Outdated version of the documentation. Find the latest one here.

6.2. Lesson: Funktionstopologie

Topology is a useful aspect of vector data layers, because it minimizes errors such as overlap or gaps.

For example: if two features share a border, and you edit the border using topology, then you won’t need to edit first one feature, then another, and carefully line up the borders so that they match. Instead, you can edit their shared border and both features will change at the same time.

The goal for this lesson: To understand topology using examples.

6.2.1. moderate Follow Along: Snapping

To make topological editing easier, it’s best if you enable snapping. This will allow your mouse cursor to snap to other objects while you digitize. To set snapping options:

  • Navigate to the menu entry Settings ‣ Snapping Options....
  • Set up your Snapping options dialog as shown:
../../../_images/set_snapping_options.png
  • Ensure that the box in the Avoid Int. column is checked (set to true).
  • Click OK to save your changes and leave the dialog.
  • Enter edit mode with the landuse layer selected.
  • Check under View ‣ Toolbars to make sure that your Advanced Digitizing toolbar is enabled.
  • Zoom to this area (enable layers and labels if necessary):
../../../_images/zoom_to.png
  • Digitize this new (fictional) area of the Bontebok National Park:
../../../_images/new_park_area.png
  • When prompted, give it a OGC_FID of 999, but feel free to leave the other values unchanged.

If you’re careful while digitizing and allow the cursor to snap to the vertices of adjoining farms, you’ll notice that there won’t be any gaps between your new farm and the existing farms adjacent to it.

  • Note the undo/redo tools in the Advanced Digitizing toolbar:

    redo undo

6.2.2. moderate Follow Along: Correct Topological Features

Topology features can sometimes need to be updated. In our example, the landuse layer has some complex forest areas which have recently been joined to form one area:

../../../_images/forest_area_example.png

Instead of creating new polygons to join the forest areas, we’re going to use the Node Tool to edit the existing polygons and join them.

  • Enter edit mode, if it isn’t active already.
  • Select the Node Tool.
  • Pick an area of forest, select a corner and move it to an adjoining corner so two forest sections meet:
../../../_images/corner_selected.png
  • Click and drag the nodes until they snap into place.
../../../_images/corner_selected_move.png

The topologically correct border looks like this:

../../../_images/areas_joined.png

Go ahead and join a few more areas using the Node Tool. You can also use the Add Feature tool if it is appropriate. If you are using our example data, you should have a forest area looking something like this:

../../../_images/node_example_result.png

Don’t worry if you have joined more, less or different areas of forest.

6.2.3. moderate Follow Along: Tool: Simplify Feature

This is the Simplify Feature tool:

simplifyFeatures
  • Click on it to activate it.
  • Click on one of the areas which you joined using either the Node Tool or Add Feature tool. You’ll see this dialog:
../../../_images/simplify_line_dialog.png
  • Move the slider from side to side and watch what happens:
../../../_images/simplify_line_example.png

This allows you to reduce the amount of nodes in complex features.

  • Click Ok

Notice what the tool does to the topology. The simplified polygon is now no longer touching the adjacent polygons as it should. This shows that this tool is better suited to generalizing stand-alone features. The advantage is that it provides you with a simple, intuitive interface for generalization.

Before you go on, set the polygon back to its original state by undoing the last change.

6.2.4. moderate Try Yourself Tool: Add Ring

This is the Add Ring tool:

addRing

It allows you to take a hole out of a feature, as long as the hole is bounded on all side by the feature. For example, if you’ve digitized the outer boundaries of South Africa and you need to add a hole for Lesotho, you’d use this tool.

If you experiment with this tool, you’ll notice that the current snapping options prevent you from creating a ring in the middle of the polygon. This would be fine if the area you wished to exclude linked to the polygon’s boundaries.

  • Disable snapping for the landuse layer via the dialog you used earlier.

  • Now try using the Add Ring tool to create a gap in the middle of the Bontebok National Park.

  • Delete your new feature by using the Delete Ring tool:

    deleteRing

Bemerkung

You need to select a corner of the ring in order to delete it.

Check your results

6.2.5. moderate Try Yourself Tool: Add Part

This is the Add Part tool:

addPart

It allows you to create an extra part of the feature, not directly connected to the main feature. For example, if you’ve digitized the boundaries of mainland South Africa but you haven’t yet added the Prince Edward Islands, you’d use this tool to create them.

  • To use this tool, you must first select the polygon to which you wish to add the part by using the Select Single Feature tool:

    select

  • Now try using the Add Part tool to add an outlying area to the Bontebok National Park.

  • Delete your new feature by using the Delete Part tool:

    deletePart

Bemerkung

You need to select a corner of the part in order to delete it.

Check your results

6.2.6. moderate Follow Along: Tool: Reshape Features

This is the Reshape Features tool:

reshape

It can add a bump to an existing feature. With this tool selected:

  • Left-click inside the Bontebok National Park to start drawing a polygon.
  • Draw a polygon with three corners, the last of which should be back inside the original polygon, forming an open-sided rectangle.
  • Right-click to finish marking points:
../../../_images/reshape_step_one.png

This will give a result similar to:

../../../_images/reshape_result.png

You can do the opposite, too:

  • Click outside the polygon.
  • Draw a rectangle into the polygon.
  • Right-click outside the polygon again:
../../../_images/reshape_inverse_example.png

The result of the above:

../../../_images/reshape_inverse_result.png

6.2.7. moderate Try Yourself Tool: Split Features

The Split Features tool is similar to how you took part of the farm away, except that it doesn’t delete either of the two parts. Instead, it keeps them both.

splitFeatures
  • First, re-enable snapping for the landuse layer.

We will use the tool to split a corner from the Bontebok National Park.

  • Select the Split Features tool and click on a vertex to begin drawing a line. Click the vertex on the opposite side of the corner you wish to split and right-click to complete the line:
../../../_images/split_feature_example.png
  • At this point, it may seem as if nothing has happened. But remember that your symbology for the landuse layer does not have any border, so the new division line will not be shown.
  • Use the Select Single Feature tool to select the corner you just split; the new feature will now be highlighted:
../../../_images/new_corner_selected.png

6.2.8. hard Try Yourself Tool: Merge Features

Now we will re-join the feature you just created to the original polygon:

  • Experiment with the Merge Selected Features and Merge Attributes of Selected Features tools.
  • Note the differences.

Check your results

6.2.9. In Conclusion

Topology editing is a powerful tool that allows you to create and modify objects quickly and easily, while ensuring that they remain topologically correct.

6.2.10. What’s Next?

Now you know how to digitize the shape of the objects easily, but adding in the attributes is still a bit of a headache! Next we’ll show you how to use forms so that attribute editing is simpler and more effective.