Outdated version of the documentation. Find the latest one here.

Manipulação Geométrica

Points, linestrings and polygons that represent a spatial feature are commonly referred to as geometries. In QGIS they are represented with the QgsGeometry class.

Às vezes, uma geometria é realmente uma coleção dex simples geometrias (single-part). Tal geometria é chamada de geometria de várias partes. Se ele contém apenas um tipo de simples geometria, podemos chamar de multi-ponto, multi-cadeia linear ou multi-polígono. Por exemplo, um país que consiste de múltiplas ilhas pode ser representado como um sistema multi-polígono.

As coordenadas de geometrias podem estar em qualquer sistema de referência de coordenadas (SRC). Ao buscar feições a partir de uma camada, geometrias associadas terão coordenadas no SRC da camada.

Description and specifications of all possible geometries construction and relationships are available in the OGC Simple Feature Access Standards for advanced details.

Construção de Geométria

There are several options for creating a geometry:

  • a partir das coordenadas

    gPnt = QgsGeometry.fromPoint(QgsPoint(1,1))
gLine = QgsGeometry.fromPolyline([QgsPoint(1, 1), QgsPoint(2, 2)])
gPolygon = QgsGeometry.fromPolygon([[QgsPoint(1, 1), QgsPoint(2, 2),
                                    QgsPoint(2, 1)]])

    Coordinates are given using QgsPoint class.

    Polyline (Linestring) is represented by a list of points. Polygon is represented by a list of linear rings (i.e. closed linestrings). First ring is outer ring (boundary), optional subsequent rings are holes in the polygon.

    Geometrias multi-parte passam para um nível maior: multi-ponto é uma lista de pontos, multi-cadeia linear é uma lista de cadeias lineares e multi-polígono é uma lista de polígonos.

  • a partir de textos conhecidos (WKT)

    gem = QgsGeometry.fromWkt("POINT(3 4)")

  • a partir de binários conhecidos (WKB)

    >>> g = QgsGeometry()
>>> wkb = '010100000000000000000045400000000000001440'.decode('hex')
>>> g.fromWkb(wkb)
>>> g.exportToWkt()
'Point (42 5)'

Acesso a Geometria

First, you should find out geometry type, wkbType() method is the one to use — it returns a value from QGis.WkbType enumeration

>>> gPnt.wkbType() == QGis.WKBPoint
True
>>> gLine.wkbType() == QGis.WKBLineString
True
>>> gPolygon.wkbType() == QGis.WKBPolygon
True
>>> gPolygon.wkbType() == QGis.WKBMultiPolygon
False

As an alternative, one can use type() method which returns a value from QGis.GeometryType enumeration. There is also a helper function isMultipart() to find out whether a geometry is multipart or not.

To extract information from geometry there are accessor functions for every vector type. How to use accessors

>>> gPnt.asPoint()
(1, 1)
>>> gLine.asPolyline()
[(1, 1), (2, 2)]
>>> gPolygon.asPolygon()
[[(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)]]

Nota

The tuples (x,y) are not real tuples, they are QgsPoint objects, the values are accessible with x() and y() methods.

For multipart geometries there are similar accessor functions: asMultiPoint(), asMultiPolyline(), asMultiPolygon().

Operações e Predicados Geométricos

QGIS uses GEOS library for advanced geometry operations such as geometry predicates (contains(), intersects(), ...) and set operations (union(), difference(), ...). It can also compute geometric properties of geometries, such as area (in the case of polygons) or lengths (for polygons and lines)

Here you have a small example that combines iterating over the features in a given layer and performing some geometric computations based on their geometries.

# we assume that 'layer' is a polygon layer
features = layer.getFeatures()
for f in features:
  geom = f.geometry()
  print "Area:", geom.area()
  print "Perimeter:", geom.length()

Areas and perimeters don’t take CRS into account when computed using these methods from the QgsGeometry class. For a more powerful area and distance calculation, the QgsDistanceArea class can be used. If projections are turned off, calculations will be planar, otherwise they’ll be done on the ellipsoid.

d = QgsDistanceArea()
d.setEllipsoid('WGS84')
d.setEllipsoidalMode(True)

print "distance in meters: ", d.measureLine(QgsPoint(10,10),QgsPoint(11,11))

Você pode encontrar muitos exemplo de algoritmos que estão incluídos no QGIS e usar esses métodos para analisar e transformar dados vetoriais. Aqui estão alguns links para o código de alguns deles.

Additional information can be found in following sources: