QGIS uses the OGR library to read and write vector data formats, including ESRI shapefiles, MapInfo and MicroStation file formats, AutoCAD DXF, PostGIS, SpatiaLite, Oracle Spatial and MSSQL Spatial databases, and many more. GRASS vector and PostgreSQL support is supplied by native QGIS data provider plugins. Vector data can also be loaded in read mode from zip and gzip archives into QGIS. As of the date of this document, 69 vector formats are supported by the OGR library (see OGR-SOFTWARE-SUITE in Literatură și Referințe Web). The complete list is available at http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html.
Note
Not all of the listed formats may work in QGIS for various reasons. For example, some require external commercial libraries, or the GDAL/OGR installation of your OS may not have been built to support the format you want to use. Only those formats that have been well tested will appear in the list of file types when loading a vector into QGIS. Other untested formats can be loaded by selecting *.*.
Lucrul cu datele vectoriale GRASS este descris în Secțiunea Integrarea GRASS GIS.
This section describes how to work with several common formats: ESRI shapefiles, PostGIS layers, SpatiaLite layers, OpenStreetMap vectors, and Comma Separated data (CSV). Many of the features available in QGIS work the same, regardless of the vector data source. This is by design, and it includes the identify, select, labelling and attributes functions.
Note
QGIS supports (multi)point, (multi)line, (multi)polygon, CircularString, CompoundCurve, CurvePolygon, MultiCurve, MultiSurface feature types, all with Z and/or M values.
You should note also that some driver doesn’t support some of these feature types like CircularString, CompoundCurve, CurvePolygon, MultiCurve, MultiSurface feature type. QGIS will convert them to (multi)polygon feature.
To load a layer from a file (like a Shapefile, a Mapinfo or a dxf
layer), click on the
Add Vector Layer toolbar button; or
type Ctrl+Shift+V. This will bring up a new window (see
figure_vector_1).
Figure Vector 1:
Add Vector Layer Dialog
From the available options check File. Click on
[Browse]. That will bring up a standard open file dialog
(see figure_vector_2), which allows you to navigate the file system and load a
shapefile or other supported data source. The selection box Filter
allows you to preselect some OGR-supported file formats.
You can also select the encoding for the file if desired.
Figure Vector 2:
Open an OGR Supported Vector Layer Dialog
Selectând un fișier shape din listă și făcând clic pe [Open], acesta se va încărca în QGIS. Figure_vector_3 prezintă QGIS după încărcarea fișierului alaska.shp.
Figure Vector 3:
QGIS with Shapefile of Alaska loaded
Tip
Culorile Stratului
Când adăugați un strat de hartă, acestuia i se atribuie o culoare aleatorie. La adăugarea mai multor straturi, fiecăruia i se atribuie culori diferite.
Once a file is loaded, you can zoom around it using the map navigation tools. To change the style of a layer, open the Layer Properties dialog by double clicking on the layer name or by right-clicking on the name in the legend and choosing Properties from the context menu. See section Meniul Stilului for more information on setting symbology of vector layers.
Tip
Încărcați stratul și proiectul din unitățile externe, montate pe OS X
On OS X, portable drives that are mounted beside the primary hard drive do not show up as expected under File ‣ Open Project. We are working on a more OSX-native open/save dialog to fix this. As a workaround, you can type /Volumes in the File name box and press Enter. Then you can navigate to external drives and network mounts.
Note
DXF files containing several geometry types (point, line and/or polygon), the name of the layer will be made from <filename.dxf> entities <geometry type>.
Note
You can also drag and drop the file(s) into the Layers Panel from either the files browser or the QGIS Browser panel. If the layer contains several geometry types, a new windows will ask you to select the sublayer. This often occurs with GPX, Mapinfo or DXF files format.
To load some specific format like ArcInfo Binary Coverage, UK.
National Transfer Format, as well as the raw TIGER format of the US Census
Bureau or OpenfileGDB, click on the
Add Vector Layer
toolbar button or press Ctrl+Shift+V to open the
Add Vector Layer dialog. Select
Directory as Source type. Change the file type filter
Files of type
to the format you want to open, for
example ‘Arc/Info Binary Coverage’. Navigate to the directory that contains the
coverage file or the file, and select it.
