canvas items. It is possible to create custom canvas item classes (covered below), however there are two useful canvas item classes for convenience: QgsRubberBand for drawing polylines or polygons, and QgsVertexMarker for drawing points. They both work with map coordinates, so the shape is moved/scaled automatically when the canvas is being panned or zoomed.
To show a polyline
r = QgsRubberBand(canvas, False) # False = not a polygon
points = [QgsPoint(-1, -1), QgsPoint(0, 1), QgsPoint(1, -1)]
r.setToGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPolyline(points), None)
To show a polygon
r = QgsRubberBand(canvas, True) # True = a polygon
points = [[QgsPoint(-1, -1), QgsPoint(0, 1), QgsPoint(1, -1)]]
r.setToGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPolygon(points), None)
Обратите внимание, что узлы полигона представлены не плоским списком: на самом деле это список границ полигона. Первое кольцо описывает внешний контур, все остальные (не обязательные) — соответствуют дыркам в полигоне.
Rubber bands allow some customization, namely to change their color and line width
r.setColor(QColor(0, 0, 255))
r.setWidth(3)
The canvas items are bound to the canvas scene. To temporarily hide them (and show again, use the hide() and show() combo. To completely remove the item, you have to remove it from the scene of the canvas
canvas.scene().removeItem(r)
(при использовании C++ можно просто удалить элемент, однако в Python del r удалит только ссылку, а сам объект останется на месте, т.к. его владельцем является карта)
Rubber band can be also used for drawing points, however QgsVertexMarker class is better suited for this (QgsRubberBand would only draw a rectangle around the desired point). How to use the vertex marker
m = QgsVertexMarker(canvas)
m.setCenter(QgsPoint(0, 0))
This will draw a red cross on position [0,0]. It is possible to customize the icon type, size, color and pen width
m.setColor(QColor(0, 255, 0))
m.setIconSize(5)
m.setIconType(QgsVertexMarker.ICON_BOX) # or ICON_CROSS, ICON_X
m.setPenWidth(3)
For temporary hiding of vertex markers and removing them from canvas, the same applies as for the rubber bands.
You can write your custom tools, to implement a custom behaviour to actions performed by users on the canvas.
Map tools should inherit from the QgsMapTool class or any derived class, and selected as active tools in the canvas using the setMapTool() method as we have already seen.
Here is an example of a map tool that allows to define a rectangular extent by clicking and dragging on the canvas. When the rectangle is defined, it prints its boundary coordinates in the console. It uses the rubber band elements described before to show the selected rectangle as it is being defined.
class RectangleMapTool(QgsMapToolEmitPoint):
def __init__(self, canvas):
self.canvas = canvas
QgsMapToolEmitPoint.__init__(self, self.canvas)
self.rubberBand = QgsRubberBand(self.canvas, QGis.Polygon)
self.rubberBand.setColor(Qt.red)
self.rubberBand.setWidth(1)
self.reset()
def reset(self):
self.startPoint = self.endPoint = None
self.isEmittingPoint = False
self.rubberBand.reset(QGis.Polygon)
def canvasPressEvent(self, e):
self.startPoint = self.toMapCoordinates(e.pos())
self.endPoint = self.startPoint
self.isEmittingPoint = True
self.showRect(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def canvasReleaseEvent(self, e):
self.isEmittingPoint = False
r = self.rectangle()
if r is not None:
print "Rectangle:", r.xMinimum(), r.yMinimum(), r.xMaximum(), r.yMaximum()
def canvasMoveEvent(self, e):
if not self.isEmittingPoint:
return
self.endPoint = self.toMapCoordinates(e.pos())
self.showRect(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def showRect(self, startPoint, endPoint):
self.rubberBand.reset(QGis.Polygon)
if startPoint.x() == endPoint.x() or startPoint.y() == endPoint.y():
return
point1 = QgsPoint(startPoint.x(), startPoint.y())
point2 = QgsPoint(startPoint.x(), endPoint.y())
point3 = QgsPoint(endPoint.x(), endPoint.y())
point4 = QgsPoint(endPoint.x(), startPoint.y())
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point1, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point2, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point3, False)
self.rubberBand.addPoint(point4, True) # true to update canvas
self.rubberBand.show()
def rectangle(self):
if self.startPoint is None or self.endPoint is None:
return None
elif self.startPoint.x() == self.endPoint.x() or self.startPoint.y() == self.endPoint.y():
return None
return QgsRectangle(self.startPoint, self.endPoint)
def deactivate(self):
super(RectangleMapTool, self).deactivate()
self.emit(SIGNAL("deactivated()"))
import sys
from qgis.core import QgsApplication
from qgis.gui import QgsMapCanvas
def init():
a = QgsApplication(sys.argv, True)
QgsApplication.setPrefixPath('/home/martin/qgis/inst', True)
QgsApplication.initQgis()
return a
def show_canvas(app):
canvas = QgsMapCanvas()
canvas.show()
app.exec_()
app = init()
show_canvas(app)