The ESRI shapefile is still one of the most used vector file format in QGIS. However, this file format has some limitation that some other file format have not (like Geopackage, spatialite). Support is provided by the OGR Simple Feature Library (http://www.gdal.org/ogr/).
Un shapefile constă de fapt din mai multe fișiere. Următoarele trei sunt necesare:
fișierul .shp care conține geometriile entității
fișierul .dbf care conține atributele în format dBase
fișierul index .shx
Shapefiles also can include a file with a .prj suffix, which contains the projection information. While it is very useful to have a projection file, it is not mandatory. A shapefile dataset can contain additional files. For further details, see the ESRI technical specification at http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf.
Îmbunătățirea Performanței Fișierelor Shape
To improve the performance of drawing a shapefile, you can create a spatial index. A spatial index will improve the speed of both zooming and panning. Spatial indexes used by QGIS have a .qix extension.
Folosiți acești pași pentru a crea indexul:
În fila General, faceți clic pe butonul [Create Spatial Index].
Problem loading a shape .prj file
If you load a shapefile with a .prj file and QGIS is not able to read the coordinate reference system from that file, you will need to define the proper projection manually within the General tab of the Layer Properties dialog of the layer by clicking the [Specify...] button. This is due to the fact that .prj files often do not provide the complete projection parameters as used in QGIS and listed in the CRS dialog.
For the same reason, if you create a new shapefile with QGIS, two different projection files are created: a .prj file with limited projection parameters, compatible with ESRI software, and a .qpj file, providing the complete parameters of the used CRS. Whenever QGIS finds a .qpj file, it will be used instead of the .prj.
Tabular data is a very common and widely used format because of its simplicity and readability – data can be viewed and edited even in a plain text editor. A delimited text file is an attribute table with each column separated by a defined character and each row separated by a line break. The first row usually contains the column names. A common type of delimited text file is a CSV (Comma Separated Values), with each column separated by a comma.
Astfel de fișiere de date pot conține, de asemenea, informații poziționale, în două forme principale:
Ca și coordonate ale punctelor din coloane separate
Ca și reprezentare Well-Known Text (WKT) a unei geometrii
QGIS allows you to load a delimited text file as a layer or ordinal table. But first check that the file meets the following requirements:
Fișierul trebuie să aibă un rând antet delimitat, de nume de câmpuri. Aceasta trebuie să fie prima linie din fișierul text.
Rândul antet trebuie să conțină câmp(urile) cu definiția geometriei. Aceste câmp(uri) pot avea orice nume.
Coordonatele X și Y (dacă geometria este definită prin coordonate) trebuie să fie specificate ca numere. Sistemul de coordonate nu este important.
Ca un exemplu de fișier text valid, vom importa fișierul elevp.csv, cu datele de elevație ale punctelor, care vine cu setul de date eșantion din QGIS (v. secțiunea Date eșantion):
X;Y;ELEV
-300120;7689960;13
-654360;7562040;52
1640;7512840;3
[...]
Unele elemente de reținut despre fișierul text:
Exemplul de fișier text folosește ; (punct și virgulă) ca delimitator. Orice caracter poate fi folosit pentru a delimita câmpurile.
Primul rând constituie antetul. Acesta conține câmpurile X, Y și ELEV.
Nu se folosesc ghilimele (") pentru delimitarea câmpurilor de text.
Coordonatele X sunt conținute în câmpul X.
Coordonatele Y sunt conținute în câmpul Y.
Features with curved geometries (CircularString, CurvePolygon and CompoundCurve) are supported. Here are three examples of such geometry types as a delimited text with WKT geometries:
Label;WKT_geom
CircularString;CIRCULARSTRING(268 415,227 505,227 406)
CurvePolygon;CURVEPOLYGON(CIRCULARSTRING(1 3, 3 5, 4 7, 7 3, 1 3))
CompoundCurve;COMPOUNDCURVE((5 3, 5 13), CIRCULARSTRING(5 13, 7 15,
9 13), (9 13, 9 3), CIRCULARSTRING(9 3, 7 1, 5 3))
Delimited Text supports also Z and M coordinates in geometries:
LINESTRINGM(10.0 20.0 30.0, 11.0 21.0 31.0)
Click the toolbar icon Add Delimited Text Layer in the
Manage layers toolbar to open the Create a Layer from a
Delimited Text File dialog, as shown in figure_delimited_text_1.
Figure Delimited Text 1:
Dialogul Textului Delimitat
First, select the file to import (e.g., qgis_sample_data/csv/elevp.csv)
by clicking on the [Browse] button. Once the file is selected, QGIS
attempts to parse the file with the most recently used delimiter. To enable QGIS to properly parse the
file, it is important to select the correct delimiter. You can specify a
delimiter by activating Custom delimiters, or by activating
Regular expression delimiter and entering
text into the Expression field. For example, to
change the delimiter to tab, use \t (this is a regular expression for the
tab character).
Once the file is parsed, set Geometry definition to
Point coordinates and choose the X and Y
fields from the dropdown lists. If the coordinates are defined as
degrees/minutes/seconds, activate the
DMS coordinates
checkbox.
La final, introduceți un nume de strat (cum ar fi elevp), așa cum se arată în figure_delimited_text_1. Pentru a adăuga stratul pe hartă, faceți clic pe [OK]. Fișierul cu text delimitat se comportă acum ca oricare alt strat de hartă din QGIS.
There is also a helper option that allows you to trim leading and trailing
spaces from fields — Trim fields. Also, it is possible
to
Discard empty fields. If necessary, you can force a comma
to be the decimal separator by activating
Decimal separator is
comma.
If spatial information is represented by WKT, activate the
Well Known Text option and select the field with the WKT definition for
point, line or polygon objects. If the file contains non-spatial data, activate
No geometry (attribute only table) and it will be
loaded as an ordinal table.
Additionally, you can enable:
In recent years, the OpenStreetMap project has gained popularity because in many countries no free geodata such as digital road maps are available. The objective of the OSM project is to create a free editable map of the world from GPS data, aerial photography or local knowledge. To support this objective, QGIS provides support for OSM data.
QGIS integrates OpenStreetMap import as a core functionality.
PostGIS layers are stored in a PostgreSQL database. The advantages of PostGIS are the spatial indexing, filtering and query capabilities it provides. Using PostGIS, vector functions such as select and identify work more accurately than they do with OGR layers in QGIS.
The first time you use a PostGIS data source, you must
create a connection to the PostgreSQL database that contains the data. Begin by
clicking on the
Add PostGIS Layer toolbar
button, selecting the
Add PostGIS Layer...
option from the Layer menu, or typing Ctrl+Shift+D. You
can also open the Add Vector Layer dialog and select
Database. The Add PostGIS Table(s)
dialog will be displayed. To access the connection manager, click on the
[New] button to display the Create a New PostGIS Connection
dialog. The parameters required for a connection are:
Name: Un nume pentru această conexiune. Acesta poate fi identic cu cel al Bazei de Date.
Port: Numărul portului pe care îl ascultă serverul bazei de date PostgreSQL. Portul implicit este 5432.
Database: Numele bazei de date.
Disable: Se încearcă doar o conexiune SSL necriptată.
Allow: Se încearcă o conexiune SSL. Dacă aceasta nu reușește, se încearcă o conexiune non-SSL.
Prefer (implicit): Se încearcă o conexiune SSL. Dacă aceasta nu reușește, se încearcă o conexiune non-SSL.
Require: Se încearcă doar o conexiune SSL.
Username: Numele utilizatorului care va fi utilizat pentru conectarea la o bază de date.
Password: Parola utilizată împreună cu Numele de utilizator pentru conectarea la baza de date.
Opțional, puteți activa următoarele casete:
După ce s-au setat toți parametrii și toate opțiunile, puteți testa conexiunea, făcând clic pe butonul [Test Connect].
Tip
Utilizarea tabelul metadatelor estimate, pentru a accelera operațiunile
When initializing layers, various queries may be needed to establish the characteristics of the geometries stored in the database table. When the Use estimated table metadata option is checked, these queries examine only a sample of the rows and use the table statistics, rather than the entire table. This can drastically speed up operations on large datasets, but may result in incorrect characterization of layers (eg. the feature count of filtered layers will not be accurately determined) and may even cause strange behaviour in case columns that are supposed to be unique actually are not.
Once you have one or more connections defined, you can
load layers from the PostgreSQL database. Of course, this requires having data in
PostgreSQL. See section Importarea Datelor în PostgreSQL for a discussion on
importing data into the database.
Pentru a încărca un strat PostGIS, efectuați următorii pași:
Alegeți conexiunea din lista verticală și faceți clic pe [Connect].
Selectați sau deselectați De asemenea, se listează tabelele fără geometrie.
Găsiți strat(urile) pe care doriți să le adăugați în lista de straturi disponibile.
Clic pe butonul [Add] pentru a adăuga stratul la hartă.
Tip
Straturi PostGIS
Normally, a PostGIS layer is defined by an entry in the geometry_columns table. From version 0.9.0 on, QGIS can load layers that do not have an entry in the geometry_columns table. This includes both tables and views. Defining a spatial view provides a powerful means to visualize your data. Refer to your PostgreSQL manual for information on creating views.
The service connection file allows PostgreSQL connection parameters to be associated with a single service name. That service name can then be specified by a client and the associated settings will be used.
It’s called .pg_service.conf under *nix systems (GNU/Linux, macOS etc.) and pg_service.conf on Windows.
The service file looks like:
[water_service]
host=192.168.0.45
port=5433
dbname=gisdb
user=paul
password=paulspass
[wastewater_service]
host=dbserver.com
dbname=water
user=waterpass
Note
There are two services in the above example: water_service and wastewater_service. You can use these to connect from QGIS, pgAdmin etc. by specifying only the name of the service you want to connect to (without the enclosing brackets). If you want to use the service with psql you need to do something like export PGSERVICE=water_service before doing your psql commands.
Note
You can find all the parameters here
Note
If you don’t want to save the passwords in the service file you can use the .pg_pass option.
On *nix operating systems (GNU/Linux, macOS etc.) you can save the .pg_service.conf file in the user’s home directory and the PostgreSQL clients will automatically be aware of it. For example, if the logged user is web, .pg_service.conf should be saved in the /home/web/ directory in order to directly work (without specifying any other environment variables).
You can specify the location of the service file by creating a PGSERVICEFILE environment variable (e.g. run the export PGSERVICEFILE=/home/web/.pg_service.conf command under your *nix OS to temporarily set the PGSERVICEFILE variable)
You can also make the service file available system-wide (all users) either by placing it at pg_config --sysconfdir``**/.pg_service.conf** or by adding the ``PGSYSCONFDIR environment variable to specify the directory containing the service file. If service definitions with the same name exist in the user and the system file, the user file takes precedence.
Warning
There are some caveats under Windows:
This section contains some details on how QGIS accesses PostgreSQL layers. Most of the time, QGIS should simply provide you with a list of database tables that can be loaded, and it will load them on request. However, if you have trouble loading a PostgreSQL table into QGIS, the information below may help you understand any QGIS messages and give you direction on changing the PostgreSQL table or view definition to allow QGIS to load it.
QGIS requires that PostgreSQL layers contain a column that can be used as a unique key for the layer. For tables, this usually means that the table needs a primary key, or a column with a unique constraint on it. In QGIS, this column needs to be of type int4 (an integer of size 4 bytes). Alternatively, the ctid column can be used as primary key. If a table lacks these items, the oid column will be used instead. Performance will be improved if the column is indexed (note that primary keys are automatically indexed in PostgreSQL).
If the PostgreSQL layer is a view, the same requirement exists, but views do not have primary keys or columns with unique constraints on them. You have to define a primary key field (has to be integer) in the QGIS dialog before you can load the view. If a suitable column does not exist in the view, QGIS will not load the layer. If this occurs, the solution is to alter the view so that it does include a suitable column (a type of integer and either a primary key or with a unique constraint, preferably indexed).
QGIS offers a checkbox Select at id that is activated by default. This option gets the ids without the attributes which is faster in most cases. It can make sense to disable this option when you use expensive views.
Tip
Se copiază baza de date PostGIS, care conține straturile salvate de QGIS
If you want to make a backup of your PostGIS database using the pg_dump and pg_restore commands, and the default layer styles as saved by QGIS fail to restore afterwards, you need to set the XML option to DOCUMENT and the restore will work.
QGIS allows to filter features already on server side. Check the
Execute expressions on postgres server-side if
possible (Experimental) checkbox to do so. Only supported expressions will be
sent to the database. Expressions using unsupported operators or functions will
gracefully fallback to local evaluation.
Data can be imported into PostgreSQL/PostGIS using several tools, including the DB Manager plugin and the command line tools shp2pgsql and ogr2ogr.
QGIS comes with a core plugin named DB Manager. It can
be used to load shapefiles and other data formats, and it includes support for
schemas. See section Plugin-ul DB Manager for more information.
PostGIS includes an utility called shp2pgsql that can be used to import shapefiles into a PostGIS-enabled database. For example, to import a shapefile named lakes.shp into a PostgreSQL database named gis_data, use the following command:
shp2pgsql -s 2964 lakes.shp lakes_new | psql gis_data
This creates a new layer named lakes_new in the gis_data database. The new layer will have a spatial reference identifier (SRID) of 2964. See section Lucrul cu Proiecții for more information on spatial reference systems and projections.
Tip
Exportarea seturilor de date din PostGIS
Like the import tool shp2pgsql, there is also a tool to export PostGIS datasets as shapefiles: pgsql2shp. This is shipped within your PostGIS distribution.
Besides shp2pgsql and DB Manager, there is another tool for feeding geodata in PostGIS: ogr2ogr. This is part of your GDAL installation.
Pentru a importa un strat în PostGIS, efectuați următorii pași:
ogr2ogr -f "PostgreSQL" PG:"dbname=postgis host=myhost.de user=postgres
password=topsecret" alaska.shp
This will import the shapefile alaska.shp into the PostGIS database postgis using the user postgres with the password topsecret on host server myhost.de.
Note that OGR must be built with PostgreSQL to support PostGIS.
You can verify this by typing (in )
ogrinfo --formats | grep -i post
If you prefer to use PostgreSQL’s COPY command instead of the default
INSERT INTO method, you can export the following environment variable
(at least available on and
):
export PG_USE_COPY=YES
ogr2ogr does not create spatial indexes like shp2pgsl does. You need to create them manually, using the normal SQL command CREATE INDEX afterwards as an extra step (as described in the next section Îmbunătățirea Performanței).
Retrieving features from a PostgreSQL database can be time-consuming, especially over a network. You can improve the drawing performance of PostgreSQL layers by ensuring that a PostGIS spatial index exists on each layer in the database. PostGIS supports creation of a GiST (Generalized Search Tree) index to speed up spatial searches of the data (GiST index information is taken from the PostGIS documentation available at http://postgis.net).
Tip
You can use the DBManager to create an index to your layer. You should first select the layer and click on Table > Edit table, go to Indexes tab and click on [Add spatial index].
Sintaxa pentru crearea unui index GIST este:
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
USING GIST ( [geometryfield] GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS );
Note that for large tables, creating the index can take a long time. Once the index is created, you should perform a VACUUM ANALYZE. See the PostGIS documentation (POSTGIS-PROJECT Literatură și Referințe Web) for more information.
Următorul este un exemplu de creare a unui index GIST:
[email protected]:~/current$ psql gis_data
Welcome to psql 8.3.0, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
Type: \copyright for distribution terms
\h for help with SQL commands
\? for help with psql commands
\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
\q to quit
gis_data=# CREATE INDEX sidx_alaska_lakes ON alaska_lakes
gis_data-# USING GIST (the_geom GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS);
CREATE INDEX
gis_data=# VACUUM ANALYZE alaska_lakes;
VACUUM
gis_data=# \q
[email protected]:~/current$
Many GIS packages don’t wrap vector maps with a geographic reference system (lat/lon) crossing the 180 degrees longitude line (http://postgis.refractions.net/documentation/manual-2.0/ST_Shift_Longitude.html). As result, if we open such a map in QGIS, we will see two far, distinct locations, that should appear near each other. In Figure_vector_4, the tiny point on the far left of the map canvas (Chatham Islands) should be within the grid, to the right of the New Zealand main islands.
Figure Vector 4:
Map in lat/lon crossing the 180° longitude line
A work-around is to transform the longitude values using PostGIS and the ST_Shift_Longitude function. This function reads every point/vertex in every component of every feature in a geometry, and if the longitude coordinate is < 0°, it adds 360° to it. The result is a 0° - 360° version of the data to be plotted in a 180°-centric map.
Figure Vector 5:
În cazul trecerii peste 180 |grade| longitudine se aplică funcția ST_Shift_Longitude
Importați datele în PostGIS (Importarea Datelor în PostgreSQL) folosind, de exemplu, plugin-ul DB Manager.
The first time you load data from a SpatiaLite
database, begin by clicking on the
Add SpatiaLite Layer toolbar button, or by selecting the
Add SpatiaLite Layer... option
from the Layer menu, or by typing Ctrl+Shift+L.
This will bring up a window that will allow you either to connect to a
SpatiaLite database already known to QGIS, which you can choose from the
drop-down menu, or to define a new connection to a new database. To define a
new connection, click on [New] and use the file browser to point to
your SpatiaLite database, which is a file with a .sqlite extension.
If you want to save a vector layer to SpatiaLite format, you can do this by right clicking the layer in the legend. Then, click on Save as.., define the name of the output file, and select ‘SpatiaLite’ as format and the CRS. Also, you can select ‘SQLite’ as format and then add SPATIALITE=YES in the OGR data source creation option field. This tells OGR to create a SpatiaLite database. See also http://www.gdal.org/ogr/drv_sqlite.html.
QGIS also supports editable views in SpatiaLite.
Dacă doriți să creați un nou strat SpatiaLite, vă rugăm să consultați secțiunea Crearea unui nou strat SpatiaLite.
Tip
Plugin-urile de gestionare a datelor SpatiaLite
For SpatiaLite data management, you can also use several Python plugins: QSpatiaLite, SpatiaLite Manager or DB Manager (core plugin, recommended). If necessary, they can be downloaded and installed with the Plugin Installer.
QGIS also provides native MS SQL support. The first
time you load MSSQL Spatial data, begin by clicking on the
Add MSSQL Spatial Layer toolbar button or by
selecting the
Add MSSQL Spatial Layer...
option from the Layer menu, or by typing Ctrl+Shift+M.
The spatial features in Oracle Spatial aid users in managing geographic and location data in a native type within an Oracle database. QGIS now has support for such layers.
The first time you use an Oracle Spatial data source,
you must create a connection to the database that contains the data. Begin by
clicking on the
Add Oracle Spatial Layer toolbar
button, selecting the
Add Oracle
Spatial Layer... option from the Layer menu, or typing
Ctrl+Shift+O. To access the connection manager, click on the [New]
button to display the Create a New Oracle Spatial Connection dialog.
The parameters required for a connection are:
Name: Un nume pentru această conexiune. Poate fi identic cu cel al Bazei de Date.
Database: SID-ul sau SERVICE_NAME-ul instanței Oracle.
Port: Numărul portului pe care îl monitorizează serverul bazei de date Oracle. Portul implicit este 1521.
Username: Numele utilizatorului care va fi utilizat pentru conectarea la baza de date.
Password: Parola utilizată împreună cu Numele de utilizator pentru conectarea la baza de date.
Opțional, puteți activa următoarele casete:
Salvarea Parolei stabilește dacă parola bazei de date se va salva în setările conexiunii.
De asemenea, se listează tabelele fără geometrie Indică faptul că, de asemenea, tabelele fără geometrie ar trebui să fie enumerate în mod implicit.
Listează doar tipurile de geometrie existente Va lista doar tipurile de geometrie existente și nu propune adăugarea altora.
Warning
In the Authentication tab, saving username and password will keep unprotected credentials in the connection configuration. Those credentials will be visible if, for instance, you shared the project file with someone. Therefore, it’s advisable to save your credentials in a Authentication configuration instead (configurations tab). See Sistem de Autentificare for more details.
După ce s-au setat toți parametrii și toate opțiunile, puteți testa conexiunea, făcând clic pe butonul [Test Connect].
Tip
Securitatea și Setările Utilizatorilor QGIS
Depending on your computing environment, storing passwords in your QGIS settings may be a security risk. Passwords are saved in clear text in the system configuration and in the project files! Your customized settings for QGIS are stored based on the operating system:
Once you have one or more connections defined, you can
load layers from the Oracle database. Of course, this requires having data in
Oracle.
Pentru a încărca un strat Oracle Spatial, efectuați următorii pași:
Alegeți conexiunea din lista verticală și faceți clic pe [Connect].
Selectați sau deselectați De asemenea, se listează tabelele fără geometrie.
Găsiți strat(urile) pe care doriți să le adăugați în lista de straturi disponibile.
Clic pe butonul [Add] pentru a adăuga stratul la hartă.
Tip
Straturile Oracle Spatial
În mod normal, un strat Oracle Spatial este definit printr-o intrare în tabela USER_SDO_METADATA.